Arabic
Contributed by Ramazan Mamedshakhov. The data were gathered in 2021.
How to cite
Mamedshakhov, Ramazan. 2022. Nominal causal constructions in Arabic. In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on December 1, 2022; last revised on December 1, 2022). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: min GEN
| taballal-a | l-mindiil-u | mina | d-dumuuʕ-i |
| get_wet. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -handkerchief( m ). s - gen | from | def -tear. pl - gen |
| The handerchief got soaked from tears. | |||
1
Status: alternate; causal marker: bi GEN
| taballal-a | l-mindiil-u | bi=sabab-i | d-dumuuʕ-i |
| get_wet. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -handkerchief( m ). s - gen | with=reason( m )- gen | def -tear. pl - gen |
| The handerchief got soaked from tears. | |||
1
Status: alternate; causal marker: min dzaraa?i GEN
| taballal-a | l-mindiil-u | min | dʒaraaʔ-i | d-dumuuʕ-i |
| get_wet. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -handkerchief( m ). s - gen | from | consequence- gen | def -tear. pl - gen |
| The handerchief got soaked from tears. | ||||
2
Status: main; causal marker: li GEN
| ʔinkasar-a | l-ɣusʕn-u | li=θiql-i=hi |
| break. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -branch( m ). s - nom | because=weight( m ). s - gen =3 s . m . poss |
| The branch broke from the weight. | ||
2
Status: alternate; causