Adyghe
Contributed by Peter Arkadiev, Irina Bagirokova. The data were gathered in 2023.
How to cite
Peter Arkadiev, Irina Bagirokova. 2022. Nominal causal constructions in Adyghe. In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on September 18, 2024; last revised on September 18, 2024). (Available online at https://nocacoda.github.io. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| platəkʷə-ẑəje-r | nepsə-m | ə-ʁe-wəc̣ənə-ʁ |
| handkerchief- dim - abs | tear- obl | 3 sg . erg - caus -dampen- pst |
| Tears wet the handkerchief. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
1
Status: alternate; causal marker: paje
| nepsə-m | paje | platəkʷə-ẑəje-r | c̣əne | χʷə-ʁe |
| tear- obl | because_of | handkerchief- dim - abs | wet | become- pst |
| The handkerchief is wet from tears. | ||||
2
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| qʷətame-r | jə-həλa.ʁe | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | ze-pə-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼə-ʁ |
| branch- abs | poss -weight | csl - loc -go_out- adv | rec . io - loc -break- elat - pst |
| The branch broke from the weight. | |||
2
Status: alternate; causal marker: paje
| qʷətame-r | jə-həλa.ʁe | paje | ze-pə-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼə-ʁ |
| branch- abs | poss -weight | because_of | rec . io - loc -break- elat - pst |
| The branch broke from the weight. | |||
2
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| qʷətame-r | jə-həλa.ʁe | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | ze-pə-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼə-ʁ |
| branch- abs | poss -weight | csl - loc -go_out- ins | rec . io - loc -break- elat - pst |
| The branch broke from the weight. | |||
2
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| qʷətame-r | zere-həλe-m | paje | ze-pə-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼə-ʁ |
| branch- abs | rel . fct -heavy- obl | because_of | rec . io - loc -break- elat - pst |
| The branch broke because it was too heavy. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
2
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| qʷətame-r | həλe-m | paje | ze-pə-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼə-ʁ |
| branch- abs | heavy- obl | because_of | rec . io - loc -break- elat - pst |
| The branch [was] so heavy that it broke | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
2
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| qʷətame-r | həλe-m | jə-ṣ̂ʷaʁe-č̣ʼe | ze-pə-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼə-ʁ |
| branch- abs | heavy- obl | poss -benefit- ins | rec . io - loc -break- elat - pst |
| The branch [was] so heavy that it broke | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
2
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| qʷətame-r | zere-həλe-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | ze-pə-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼə-ʁ |
| branch- abs | rel . fct -heavy | poss -evil- ins | rec . io - loc -break- elat - pst |
| The branch broke because it was heavy. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
2
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| qʷətame-r | zere-həλe-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | ze-pə-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼə-ʁ |
| branch- abs | rel . fct -heavy | poss -harm- ins | rec . io - loc -break- elat - pst |
| The branch broke because it was heavy. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
3
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| bzəλfəʁe-r | ʔʷəʁʷe-m | j-e-ʁa-pske |
| smoke- obl | woman- abs | 3 sg . erg - dyn - caus -cough |
| The smoke makes the woman cough. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
3
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| bzəλfəʁe-r | zə-č̣ʼa-pske-re-r | ʔʷəʁʷe-r | arə |
| woman- abs | rel . io - rsn -cough- dyn - abs | smoke- abs | cop |
| What makes a woman cough is smoke. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | |||
3
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| ʔʷəʁʷe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | ma-pske |
| smoke- obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | woman- abs | dyn -cough |
| A woman coughs from smoke. | |||
3
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| ʔʷəʁʷe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | bzəλfəʁe-r | ma-pske |
| smoke- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | woman- abs | dyn -cough |
| A woman coughs from smoke. | |||
3
Status: main; causal marker: paje
| ʔʷəʁʷe-m | paje | bzəλfəʁe-r | ma-pske |
| smoke- obl | because_of | woman- abs | dyn -cough |
| A woman coughs from smoke. | |||
3
Status: alternate; causal marker: jalazece
| ʔʷəʁʷe-m | jə-lažʼe-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | ma-pske |
| smoke- obl | poss -guilt- ins | woman- abs | dyn -cough |
| A woman coughs from smoke. | |||
3
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| ʔʷəʁʷe-m | feṣ̂(-č̣ʼe) | bzəλfəʁe-r | ma-pske |
| smoke- obl | for(- ins ) | woman- abs | dyn -cough |
| A woman coughs from smoke. | |||
3
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| ʔʷəʁʷe-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | ma-pske. |
| smoke- obl | poss -evil- ins | woman- abs | dyn -cough |
| A woman coughs from smoke. | |||
3
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| ʔʷəʁʷe-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | ma-pske. |
| smoke- obl | poss -harm- ins | woman- abs | dyn -cough |
| A woman coughs from smoke. | |||
4
Status: main; causal marker: paje
| ṣ̂ʷənč̣ʼə-m | paje | nepqə-r | t-λeʁʷə-r-ep |
| dark- obl | because_of | shore- abs | 1 pl . erg -see- dyn - neg |
| We can't see the shore because of the darkness. | |||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| ṣ̂ʷənč̣ʼə-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | nepqə-r | t-λeʁʷə-r-ep |
| dark- obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | shore- abs | 1 pl . erg -see- dyn - neg |
| We can't see the shore because of the darkness. | |||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| ṣ̂ʷənč̣ʼə-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | nepqə-r | t-λeʁʷə-r-ep |
| dark- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | shore- abs | 1 pl . erg -see- dyn - neg |
| We can't see the shore because of the darkness. | |||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: jalazece
| ṣ̂ʷənč̣ʼə-m | jə-lažʼe-č̣ʼe | nepqə-r | t-λeʁʷə-r-ep |
| dark- obl | poss -guilt- ins | shore- abs | 1 pl . erg -see- dyn - neg |
| We can't see the shore because of the darkness. | |||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: jaswakece
| ṣ̂ʷənč̣ʼə-m | jə-ṣ̂ʷaʁe-č̣ʼe | nepqə-r | t-λeʁʷə-r-ep |
| dark- obl | poss -benefit- ins | shore- abs | 1 pl . erg -see- dyn - neg |
| It's so dark that we can't see the shore. | |||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| zere-ṣ̂ʷənč̣ʼə-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | nepqə-r | t-λeʁʷə-r-ep |
| rel . fct -dark | poss -evil- ins | shore- abs | 1 pl . erg -see- dyn - neg |
| We can't see the shore because of the darkness. | |||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| zere-ṣ̂ʷənč̣ʼə-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | nepqə-r | t-λeʁʷə-r-ep |
| rel . fct -dark | poss -harm- ins | shore- abs | 1 pl . erg -see- dyn - neg |
| We can't see the shore because of the darkness. | |||
5
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| xewəqʷenəʁe-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-r | a-wəbətə-ʁ |
| error- ins | man- abs | 3 pl . erg -grab- pst |
| The man was arrested by mistake. | ||
5
Status: alternate; causal marker: paje
| xewəqʷenəʁe-m | paje | λ̣ə-r | a-wəbətə-ʁ |
| error- obl | because_of | man- abs | 3 pl . erg -grab- pst |
| The man was arrested by mistake. | |||
5
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| xewəqʷenəʁe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-r | a-wəbətə-ʁ |
| error- obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | man- abs | 3 pl . erg -grab- pst |
| The man was arrested by mistake. | |||
5
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| xewəqʷenəʁe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | λ̣ə-r | a-wəbətə-ʁ |
| error- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | man- abs | 3 pl . erg -grab- pst |
| The man was arrested by mistake. | |||
5
Status: alternate; causal marker: apq qjacew
| xewəqʷenəʁe-m | ə-pq | q-jə-č̣ʼ-ew | λ̣ə-r | a-wəbətə-ʁ |
| error- obl | 3 sg . pr -flesh | csl - loc -go_out- adv | man- abs | 3 pl . erg -grab- pst |
| The man was arrested by mistake. | ||||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| žʼəbʁe-r | arə | čəgə-r | jə-zə-wətə-ʁe-r |
| wind- abs | cop | tree- abs | loc - rel . erg -rub- pst - abs |
| The wind is what brought down the tree. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | |||
6
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| žʼəbʁe-m | čəgə-r | r-jə-wətə-ʁ |
| wind- obl | tree- abs | loc -3 sg . erg -rub- pst |
| The wind knocked down the tree. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: paje
| žʼəbʁe-m | paje | čəgə-r | wəḳʷerəjə-ʁ |
| wind- obl | because_of | tree- abs | overturn- pst |
| The tree fell from the wind. | |||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| žʼəbʁe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | čəgə-r | wəḳʷerəjə-ʁ |
| wind- obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | tree- abs | overturn- pst |
| The tree fell from the wind. | |||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| žʼəbʁe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | čəgə-r | wəḳʷerəjə-ʁ |
| wind- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | tree- abs | overturn- pst |
| The tree fell from the wind. | |||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: jalazece
| žʼəbʁe-m | jə-lažʼe-č̣ʼe | čəgə-r | wəḳʷerəjə-ʁ |
| wind- obl | poss -guilt- ins | tree- abs | overturn- pst |
| The tree fell from the wind. | |||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| žʼəbʁe-m | feṣ̂(-č̣ʼe) | čəgə-r | wəḳʷerəjə-ʁ |
| wind- obl | for- ins | tree- abs | overturn- pst |
| The tree fell from the wind. | |||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| žʼəbʁe-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | čəgə-r | wəḳʷerejə-ʁ |
| wind- obl | poss -evil- ins | tree- abs | overturn- pst |
| The tree fell from the wind. | |||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| žʼəbʁe-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | čəgə-r | wəḳʷerejə-ʁ |
| wind- obl | poss -harm- ins | tree- abs | overturn- pst |
| The tree fell from the wind. | |||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| λ̣ə-r | twekə-m | ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁ |
| man- abs | flow- obl | 3 sg . erg -kill- pst |
| The man was killed by electric current. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: INS
| λ̣ə-r | twekə-m-č̣ʼe | ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁ |
| man- abs | flow- obl - ins | 3 sg . erg -kill- pst |
| The man was electrocuted. | ||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: paje
| twekə-m | paje | λ̣ə-r | λ̣a-ʁe |
| flow- obl | because_of | man- abs | die- pst |
| The man died due to electrocution. | |||
7
Status: main; causal marker: qaxecace
| twekə-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-r | λ̣a-ʁe |
| flow- obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | man- abs | die- pst |
| The man died due to electrocution. | |||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| twekə-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | λ̣ə-r | λ̣a-ʁe |
| flow- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | man- abs | die- pst |
| The man died due to electrocution. | |||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: apq qjacew
| twekə-m | ə-pq | q-jə-č̣ʼ-ew | λ̣ə-r | λ̣a-ʁe |
| flow- obl | 3 sg . pr -flesh | csl - loc -go_out- adv | man- abs | die- pst |
| The man died due to electrocution. | ||||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| twekə-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-r | λ̣a-ʁe |
| flow- obl | poss -evil- ins | man- abs | die- pst |
| The man died from electric shock. | |||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| twekə-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-r | λ̣a-ʁe |
| flow- obl | poss -harm- ins | man- abs | die- pst |
| The man died from electric shock. | |||
8
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| maqe-m | bzəλfəʁe-r | q-ə-ʁe-wəšʼə-ʁ |
| sound- obl | woman- abs | csl -3 sg . erg - caus -wake_up- pst |
| The noise woke the woman. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
8
Status: alternate; causal marker: paje
| maqe-m | paje | bzəλfəʁe-r | qe-wəšʼə-ʁ |
| sound- obl | because_of | woman- abs | csl -wake_up- pst |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | |||
8
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| maqe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | qe-wəšʼə-ʁ |
| sound- obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | woman- abs | csl -wake_up- pst |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | |||
8
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| maqe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | bzəλfəʁe-r | qe-wəšʼə-ʁ |
| sound- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | woman- abs | csl -wake_up- pst |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | |||
8
Status: main; causal marker: fesce
| maqe-m | feṣ̂ə-(č̣ʼe) | bzəλfəʁe-r | qe-wəšʼə-ʁ |
| sound- obl | for- ins | woman- abs | csl -wake_up- pst |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | |||
8
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| maqe-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | qe-wəšʼə-ʁ |
| sound- obl | poss -evil- ins | woman- abs | csl -wake_up- pst |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | |||
8
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| maqe-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | qe-wəšʼə-ʁ |
| sound- obl | poss -harm- ins | woman- abs | csl -wake_up- pst |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | |||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| pjəve-m | λ̣ə-m | ə-ŝhe | ə-ʁe-wəzə-ʁ |
| beer- obl | man- obl | 3 sg . pr -head | 3 sg . erg - caus -get_sick- pst |
| The beer made the man's head hurt. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: paje
| pjəve-m | paje | λ̣ə-m | ə-ŝhe | me-wəzə |
| beer- obl | because_of | man- obl | 3 sg . pr -head | dyn -get_sick |
| A man has a headache from beer. | ||||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| pjəve-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-m | ə-ŝhe | me-wəzə |
| beer- obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | man- obl | 3 sg . pr -head | dyn -get_sick |
| A man has a headache from beer. | ||||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| pjəve-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | λ̣ə-m | ə-ŝhe | me-wəzə |
| beer- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | man- obl | 3 sg . pr -head | dyn -get_sick |
| A man has a headache from beer. | ||||
9
Status: main; causal marker: fesce
| pjəve-m | feṣ̂ə-(č̣ʼe) | λ̣ə-m | ə-ŝhe | me-wəzə |
| beer- obl | for- ins | man- obl | 3 sg . pr -head | dyn -get_sick |
| A man has a headache from beer. | ||||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| λ̣ə-m | pjəve-m | ŝhe-wəz | qə-x-jə-xə-ʁ |
| man- obl | beer- obl | head | csl - loc -3 sg . erg -take- pst |
| The man took/took out a headache from the beer. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is not explicitly expressed. | |||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| pjəve-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-m | ə-ŝhe | me-wəzə |
| beer- obl | poss -evil- ins | man- obl | 3 sg . pr -head | dyn -get_sick |
| A man has a headache from beer. | ||||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| pjəve-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-m | ə-ŝhe | me-wəzə |
| beer- obl | poss -harm- ins | man- obl | 3 sg . pr -head | dyn -get_sick |
| A man has a headache from beer. | ||||
10
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| he-c̣əḳʷə-m | bzəλfəʁe-r | ə-ʁe-šʼxə-ʁ |
| dog-small- obl | woman- abs | 3 sg . erg - caus -laugh- pst |
| The puppy made the woman laugh. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
10
Status: main; causal marker: paje
| he-c̣əḳʷə-m | paje | bzəλfəʁe-r | šʼxə-ʁe |
| dog-small- obl | because_of | woman- abs | laugh- pst |
| The woman laughed because of the puppy. | |||
11
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| šʼənawət–pceẑəje-m | λ̣ə-r | ə-ʁe-λ̣a-ʁ |
| poison-fish- obl | man- abs | 3 sg . erg - caus -die- pst |
| Poisonous fish caused the man's death. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
11
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| šʼənawət–pceẑəje-m | feṣ̂ə-(č̣ʼe) | λ̣ə-r | λ̣a-ʁe |
| poison-fish- obl | for- ins | man- abs | die- pst |
| The man died from poisonous fish. | |||
11
Status: alternate; causal marker: paje
| šʼənawət–pceẑəje-m | paje | λ̣ə-r | λ̣a-ʁe |
| poison-fish- obl | because_of | man- abs | die- pst |
| The man died from poisonous fish. | |||
11
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| šʼənawət–pceẑəje-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-r | λ̣a-ʁe |
| poison-fish- obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | man- abs | die- pst |
| The man died from poisonous fish. | |||
11
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| šʼənawət–pceẑəje-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | λ̣ə-r | λ̣a-ʁe |
| poison-fish- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | man- abs | die- pst |
| The man died from poisonous fish. | |||
11
Status: main; causal marker: apq qjacew
| šʼənawət–pceẑəje-m | ə-pq | q-jə-č̣ʼ-ew | λ̣ə-r | λ̣a-ʁe |
| poison-fish- obl | 3 sg . pr -flesh | csl - loc -go_out- adv | man- abs | die- pst |
| The man died from poisonous fish. | ||||
11
Status: alternate; causal marker: jalazece
| šʼənawət–pceẑəje-m | jə-lažʼe-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-r | λ̣a-ʁe |
| poison-fish- obl | poss -guilt- ins | man- abs | die- pst |
| The man died from poisonous fish. | |||
11
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| šʼənawət–pceẑəje-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-r | λ̣a-ʁe |
| poison-fish- obl | poss -evil- ins | man- abs | die- pst |
| The man died from poisonous fish. | |||
11
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| šʼənawət–pceẑəje-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-r | λ̣a-ʁe |
| poison-fish- obl | poss -harm- ins | man- abs | die- pst |
| The man died from poisonous fish. | |||
12
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| pŝaŝe-r | jə-wecenke | ə-ʁe-gʷəṣ̂ʷa-ʁ |
| girl- abs | poss -mark | 3 sg . erg - caus -rejoice- pst |
| Her mark pleased the girl. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
12
Status: alternate; causal marker: paje
| pŝaŝe-r | wecenk-ew | qə-hə-ʁe-m | paje | me-gʷəṣ̂ʷe. |
| girl- abs | mark- adv | csl -carry- pst - obl | because_of | dyn -rejoice |
| The girl rejoices at the mark she received. | ||||
12
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| pŝaŝe-r | wecenk-ew | qə-hə-ʁe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | me-gʷəṣ̂ʷe. |
| girl- abs | mark- adv | csl -carry- pst - obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | dyn -rejoice |
| The girl rejoices at the mark she received. | ||||
12
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| pŝaŝe-r | jə-wecenke | šʼ-j-e-gʷəṣ̂ʷə-č̣ʼə |
| girl- abs | poss -mark | loc - dat - dyn -rejoice- elat |
| The girl is happy with her mark. | ||
13
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| ŝʷəzə-r | jə-λ̣ə | ə-ʔʷa-ʁe-m | ə-ʁe-gʷəbžə-ʁ |
| woman- abs | poss -husband | 3 sg . erg -say- pst - obl | 3 sg . erg - caus -be_angry- pst |
| The wife was angry at what her husband said. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||
13
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| ŝʷəzə-r | jə-λ̣ə | ə-ʔʷaʁe-m | feṣ̂ə-(č̣ʼe) | gʷəbžə-ʁe |
| woman- abs | poss -husband | 3 sg . erg -say- pst - obl | for- ins | be_angry- pst |
| The wife was angry at her husband's words. | ||||
13
Status: main; causal marker: paje
| ŝʷəzə-r | jə-λ̣ə | ə-ʔʷaʁe-m | paje | gʷəbžə-ʁe |
| woman- abs | poss -husband | 3 sg . erg -say- pst - obl | because_of | be_angry- pst |
| The wife was angry at her husband's words. | ||||
13
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| ŝʷəzə-r | jə-λ̣ə | ə-ʔʷaʁe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | gʷəbžə-ʁe |
| woman- abs | poss -husband | 3 sg . erg -say- pst - obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | be_angry- pst |
| The wife was angry at her husband's words. | ||||
13
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| ŝʷəzə-r | jə-λ̣ə | ə-ʔʷaʁe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | gʷəbžə-ʁe |
| woman- abs | poss -husband | 3 sg . erg -say- pst - obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | be_angry- pst |
| The wife was angry at her husband's words. | ||||
14
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| jate | q-ə-ʔʷa-ʁe-m | č̣ʼale-r | ə-ʁe-gʷəṣ̂ʷa-ʁ |
| poss +father | csl -3 sg . erg -say- pst - obl | boy- abs | 3 sg . erg - caus -rejoice- pst |
| What his father said made the boy happy. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||
14
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| jate | q-ə-ʔʷa-ʁe-m | feṣ̂ə-(č̣ʼe) | č̣ʼale-r | gʷəṣ̂ʷa-ʁe |
| poss +father | csl -3 sg . erg -say- pst - obl | for- ins | boy- abs | rejoice- pst |
| The boy is delighted with this idea. | ||||
14
Status: main; causal marker: paje
| jate | q-ə-ʔʷa-ʁe-m | paje | č̣ʼale-r | gʷəṣ̂ʷa-ʁe |
| poss +father | csl -3 sg . erg -say- pst - obl | because_of | boy- abs | rejoice- pst |
| The boy is delighted with this idea. | ||||
14
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| jate | q-ə-ʔʷa-ʁe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | č̣ʼale-r | gʷəṣ̂ʷa-ʁe |
| poss +father | csl -3 sg . erg -say- pst - obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | boy- abs | rejoice- pst |
| The boy is delighted with this idea. | ||||
14
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| jate | q-ə-ʔʷa-ʁe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | č̣ʼale-r | gʷəṣ̂ʷa-ʁe |
| poss +father | csl -3 sg . erg -say- pst - obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | boy- abs | rejoice- pst |
| The boy is delighted with this idea. | ||||
15
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| λ̣ə-r | ʁable-m | ḳʷeč̣a-ǯʼe | ə-ṣ̂ə-ʁ |
| man- abs | famine- obl | force- car | 3 sg . erg -do- pst |
| Hunger made the man weak. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||
15
Status: main; causal marker: paje
| λ̣ə-r | ʁable-m | paje | ḳʷeč̣aǯʼe | χʷə-ʁe |
| man- abs | famine- obl | because_of | weak | become- pst |
| The man was weak from hunger. | ||||
15
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| λ̣ə-r | ʁable-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | ḳʷeč̣aǯʼe | χʷə-ʁe |
| man- abs | famine- obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | weak | become- pst |
| The man was weak from hunger. | ||||
15
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| λ̣ə-r | ʁable-m | ?feṣ̂-(č̣ʼe) | ḳʷeč̣aǯʼe | χʷə-ʁe |
| man- abs | famine- obl | for- ins | weak | become- pst |
| The man was weak from hunger. | ||||
15
Status: alternate; causal marker: apq qjacew
| λ̣ə-r | ʁable-m | ə-pq | q-jə-č̣ʼ-ew | ḳʷeč̣aǯʼe | χʷə-ʁe |
| man- abs | famine- obl | 3 sg . pr -flesh | csl - loc -go_out- adv | weak | become- pst |
| The man was weak from hunger. | |||||
15
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| ʁable-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-r | ḳʷeč̣aǯʼe | χʷə-ʁe |
| famine- obl | poss -evil- ins | man- abs | weak | become- pst |
| The man was weak from hunger. | ||||
15
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| ʁable-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-r | ḳʷeč̣aǯʼe | χʷə-ʁe |
| famine- obl | poss -harm- ins | man- abs | weak | become- pst |
| The man was weak from hunger. | ||||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| λ̣ə-r | ʁable-m | ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁ |
| man- abs | famine- obl | 3 sg . erg -kill- pst |
| The man was killed by hunger. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| λ̣ə-r | ʁable-m | ə-ʁe-λ̣a-ʁ |
| man- abs | famine- obl | 3 sg . erg - caus -die- pst |
| The man died of hunger. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: paje
| λ̣ə-r | ʁable-m | paje | λ̣a-ʁe |
| man- abs | famine- obl | because_of | die- pst |
| The man died of hunger. | |||
16
Status: main; causal marker: qaxecace
| λ̣ə-r | ʁable-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | λ̣a-ʁe |
| man- abs | famine- obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | die- pst |
| The man died of hunger. | |||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| λ̣ə-r | ʁable-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | λ̣a-ʁe |
| man- abs | famine- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | die- pst |
| The man died of hunger. | |||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| λ̣ə-r | ʁable-m | feṣ̂-( | č̣ʼe) λ̣a-ʁe |
| man- abs | famine- obl | for(- ins ) | die- pst |
| The man died of hunger. | |||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| λ̣ə-r | ʁable-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | λ̣a-ʁe |
| man- abs | famine- obl | poss -evil- ins | die- pst |
| The man died of hunger. | |||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| λ̣ə-r | ʁable-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | λ̣a-ʁe |
| man- abs | famine- obl | poss -harm- ins | die- pst |
| The man died of hunger. | |||
17
Status: main; causal marker: paje
| λ̣ə-r | wəzə-m | paje | me-kʷəwe |
| man- abs | pain- obl | because_of | dyn -scream |
| The man screams in pain. | |||
17
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| λ̣ə-r | wəzə-m | feṣ̂-(č̣ʼe) | me-kʷəwe |
| man- abs | pain- obl | for- ins | dyn -scream |
| The man screams in pain. | |||
17
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| λ̣ə-r | wəzə-m | q-j-e-ʁe-kʷəwe |
| man- abs | pain- obl | csl -3 sg . erg - dyn - caus -scream |
| The pain makes the man scream. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
17
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| λ̣ə-r | wəzə-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | me-kʷəwe |
| man- abs | pain- obl | poss -evil- ins | dyn -scream |
| The man screams in pain. | |||
17
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| λ̣ə-r | wəzə-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | me-kʷəwe |
| man- abs | pain- obl | poss -harm- ins | dyn -scream |
| The man screams in pain. | |||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| bzəλfəʁe-r | čəʔe-m | j-e-ʁe-č̣ʼezəzə |
| woman- abs | cold- obl | 3 sg . erg - dyn - caus -tremble |
| The cold makes a woman shiver. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
18
Status: main; causal marker: paje
| bzəλfəʁe-r | čəʔe-m | paje | me-č̣ʼezəzə |
| woman- abs | cold- obl | because_of | dyn -tremble |
| The woman is shaking from the cold. | |||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| bzəλfəʁe-r | čəʔe-m | feṣ̂-(č̣ʼe) | me-č̣ʼezəzə |
| woman- abs | cold- obl | for- ins | dyn -tremble |
| The woman is shaking from the cold. | |||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: jaswakece
| čəʔe-m | jə-ṣ̂ʷaʁe-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | me-č̣ʼezəzə |
| cold- obl | poss -benefit- ins | woman- abs | dyn -tremble |
| The woman is shaking from the cold. | |||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| čəʔe-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | me-č̣ʼezəzə |
| cold- obl | poss -evil- ins | woman- abs | dyn -tremble |
| The woman is shaking from the cold. | |||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| čəʔe-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | me-č̣ʼezəzə |
| cold- obl | poss -harm- ins | woman- abs | dyn -tremble |
| The woman is shaking from the cold. | |||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| sabəjə-r | šʼəna-ʁ-ew | qe-ʁə-ʁ |
| child- abs | be_afraid- pst - adv | csl -cry- pst |
| The child, afraid, began to cry. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| sabəjə-r | šʼəna-ʁe-tjə | qe-ʁə-ʁ |
| child- abs | be_afraid- pst - cs | csl -cry- pst |
| The child cried with fear. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| sabəjə-r | šʼənaʁʷe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | qe-ʁə-ʁ |
| child- abs | fear- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | csl -cry- pst |
| The child cried with fear. | |||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| sabəjə-r | šʼənaʁʷe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | qe-ʁə-ʁ |
| child- abs | fear- obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | csl -cry- pst |
| The child cried with fear. | |||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| sabəjə-r | šʼənaʁʷe-m | feṣ̂(-č̣ʼe) | qe-ʁə-ʁ |
| child- abs | fear- obl | for- ins | csl -cry- pst |
| The child cried with fear. | |||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: apq qjacew
| sabəjə-r | šʼənaʁʷe-m | ə-pq | q-jə-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | qe-ʁə-ʁ |
| child- abs | fear- obl | 3 sg . pr -body | csl - loc -go_out- ins | csl -cry- pst |
| The child cried with fear. | ||||
19
Status: main; causal marker: paje
| sabəjə-r | zere-šʼta-ʁe-m | paje | qe-ʁə-ʁ |
| child- abs | rel . fct -be_scared- pst - obl | because_of | csl -cry- pst |
| The child cried with fear. | |||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| sabəjə-r | zere-šʼta-ʁe-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | qe-ʁə-ʁ |
| child- abs | rel . fct -be_scared- pst - obl | poss -evil- ins | csl -cry- pst |
| The child cried with fear. | |||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| sabəjə-r | zere-šʼta-ʁe-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | qe-ʁə-ʁ |
| child- abs | rel . fct -be_scared- pst - obl | poss -harm- ins | csl -cry- pst |
| The child cried with fear. | |||
20
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| sabəjə-r | gʷəṣ̂ʷe-rjə | qe-šʼxə-ʁ |
| child- abs | rejoice- add | csl -laugh- pst |
| The child was happy and laughed. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||
20
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| sabəjə-r | gʷəṣ̂ʷaʁʷe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | qe-šʼxə-ʁ |
| child- abs | joy- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | csl -laugh- pst |
| The child laughed with joy. | |||
20
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| sabəjə-r | gʷəṣ̂ʷaʁʷe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | qe-šʼxə-ʁ |
| child- abs | joy- obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | csl -laugh- pst |
| The child laughed with joy. | |||
20
Status: main; causal marker: fesce
| sabəjə-r | gʷəṣ̂ʷaʁʷe-m | feṣ̂-(č̣ʼe) | qe-šʼxə-ʁ |
| child- abs | joy- obl | for- ins | csl -laugh- pst |
| The child laughed with joy. | |||
20
Status: alternate; causal marker: apq qjacew
| sabəjə-r | gʷəṣ̂ʷaʁʷe-m | ə-pq | q-jə-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | qe-šʼxə-ʁ |
| child- abs | joy- obl | 3 sg . pr -body | csl - loc -go_out- ins | csl -laugh- pst |
| The child laughed with joy. | ||||
21
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| sabəjə-r | me-šʼəne-tjə | qaqərə-m | zə-šʼ-jə-ʁe.bəλə-ʁ |
| child- abs | dyn -be_afraid- cs | palace- obl | rfl . abs - loc -3 sg . erg -hide- pst |
| The child got scared and therefore hid in the barn. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | |||
21
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| sabəjə-r | zere-šʼta-ʁe-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | qaqərə-m | zə-šʼ-jə-ʁe.bəλə-ʁ |
| child- abs | rel . fct -be_scared- pst - obl | poss -evil- ins | palace- obl | rfl . abs - loc -3 sg . erg -hide- pst |
| The child hid in the barn out of fear. | ||||
21
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| sabəjə-r | zere-šʼta-ʁe-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | qaqərə-m | zə-šʼ-jə-ʁe.bəλə-ʁ |
| child- abs | rel . fct -be_scared- pst - obl | poss -harm- ins | palace- obl | rfl . abs - loc -3 sg . erg -hide- pst |
| The child hid in the barn out of fear. | ||||
21
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| šʼənaʁʷe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | sabəjə-r | qaqərə-m | zə-šʼ-jə-ʁe.bəλə-ʁ |
| fear- obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | child- abs | palace- obl | rfl . abs - loc -3 sg . erg -hide- pst |
| The child hid in the barn out of fear. | ||||
21
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| šʼənaʁʷe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | sabəjə-r | qaqərə-m | zə-šʼ-jə-ʁe.bəλə-ʁ |
| fear- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | child- abs | palace- obl | rfl . abs - loc -3 sg . erg -hide- pst |
| The child hid in the barn out of fear. | ||||
21
Status: main; causal marker: fesce
| šʼənaʁʷe-m | feṣ̂-(č̣ʼe) | sabəjə-r | qaqərə-m | zə-šʼ-jə-ʁe.bəλə-ʁ |
| fear- obl | for- ins | child- abs | palace- obl | rfl . abs - loc -3 sg . erg -hide- pst |
| The child hid in the barn out of fear. | ||||
21
Status: alternate; causal marker: apq qjacew
| šʼənaʁʷe-m | ə-pq | q-jə-č̣ʼə- | č̣ʼe | sabəjə-r | qaqərə-m zə-šʼ-jə-ʁe.bəλə-ʁ |
| fear- obl | 3 sg . pr -body | csl - loc -go_out- ins | child- abs | palace- obl | rfl . abs - loc -3 sg . erg -hide- pst |
| The child hid in the barn out of fear. | |||||
22
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| ŝərətənəʁe | feṣ̂-ew | λ̣ə-m | zjə | ə-ʔʷa-ʁ-ep |
| modesty | for- adv | man- obl | nothing | 3 sg . erg -speak- pst - neg |
| Modest, the man remained silent. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
22
Status: alternate; causal marker: paje
| ŝərətənəʁe-m | paje | λ̣ə-m | ə-že | qə-ze-tər-jə-xə-ʁ-ep |
| modesty- obl | because_of | man- obl | 3 sg . pr -mouth | csl - rec . io - loc -3 sg . erg -take- pst - neg |
| The man, out of modesty, did not open his mouth. | ||||
22
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| ŝərətənəʁe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-m | ə-že | qə-ze-tər-jə-xə-ʁ-ep |
| modesty- obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | man- obl | 3 sg . pr -mouth | csl - rec . io - loc -3 sg . erg -take- pst - neg |
| The man, out of modesty, did not open his mouth. | ||||
22
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| ŝərətənəʁe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | λ̣ə-m | ə-že | qə-ze-tər-jə-xə-ʁ-ep |
| modesty- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | man- obl | 3 sg . pr -mouth | csl - rec . io - loc -3 sg . erg -take- pst - neg |
| The man, out of modesty, did not open his mouth. | ||||
22
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| ŝərətənəʁe-m | feṣ̂ | λ̣ə-m | ə-že | qə-ze-tər-jə-xə-ʁ-ep |
| modesty- obl | for | man- obl | 3 sg . pr -mouth | csl - rec . io - loc -3 sg . erg -take- pst - neg |
| The man, out of modesty, did not open his mouth. | ||||
22
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| ŝərətə-m | paje | λ̣ə-m | zjə | ə-ʔʷa-ʁ-ep |
| modest- obl | because_of | man- obl | nothing | 3 sg . erg -speak- pst - neg |
| The man is so modest that he didn’t say anything. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
22
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| ŝərətə-m | jə-ṣ̂ʷaʁe-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-m | zjə | ə-ʔʷa-ʁ-ep |
| modest- obl | poss -benefit- ins | man- obl | nothing | 3 sg . erg -speak- pst - neg |
| The man is so modest that he didn’t say anything. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
23
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| qa-šʼt-jə, | bzəλfəʁe-m | ə-šə | ə-ʔe | ə-pχʷeta-ʁ |
| csl -be_scared- add | woman- obl | 3 sg . pr -brother | 3 sg . pr -hand | 3 sg . erg -grab- pst |
| Frightened, the woman grabbed her brother's hand. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
23
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| zere-šʼta-ʁe-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-m | ə-šə | ə-ʔe | ə-pχʷeta-ʁ |
| rel . fct -be_scared- pst - obl | poss -evil- ins | woman- obl | 3 sg . pr -brother | 3 sg . pr -hand | 3 sg . erg -grab- pst |
| The woman grabbed her brother's hand in fear. | |||||
23
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| zere-šʼta-ʁe-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-m | ə-šə | ə-ʔe | ə-pχʷeta-ʁ |
| rel . fct -be_scared- pst - obl | poss -harm- ins | woman- obl | 3 sg . pr -brother | 3 sg . pr -hand | 3 sg . erg -grab- pst |
| The woman grabbed her brother's hand in fear. | |||||
23
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| šʼəneʁʷe | feṣ̂-ew | bzəλfəʁe-m | ə-š | ə-ʔe | ə-pχʷeta-ʁ. |
| fear | for- adv | woman- obl | 3 sg . pr -brother | 3 sg . pr -hand | 3 sg . erg -grab- pst |
| The woman grabbed her brother's hand in fear. | |||||
23
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| šʼənaʁʷe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-m | ə-šə | ə-ʔe | ə-pχʷeta-ʁ |
| fear- obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | woman- obl | 3 sg . pr -brother | 3 sg . pr -hand | 3 sg . erg -grab- pst |
| The woman grabbed her brother's hand in fear. | |||||
23
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| šʼənaʁʷe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | bzəλfəʁe-m | ə-šə | ə-ʔe | ə-pχʷeta-ʁ |
| fear- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | woman- obl | 3 sg . pr -brother | 3 sg . pr -hand | 3 sg . erg -grab- pst |
| The woman grabbed her brother's hand in fear. | |||||
24
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| bzəλfəʁe-r | ʔʷefə-m | ə-ʁe-pŝə-ʁ |
| woman- abs | work- obl | 3 sg . erg - caus -get_tired- pst |
| The woman was tired of work. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
25
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| bzəλfəʁe-r | arʁʷej-me | a-ʁe-čəje-r-ep |
| woman- abs | mosquito- obl . pl | 3 pl . erg - caus -sleep- dyn - neg |
| Mosquitoes do not allow a woman to sleep. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
25
Status: main; causal marker: paje
| arʁʷej-xe-m | (а-)paje | bzəλfəʁe-r | čəje-ŝʷə-r-ep |
| mosquito- pl - obl | (3 pl . po )-because_of | woman- abs | sleep- hbl - dyn - neg |
| A woman can't sleep because of mosquitoes. | |||
25
Status: alternate; causal marker: jalazece
| arʁʷej-xe-m | ja-lažʼe-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | čəje-ŝʷə-r-ep |
| mosquito- pl - obl | 3 pl . pr + poss -guilt- ins | woman- abs | sleep- hbl - dyn - neg |
| A woman can't sleep because of mosquitoes. | |||
25
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| arʁʷej-xe-m | feṣ̂-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | čəje-ŝʷə-r-ep |
| mosquito- pl - obl | for- ins | woman- abs | sleep- hbl - dyn - neg |
| A woman can't sleep because of mosquitoes. | |||
25
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| arʁʷej-xe-m | ja-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | čəje-ŝʷə-r-ep |
| mosquito- pl - obl | 3 pl + poss -evil- ins | woman- abs | sleep- hbl - dyn - neg |
| A woman can't sleep because of mosquitoes. | |||
25
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| arʁʷej-xe-m | ja-zerar-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | čəje-ŝʷə-r-ep |
| mosquito- pl - obl | 3 pl + poss -harm- ins | woman- abs | sleep- hbl - dyn - neg |
| A woman can't sleep because of mosquitoes. | |||
26
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| psə-r | maze-m | q-j-e-ʁe-ẑəwə |
| water- abs | moon- obl | csl -3 sg . erg - dyn - caus -sparkle |
| The moon illuminates the water. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
26
Status: main; causal marker: fesce
| psə-r | maze-m | feṣ̂(-č̣ʼe) | qe-ẑəwə-re-m | fed |
| water- abs | moon- obl | for- ins | csl -sparkle- dyn - obl | similar |
| Because of the moon, the water looks like it’s glowing. | ||||
27
Status: main; causal marker: jahatarce
| jə-he | jə-hatər-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-r | deʁʷ-ew | šeḳʷa-ʁ |
| poss -dog | poss -in- ins | man- abs | good- adv | hunt- pst |
| The man successfully went hunting thanks to the dog. | ||||
27
Status: alternate; causal marker: jaswakece
| jə-he | jə-ṣ̂ʷaʁe-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-r | deʁʷ-ew | šeḳʷa-ʁ |
| poss -dog | poss -benefit- ins | man- abs | good- adv | hunt- pst |
| The man successfully went hunting thanks to the dog. | ||||
28
Status: main; causal marker: BEN
| bzəλfəʁe-r | jə-λ̣ə | fe-gʷəbžə-ʁ |
| woman- abs | poss -husband | ben -be_angry- pst |
| The wife was angry with her husband. | ||
28
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| bzəλfəʁe-r | jǝ-λ̣ə | ə-ʁe-gʷəbžə-ʁ |
| woman- abs | poss -husband | 3 sg . erg - caus -be_angry- pst |
| The woman was angry with her husband. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
28
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| bzəλfəʁe-r | jə-λ̣ə | ə-ʔʷa-ʁe-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | fe-gʷəbžə-ʁ |
| woman- abs | poss -husband | 3 sg . erg -say- pst - obl | poss -evil- ins | ben -be_angry- pst |
| The wife was angry with her husband. | ||||
28
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| bzəλfəʁe-r | jə-λ̣ə | ə-ʔʷa-ʁe-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | fe-gʷəbžə-ʁ |
| woman- abs | poss -husband | 3 sg . erg -say- pst - obl | poss -harm- ins | ben -be_angry- pst |
| The wife was angry with her husband. | ||||
29
Status: alternate; causal marker: paje
| bzəλfəʁe-r | jə-λ̣ə | paje | qe-gʷəẑʷa-ʁ |
| woman- abs | poss -husband | because_of | csl -be_late- pst |
| A woman was late for work because of her husband. | |||
29
Status: main; causal marker: jalazece
| bzəλfəʁe-r | jə-λ̣ə | jə-lažʼe-č̣ʼe | qe-gʷəẑʷa-ʁ |
| woman- abs | poss -husband | poss -benefit- ins | csl -be_late- pst |
| A woman was late for work because of her husband. | |||
29
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| bzəλfəʁe-r | jə-λ̣ə | q-ə-ʁe-gʷəẑʷa-ʁ |
| woman- abs | poss -husband | csl -3 sg . erg - caus -late- pst |
| The woman was forced by her husband to be late. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
29
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| jə-λ̣ə | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | qe-gʷəẑʷa-ʁ |
| poss -husband | poss -evil- ins | woman- abs | csl -be_late- pst |
| A woman was late for work because of her husband. | |||
29
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| jə-λ̣ə | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | qe-gʷəẑʷa-ʁ |
| poss -husband | poss -harm- ins | woman- abs | csl -be_late- pst |
| A woman was late for work because of her husband. | |||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| č̣əgʷə.səsənəʁe-m | c̣əf-xe-r | ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁe-x |
| earthquake- obl | human- pl - abs | 3 sg . erg -kill- pst - pl |
| The earthquake killed people. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| c̣əf-xe-r | zə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁe-r | č̣əgʷə.səsənəʁe-r | arə |
| human- pl - abs | rel . erg -kill- pst - abs | earthquake- abs | cop |
| What killed people was the earthquake. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | |||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| č̣əgʷə.səsənəʁe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | c̣əf-xe-r | xe-ḳʷeda-ʁe-x |
| earthquake- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | human- pl - abs | loc -disappear- pst - pl |
| People died due to the earthquake. | |||
30
Status: main; causal marker: apq qjacew
| č̣əgʷə.səsənəʁe-m | ə-pq | q-jə-č̣ʼ-ew | c̣əf-xe-r | xe-ḳʷeda-ʁe-x |
| earthquake- obl | 3 sg . pr -flesh | csl - loc -go_out- adv | human- pl - abs | loc -disappear- pst - pl |
| People died due to the earthquake. | ||||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: jalazece
| č̣əgʷə.səsənəʁe-m | jə-lažʼe-č̣ʼe | c̣əf-xe-r | xe-ḳʷeda-ʁe-x |
| earthquake- obl | poss -benefit- ins | human- pl - abs | loc -disappear- pst - pl |
| People died due to the earthquake. | |||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| č̣əgʷə.səsənəʁe-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | c̣əf-xe-r | xe-ḳʷeda-ʁe-x |
| earthquake- obl | poss -evil- ins | human- pl - abs | loc -disappear- pst - pl |
| People died due to the earthquake. | |||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| č̣əgʷə.səsənəʁe-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | c̣əf-xe-r | xe-ḳʷeda-ʁe-x |
| earthquake- obl | poss -harm- ins | human- pl - abs | loc -disappear- pst - pl |
| People died due to the earthquake. | |||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| thaməč̣ʼaʁʷ-ew | šʼə-ʔe-r | c̣əfə-m | jə-lažʼ. |
| misfortune- adv | loc -be- abs | human- obl | poss -guilt |
| Misfortunes, such as they are, are the fault of man. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||
31
Status: main; causal marker: jalazece
| thaməč̣ʼaʁʷ-ew | šʼə-ʔe-r | c̣əfə-m | jə-lažʼe-č̣ʼe | me-χʷə |
| misfortune- adv | loc -be- abs | human- obl | poss -guilt- ins | dyn -happen |
| All troubles happen because of people. | ||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| thaməč̣ʼaʁʷ-ew | šʼə-ʔe-r | c̣əfə-m | feṣ̂-č̣ʼe | me-χʷə |
| misfortune- adv | loc -be- abs | human- obl | for- ins | dyn -happen |
| All troubles happen because of people. | ||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| thaməč̣ʼaʁʷ-ew | šʼə-ʔe-r | c̣əfə-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | me-χʷə |
| misfortune- adv | loc -be- abs | human- obl | poss -evil- ins | dyn -happen |
| All troubles happen because of people. | ||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| thaməč̣ʼaʁʷ-ew | šʼə-ʔe-r | c̣əfə-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | me-χʷə |
| misfortune- adv | loc -be- abs | human- obl | poss -harm- ins | dyn -happen |
| All troubles happen because of people. | ||||
32
Status: main; causal marker: fesce
| apjeracjəje-m | feṣ̂ə-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-m | nah–deʁʷ-ew | ə-λeʁʷə | χʷə-ʁe |
| surgery- obl | for- ins | man- obl | more-well- adv | 3 sg . erg -see | become- pst |
| The man began to see better thanks to the operation. | |||||
32
Status: alternate; causal marker: jaswakece
| apjeracjəje-m | jə-ṣ̂ʷaʁe-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-m | nah–deʁʷ-ew | ə-λeʁʷə | χʷə-ʁe |
| surgery- obl | poss -benefit- ins | man- obl | more-well- adv | 3 sg . erg -see | become- pst |
| The man began to see better thanks to the operation. | |||||
32
Status: alternate; causal marker: jahatarce
| apjeracjəje-m | jə-hatər-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-m | nah–deʁʷ-ew | ə-λeʁʷə | χʷə-ʁe |
| surgery- obl | poss -in- ins | man- obl | more-well- adv | 3 sg . erg -see | become- pst |
| The man began to see better thanks to the operation. | |||||
33
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| λ̣ə-m | feṣ̂(ə-č̣ʼe) | bzəλfəʁe-r | psaw-ew | qe-ne-žʼə-ʁ |
| man- obl | for- ins | woman- abs | whole- adv | csl -stay- re - pst |
| The woman is alive thanks to this man. | ||||
33
Status: alternate; causal marker: jaswakece
| λ̣ə-m | jə-ṣ̂ʷaʁe-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | psaw-ew | qe-ne-žʼə-ʁ |
| man- obl | poss -benefit- ins | woman- abs | whole- adv | csl -stay- re - pst |
| The woman is alive thanks to this man. | ||||
33
Status: main; causal marker: jahatarce
| λ̣ə-m | jə-hatər-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | psaw-ew | qe-ne-žʼə-ʁ |
| man- obl | poss -gift- ins | woman- abs | whole- adv | csl -stay- re - pst |
| The woman is alive thanks to this man. | ||||
34
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| jə-djeljaʁe-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-m | a-r | jə-ŝʷəzə | f-jə-ʔʷeta-ʁ |
| poss -stupidity- ins | man- obl | man- obl | poss -woman | ben -3 sg . erg -tell- pst |
| The man told his wife about this out of stupidity. | ||||
34
Status: alternate; causal marker: paje
| jə-djeljaʁe | paje | λ̣ə-m | a-r | jə-ŝʷəzə | f-jə-ʔʷeta-ʁ |
| poss -stupidity | because_of | man- obl | man- obl | poss -woman | ben -3 sg . erg -tell- pst |
| The man told his wife about this out of stupidity. | |||||
34
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| jə-djeljaʁe | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-m | a-r | jə-ŝʷəzə | f-jə-ʔʷeta-ʁ |
| poss -stupidity | csl - loc -go_out- ins | man- obl | man- obl | poss -woman | ben -3 sg . erg -tell- pst |
| The man told his wife about this out of stupidity. | |||||
34
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| jə-djeljaʁe | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | λ̣ə-m | a-r | jə-ŝʷəzə | f-jə-ʔʷeta-ʁ |
| poss -stupidity | csl - loc -go_out- adv | man- obl | man- obl | poss -woman | ben -3 sg . erg -tell- pst |
| The man told his wife about this out of stupidity. | |||||
35
Status: alternate; causal marker: paje
| jə-mə-saqənəʁe-m | paje | bzəλfǝʁe-r | c̣enλə-ʁe |
| poss - neg -caution- obl | because_of | woman- abs | slide- pst |
| The woman slipped due to negligence. | |||
35
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| jə-mə-saqənəʁe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | bzəλfǝʁe-r | c̣enλə-ʁe |
| poss - neg -caution- obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | woman- abs | slide- pst |
| The woman slipped due to negligence. | |||
35
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| jə-mə-saqənəʁe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | bzəλfǝʁe-r | c̣enλə-ʁe |
| poss - neg -caution- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | woman- abs | slide- pst |
| The woman slipped due to negligence. | |||
35
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| jə-mə-saqənəʁe-č̣ʼe | bzəλfǝʁe-r | c̣enλə-ʁe |
| poss - neg -caution- ins | woman- abs | slide- pst |
| The woman slipped due to negligence. | ||
35
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| jə-mə-saqənəʁem | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | c̣enλa-ʁe. |
| poss - neg -caution- obl | poss -evil- ins | woman- abs | slide- pst |
| The woman slipped due to negligence. | |||
35
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| jə-mə-saqənəʁem | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | c̣enλa-ʁe. |
| poss - neg -caution- obl | poss -harm- ins | woman- abs | slide- pst |
| The woman slipped due to negligence. | |||
36
Status: main; causal marker: jahatarce
| ljotčʼjəkə-m | jə-ʔepəʔesenəʁe-m | jə-hatər-č̣ʼe | qʷəh.λate-r | ə-ʁe-ṭəsə-ŝʷə-ʁ. |
| pilot- obl | poss -skill- obl | poss -in- ins | sample- abs | 3 sg . erg - caus -sit_down- hbl - pst |
| The pilot was able to land the plane thanks to his extensive experience. | ||||
36
Status: alternate; causal marker: jaswakece
| ljotčʼjəkə-m | jə-ʔepəʔesenəʁe-m | jə-ṣ̂ʷaʁe-č̣ʼe | qʷəh.λate-r | ə-ʁe-ṭəsə-ŝʷə-ʁ. |
| pilot- obl | poss -skill- obl | poss -benefit- ins | sample- abs | 3 sg . erg - caus -sit_down- hbl - pst |
| The pilot was able to land the plane thanks to his extensive experience. | ||||
37
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| ʔepəʔesenəʁe-r | f-jə-mə-qʷ-ew | ljotčʼjəkə-m | qʷəh.late-r | ə-ʁe-ṭəsə-ŝʷə-ʁ-ep |
| skill- obl | ben - loc - neg -grab- adv | pilot- obl | aircraft- abs | 3 sg . erg - caus -sit_down- hbl - pst - neg |
| The pilot lacked skill and was unable to land the plane. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | ||||
37
Status: main; causal marker: jajakece
| ʔepəʔesenəʁe-r | zere-f-jə-mə-qʷə-re-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | ljotčʼjəkə-m | qʷəh.late-r | ə-ʁe-ṭəsə-ŝʷə-ʁ-ep |
| skill- obl | rel . fct - ben - loc - neg -grab- dyn - obl | poss -evil- ins | pilot- obl | aircraft- abs | 3 sg . erg - caus -sit_down- hbl - pst - neg |
| The pilot was unable to land the plane due to inexperience. | |||||
37
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| ʔepəʔesenəʁe-r | zere-f-jə-mə-qʷə-re-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | ljotčʼjəkə-m | qʷəh.late-r | ə-ʁe-ṭəsə-ŝʷə-ʁ-ep |
| skill- obl | rel . fct - ben - loc - neg -grab- dyn - obl | poss -harm- ins | pilot- obl | aircraft- abs | 3 sg . erg - caus -sit_down- hbl - pst - neg |
| The pilot was unable to land the plane due to inexperience. | |||||
38
Status: main; causal marker: paje
| zewe–λeχanə-m | c̣əf-me | ʁable-m | paje | wəc | a-šxə-šʼtə-ʁ |
| war-time- obl | human- obl . pl | famine- obl | because_of | grass | 3 pl . erg -eat- aux - pst |
| During the war, people ate grass out of hunger. | |||||
38
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| zewe–λeχanə-m | c̣əf-me | ʁable-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | wəc | a-šxə-šʼtə-ʁ |
| war-time- obl | human- obl . pl | famine- obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | grass | 3 pl . erg -eat- aux - pst |
| During the war, people ate grass out of hunger. | |||||
38
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| zewe–λeχanə-m | c̣əf-me | ʁable-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | wəc | a-šxə-šʼtə-ʁ |
| war-time- obl | human- obl . pl | famine- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | grass | 3 pl . erg -eat- aux - pst |
| During the war, people ate grass out of hunger. | |||||
38
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| zewe–λeχanə-m | c̣əf-me | ʁable-m | feṣ̂(-č̣ʼe) | wəc | a-šxə-šʼtə-ʁ |
| war-time- obl | human- obl . pl | famine- obl | for(- ins ) | grass | 3 pl . erg -eat- aux - pst |
| During the war, people ate grass out of hunger. | |||||
38
Status: alternate; causal marker: apq qjacew
| zewe–λeχanə-m | ʁable-m | ə-pq | q-jə-č̣ʼ-ew | c̣əf-me | wəc | a-šxə-šʼtə-ʁ |
| war-time- obl | famine- obl | 3 sg . pr -flesh | csl - loc -go_out- adv | human- obl . pl | grass | 3 pl . erg -eat- aux - pst |
| During the war, people ate grass out of hunger. | ||||||
39
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| bzaǯʼe-m | paje | bzəλfəʁe-r | wəne-m | jə-ha-ʁ |
| wicked- obl | because_of | woman- abs | house- obl | loc -come_in- pst |
| The woman was so mischievous that she entered the house. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
39
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| bzaǯʼe-m | jə-ṣ̂ʷaʁe-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | wəne-m | jə-ha-ʁ |
| wicked- obl | poss -benefit- ins | woman- abs | house- obl | loc -come_in- pst |
| The woman was so mischievous that she entered the house. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
40
Status: main; causal marker: qaxecace
| jeŝʷəʁʷənəʁe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-m | jə-ŝʷəz | ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁ |
| jealousy- obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | man- obl | poss -wife | 3 sg . erg -kill- pst |
| A man killed his wife out of jealousy. | ||||
40
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| jeŝʷəʁʷənəʁe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | λ̣ə-m | jə-ŝʷəz | ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁ |
| jealousy- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | man- obl | poss -wife | 3 sg . erg -kill- pst |
| A man killed his wife out of jealousy. | ||||
40
Status: alternate; causal marker: apq qjacew
| jeŝʷəʁʷənəʁe-m | ə-pq | q-jə-č̣ʼ-ew | λ̣ə-m | jə-ŝʷəz | ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁ |
| jealousy- obl | 3 sg . pr -flesh | csl - loc -go_out- adv | man- obl | poss -wife | 3 sg . erg -kill- pst |
| A man killed his wife out of jealousy. | |||||
40
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| jeŝʷəʁʷənəʁe-m | feṣ̂(-č̣ʼe) | λ̣ə-m | jə-ŝʷəz | ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁ |
| jealousy- obl | for- ins | man- obl | poss -wife | 3 sg . erg -kill- pst |
| A man killed his wife out of jealousy. | ||||
40
Status: alternate; causal marker: jalazece
| jeŝʷəʁʷənəʁe-m | jə-lažʼe-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-m | jə-ŝʷəz | ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁ |
| jealousy- obl | poss -guilt- ins | man- obl | poss -wife | 3 sg . erg -kill- pst |
| A man killed his wife out of jealousy. | ||||
40
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| jeŝʷəʁʷənəʁe-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-m | jə-ŝʷəz | ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁ |
| jealousy- obl | poss -evil- ins | man- obl | poss -wife | 3 sg . erg -kill- pst |
| A man killed his wife out of jealousy. | ||||
40
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| jeŝʷəʁʷənəʁe-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-m | jə-ŝʷəz | ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁ |
| jealousy- obl | poss -harm- ins | man- obl | poss -wife | 3 sg . erg -kill- pst |
| A man killed his wife out of jealousy. | ||||
41
Status: main; causal marker: paje
| jə-pegaʁe | paje | a-r | λ̣ə-m | zeč̣ʼe-m-jə | a-f-jə-ʔʷeta-ʁ |
| poss -swagger | because_of | dem - abs | man- obl | all- obl - add | 3 pl . io - ben -3 sg . erg -tell- pst |
| The man told everyone about this out of vanity. | |||||
41
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| jə-pegaʁe | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | a-r | λ̣ə-m | zeč̣ʼe-m-jə | a-f-jə-ʔʷeta-ʁ |
| poss -swagger | csl - loc -go_out- ins | csl - loc -go_out- ins | man- obl | all- obl - add | 3 pl . io - ben -3 sg . erg -tell- pst |
| The man told everyone about this out of vanity. | |||||
41
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| jə-pegaʁe | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | a-r | λ̣ə-m | zeč̣ʼe-m-jə | a-f-jə-ʔʷeta-ʁ |
| poss -swagger | csl - loc -go_out- adv | csl - loc -go_out- adv | man- obl | all- obl - add | 3 pl . io - ben -3 sg . erg -tell- pst |
| The man told everyone about this out of vanity. | |||||
41
Status: alternate; causal marker: apq qjacew
| jə-pegaʁe | ə-pq | q-jə-č̣ʼ-ew | a-r | λ̣ə-m | zeč̣ʼe-m-jə | a-f-jə-ʔʷeta-ʁ |
| poss -swagger | 3 sg . pr -flesh | csl - loc -go_out- adv | csl - loc -go_out- adv | man- obl | all- obl - add | 3 pl . io - ben -3 sg . erg -tell- pst |
| The man told everyone about this out of vanity. | ||||||
41
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| jə-pegaʁe | feṣ̂-č̣ʼe | a-r | λ̣ə-m | zeč̣ʼe-m-jə | a-f-jə-ʔʷeta-ʁ |
| poss -swagger | for- ins | for- ins | man- obl | all- obl - add | 3 pl . io - ben -3 sg . erg -tell- pst |
| The man told everyone about this out of vanity. | |||||
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| bzəλfəʁe-m | haqʷə.šəqʷə-xe-r | gʷəbžə-ʁe-m | paje | ze-x-jə-qʷəta-ʁe-x |
| woman- obl | vessel- pl - abs | be_angry- pst - obl | because_of | rec . io - loc -3 sg . erg -break- pst - pl |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| bzəλfəʁe-m | haqʷə.šəqʷə-xe-r | gʷəbžə-ʁe-m | jə-ṣ̂ʷaʁe-č̣ʼe | ze-x-jə-qʷəta-ʁe-x |
| woman- obl | vessel- pl - abs | be_angry- pst - obl | poss -benefit- ins | rec . io - loc -3 sg . erg -break- pst - pl |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| bzəλfəʁe-m | haqʷə.šəqʷə-xe-r | gʷəbžə-ʁe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | ze-x-jə-qʷəta-ʁe-x |
| woman- obl | vessel- pl - abs | be_angry- pst - obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | rec . io - loc -3 sg . erg -break- pst - pl |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| bzəλfəʁe-m | haqʷə.šəqʷə-xe-r | gʷəbžə-ʁe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | ze-x-jə-qʷəta-ʁe-x |
| woman- obl | vessel- pl - abs | be_angry- pst - obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | rec . io - loc -3 sg . erg -break- pst - pl |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
42
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| bzəλfəʁe-m | haqʷə.šəqʷə-xe-r | gʷəbžə-ʁe-m | xe-t-ew | ze-x-jə-qʷəta-ʁe-x |
| woman- obl | vessel- pl - abs | be_angry- pst - obl | loc -stand- adv | rec . io - loc -3 sg . erg -break- pst - pl |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| bzəλfəʁe-m | haqʷə.šəqʷə-xe-r | gʷəbžə-ʁe-m | ə-pq | q-jə-č̣ʼ-ew | ze-x-jə-qʷəta-ʁe-x |
| woman- obl | vessel- pl - abs | be_angry- pst - obl | 3 sg . pr -flesh | csl - loc -go_out- adv | rec . io - loc -3 sg . erg -break- pst - pl |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| bzəλfəʁe-m | haqʷə.šəqʷə-xe-r | gʷəbžə-ʁe-m | jə-ṣ̂ʷaʁe-č̣ʼe | ze-x-jə-qʷəta-ʁe-x |
| woman- obl | vessel- pl - abs | be_angry- pst - obl | poss -benefit- ins | rec . io - loc -3 sg . erg -break- pst - pl |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| gʷəbžə.ʁe-m | paje | bzəλfəʁe-m | haqʷə.šəqʷə-xe-r | ze-x-jə-qʷəta-ʁe-x |
| angry- obl | because_of | woman- obl | vessel- pl - abs | rec . io - loc -3 sg . erg -break- pst - pl |
| The woman was so angry that she broke all the dishes. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| gʷəbžə.ʁe-m | jə-ṣ̂ʷaʁe-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-m | haqʷə.šəqʷə-xe-r | ze-x-jə-qʷəta-ʁe-x |
| angry- obl | poss -benefit- ins | woman- obl | vessel- pl - abs | rec . io - loc -3 sg . erg -break- pst - pl |
| The woman was so angry that she broke all the dishes. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| gʷəbžə.ʁe | feṣ̂-ew | bzəλfəʁe-m | haqʷə.šəqʷə-xe-r | ze-x-jə-qʷəta-ʁe-x |
| angry | for- adv | woman- obl | vessel- pl - abs | rec . io - loc -3 sg . erg -break- pst - pl |
| Being in a state of anger, the woman broke all the dishes. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| zere-gʷəbžə-ʁe-m | paje | bzəλfəʁe-m | haqʷə.šəqʷə-xe-r | ze-x-jə-qʷəta-ʁe-x |
| rel . fct -be_angry- pst - obl | because_of | woman- obl | vessel- pl - abs | rec . io - loc -3 sg . erg -break- pst - pl |
| Because she was angry, the woman broke all the dishes. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| zere-gʷəbžə-ʁe-m | feṣ̂-(č̣ʼe) | bzəλfəʁe-m | haqʷə.šəqʷə-xe-r | ze-x-jə-qʷəta-ʁe-x |
| rel . fct -be_angry- pst - obl | for- ins | woman- obl | vessel- pl - abs | rec . io - loc -3 sg . erg -break- pst - pl |
| Because she was angry, the woman broke all the dishes. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| zere-gʷəbžə-ʁe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-m | haqʷə.šəqʷə-xe-r | ze-x-jə-qʷəta-ʁe-x |
| rel . fct -be_angry- pst - obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | woman- obl | vessel- pl - abs | rec . io - loc -3 sg . erg -break- pst - pl |
| Because she was angry, the woman broke all the dishes. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| zere-gʷəbžə-ʁe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | bzəλfəʁe-m | haqʷə.šəqʷə-xe-r | ze-x-jə-qʷəta-ʁe-x |
| rel . fct -be_angry- pst - obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | woman- obl | vessel- pl - abs | rec . io - loc -3 sg . erg -break- pst - pl |
| Because she was angry, the woman broke all the dishes. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| zere-gʷəbžə-ʁe-m | ə-pq | q-jə-č̣ʼ-ew | bzəλfəʁe-m | haqʷə.šəqʷə-xe-r | ze-x-jə-qʷəta-ʁe-x |
| rel . fct -be_angry- pst - obl | 3 sg . pr -flesh | csl - loc -go_out- adv | woman- obl | vessel- pl - abs | rec . io - loc -3 sg . erg -break- pst - pl |
| Because she was angry, the woman broke all the dishes. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| (zere-)gʷəbžə-ʁe-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-m | haqʷə.šəqʷə-xe-r | ze-x-jə-qʷəta-ʁe-x |
| rel . fct -be_angry- pst - obl | poss -evil- ins | woman- obl | vessel- pl - abs | rec . io - loc -3 sg . erg -break- pst - pl |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| (zere-)gʷəbžə-ʁe-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-m | haqʷə.šəqʷə-xe-r | ze-x-jə-qʷəta-ʁe-x |
| rel . fct -be_angry- pst - obl | poss -harm- ins | woman- obl | vessel- pl - abs | rec . io - loc -3 sg . erg -break- pst - pl |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
43
Status: main; causal marker: paje
| čəʔe-m | paje | bzəλfəʁe-r | fe.pa-ʁ-ew | čəja-ʁe |
| cold- obl | because_of | woman- abs | put_on- res - adv | sleep- pst |
| The woman went to bed dressed because of the cold. | ||||
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| čəʔe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | fe.pa-ʁ-ew | čəja-ʁe |
| cold- obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | woman- abs | put_on- res - adv | sleep- pst |
| The woman went to bed dressed because of the cold. | ||||
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| čəʔe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | bzəλfəʁe-r | fe.pa-ʁ-ew | čəja-ʁe |
| cold- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | woman- abs | put_on- res - adv | sleep- pst |
| The woman went to bed dressed because of the cold. | ||||
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| čəʔe-m | feṣ̂-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | fe.pa-ʁ-ew | čəja-ʁe |
| cold- obl | for- ins | woman- abs | put_on- res - adv | sleep- pst |
| The woman went to bed dressed because of the cold. | ||||
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: jalazece
| čəʔe-m | jə-lažʼe-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | fe.pa-ʁ-ew | čəja-ʁe |
| cold- obl | poss -guilt- ins | woman- abs | put_on- res - adv | sleep- pst |
| The woman went to bed dressed because of the cold. | ||||
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: jaswakece
| čəʔe-m | jə-ṣ̂ʷaʁe-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | fe.pa-ʁ-ew | čəja-ʁe |
| cold- obl | poss -benefit- ins | woman- abs | put_on- res - adv | sleep- pst |
| It was so cold that the woman went to bed dressed. | ||||
44
Status: main; causal marker: paje
| č̣ʼelejeʁaǯʼe-r | studjentə-m | jə-ǯʼane | paje | šʼə-tχʷə-ʁ |
| teacher- abs | a_student- obl | poss -dress | because_of | loc -praise- pst |
| The teacher praised the student for his costume. | ||||
44
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| č̣ʼelejeʁaǯʼe-r | studjentə-m | jə-ǯʼane | feṣ̂(-č̣ʼe) | šʼə-tχʷə-ʁ |
| teacher- abs | a_student- obl | poss -dress | for- ins | loc -praise- pst |
| The teacher praised the student for his costume. | ||||
45
Status: alternate; causal marker: paje
| gʷəšʼəʔe–mə.χʷə.nə-m | paje | λ̣ə-m | jə-ʁʷəneʁʷə-r | ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁ |
| word-unacceptable- obl | because_of | man- obl | poss -neighbour- abs | 3 sg . erg -beat- pst |
| The man beat his neighbor for his words. | ||||
45
Status: main; causal marker: qaxecace
| gʷəšʼəʔe–mə.χʷə.nə-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-m | jə-ʁʷəneʁʷə-r | ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁ |
| word-unaccepyable- obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | man- obl | poss -neighbour- abs | 3 sg . erg -beat- pst |
| The man beat his neighbor for his words. | ||||
45
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| gʷəšʼəʔe–mə.χʷə.nə-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | λ̣ə-m | jə-ʁʷəneʁʷə-r | ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁ |
| word-unaccepyable- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | man- obl | poss -neighbour- abs | 3 sg . erg -beat- pst |
| The man beat his neighbor for his words. | ||||
45
Status: alternate; causal marker: apq qjacew
| gʷəšʼəʔe–mə.χʷə.nə-m | ə-pq | q-jə-č̣ʼ-ew | λ̣ə-m | jə-ʁʷəneʁʷə-r | ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁ |
| word-unaccepyable- obl | 3 sg . pr -flesh | csl - loc -go_out- adv | man- obl | poss -neighbour- abs | 3 sg . erg -beat- pst |
| The man beat his neighbor for his words. | |||||
45
Status: alternate; causal marker: jalazece
| gʷəšʼəʔe–mə.χʷə.nə-m | jə-lažʼe-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-m | jə-ʁʷəneʁʷə-r | ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁ |
| word-unaccepyable- obl | poss -guilt- ins | man- obl | poss -neighbour- abs | 3 sg . erg -beat- pst |
| The man beat his neighbor for his words. | ||||
45
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| gʷəšʼəʔe–mə.χʷə.nə-m | feṣ̂-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-m | jə-ʁʷəneʁʷə-r | ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁ |
| word-unaccepyable- obl | for- ins | man- obl | poss -neighbour- abs | 3 sg . erg -beat- pst |
| The man beat his neighbor for his words. | ||||
45
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| gʷəšʼəʔe–məχʷən | zer-jə-ʔʷa-ʁe-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-m | jə-ʁʷəneʁʷə-r | ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁ |
| word-unaccepyable- obl | rel . fct -3 sg . erg -say- pst - obl | poss -evil- ins | man- obl | poss -neighbour- abs | 3 sg . erg -beat- pst |
| Because the neighbor said (unacceptable things), the man beat him. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
45
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| gʷəšʼəʔe–məχʷən | zer-jə-ʔʷa-ʁe-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-m | jə-ʁʷəneʁʷə-r | ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁ |
| word-unaccepyable- obl | rel . fct -3 sg . erg -say- pst - obl | poss -harm- ins | man- obl | poss -neighbour- abs | 3 sg . erg -beat- pst |
| Because the neighbor said (unacceptable things), the man beat him. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
46
Status: main; causal marker: paje
| mjačʼə-m | paje | sabəj-xe-r | ze-zewa-ʁe-x |
| ball- obl | because_of | child- pl - abs | rec . io -fight- pst - pl |
| The children fought over the ball. | |||
46
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| mjačʼə-m | feṣ̂-č̣ʼe | sabəj-xe-r | ze-zewa-ʁe-x |
| ball- obl | for- ins | child- pl - abs | rec . io -fight- pst - pl |
| The children fought over the ball. | |||
47
Status: main; causal marker: paje
| λ̣ə-m-re | ə-šə-re | č̣ʼenə-m | paje | ze-de-wa-ʁe-x |
| man- obl - coord | 3 sg . pr -brother- coord | inheritance- obl | because_of | rec . io - com -beat- pst - pl |
| A man quarreled with his brother over an inheritance. | ||||
47
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| λ̣ə-m-re | ə-šə-re | č̣ʼenə-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | ze-de-wa-ʁe-x |
| man- obl - coord | 3 sg . pr -brother- coord | inheritance- obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | rec . io - com -beat- pst - pl |
| A man quarreled with his brother over an inheritance. | ||||
47
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| λ̣ə-m-re | ə-šə-re | č̣ʼenə-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | ze-de-wa-ʁe-x |
| man- obl - coord | 3 sg . pr -brother- coord | inheritance- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | rec . io - com -beat- pst - pl |
| A man quarreled with his brother over an inheritance. | ||||
47
Status: alternate; causal marker: apq qjacew
| λ̣ə-m-re | ə-šə-re | č̣ʼenə-m | ə-pq | q-jə-č̣ʼ-ew | ze-de-wa-ʁe-x |
| man- obl - coord | 3 sg . pr -brother- coord | inheritance- obl | 3 sg . pr -flesh | csl - loc -go_out- adv | rec . io - com -beat- pst - pl |
| A man quarreled with his brother over an inheritance. | |||||
47
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| λ̣ə-m-re | ə-šə-re | č̣ʼenə-m | feṣ̂(-č̣ʼe) | ze-de-wa-ʁe-x |
| man- obl - coord | 3 sg . pr -brother- coord | inheritance- obl | for- ins | rec . io - com -beat- pst - pl |
| A man quarreled with his brother over an inheritance. | ||||
47
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| č̣ʼenə-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-m-re | ə-šə-re | ze-de-wa-ʁe-x |
| inheritance- obl | poss -evil- ins | man- obl - coord | 3 sg . pr -brother- coord | rec . io - com -beat- pst - pl |
| A man quarreled with his brother over an inheritance. | ||||
47
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| č̣ʼenə-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-m-re | ə-šə-re | ze-de-wa-ʁe-x |
| inheritance- obl | poss -harm- ins | man- obl - coord | 3 sg . pr -brother- coord | rec . io - com -beat- pst - pl |
| A man quarreled with his brother over an inheritance. | ||||
48
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| bzəλfəʁe-m | txəλə-r | qə-č̣ʼ-jə-šʼefə-ʁe-r | swəret-xe-r | arə |
| woman- obl | book- abs | csl - rsn -3 sg . erg -buy- pst - abs | drawing- pl - abs | cop |
| The reason the woman bought the book was the drawings. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | ||||
48
Status: main; causal marker: paje
| bzəλfəʁe-m | txəλə-r | swəret-xe-m | paje | q-ə-šʼefə-ʁ |
| woman- obl | book- abs | drawing- pl - obl | because_of | csl -3 sg . erg -buy- pst |
| The woman bought this book because of the drawings. | ||||
48
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| bzəλfəʁe-m | txəλə-r | swəret-xe-m | feṣ̂-(č̣ʼe) | q-ə-šʼefə-ʁ |
| woman- obl | book- abs | drawing- pl - obl | for- ins | csl -3 sg . erg -buy- pst |
| The woman bought this book because of the drawings. | ||||
49
Status: main; causal marker: paje
| čʼefənča.ʁe-m | paje | bzəλfəʁe-r | jə-nəbǯʼeʁʷ | ʔʷə.č̣ʼa-ʁ-ep |
| sadness- obl | because_of | woman- obl | poss -other | meet- pst - neg |
| The woman did not meet with her friend because she was in a bad mood. | ||||
49
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| čʼefənča.ʁe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-ew | bzəλfəʁe-r | jə-nəbǯʼeʁʷ | ʔʷə.č̣ʼa-ʁ-ep |
| sadness- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | woman- obl | poss -other | meet- pst - neg |
| The woman did not meet with her friend because she was in a bad mood. | ||||
49
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| čʼefənča.ʁe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | jə-nəbǯʼeʁʷ | ʔʷə.č̣ʼa-ʁ-ep |
| sadness- obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | woman- obl | poss -other | meet- pst - neg |
| The woman did not meet with her friend because she was in a bad mood. | ||||
49
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| čʼefənča.ʁe-m | feṣ̂-(č̣ʼe) | bzəλfəʁe-r | jə-nəbǯʼeʁʷ | ʔʷə.č̣ʼa-ʁ-ep |
| sadness- obl | for- ins | woman- obl | poss -other | meet- pst - neg |
| The woman did not meet with her friend because she was in a bad mood. | ||||
49
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| čʼefənče-m | jə-ṣ̂ʷaʁe-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | jə-nəbǯʼeʁʷ | ʔʷə.č̣ʼa-ʁ-ep |
| sad- obl | poss -benefit- ins | woman- obl | poss -other | meet- pst - neg |
| The woman was so sad that she did not meet with her friend. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
49
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| zere-čʼefənče-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | jə-nəbǯʼeʁʷ | ʔʷə.č̣ʼa-ʁ-ep |
| rel . fct -sad- obl | poss -evil- ins | woman- obl | poss -other | meet- pst - neg |
| The woman did not meet with her friend because she was in a bad mood. | ||||
50
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| psə–λeban-ew | ʁʷegʷə-m | tje-tə-m-č̣ʼe, | təʁʷes–čʼešʼə | q-je-šʼxə-ʁ |
| water-puddle- adv | road- obl | loc -stand- obl - ins | yesterday | csl - dat -rain- pst |
| Because there are puddles on the road, it rained yesterday. | ||||
51
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| jə-stərəʁe-č̣ʼe | psə-r | qe-ẑʷa-ʁ |
| poss -heat- ins | water- abs | csl -boil- pst |
| Judging by the temperature, the water has already boiled. | ||
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
54
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| hjəsap–xabze-m-č̣ʼe | mə | pčaʁe-r | zə-m | nah–mač̣ʼ-ew | χʷə-n-ew | ə-λeč̣ʼə-šʼt-ep |
| count-custom- obl - ins | dem | number- abs | one- obl | more-small- adv | become- msd - adv | 3 sg . erg -be_able- fut - neg |
| This number cannot be less than one due to mathematical laws. | ||||||
54
Status: alternate; causal marker: jelatakew
| hjəsap–xabze-m | je-λətə-ʁ-ew | mə | pčaʁe-r | zə-m | nah–mač̣ʼ-ew | χʷə-n-ew | ə-λeč̣ʼə-šʼt-ep |
| count-custom- obl - ins | dat -count- res - adv | dat -count- res - adv | number- abs | one- obl | more-small- adv | become- msd - adv | 3 sg . erg -be_able- fut - neg |
| This number cannot be less than one due to mathematical laws. | |||||||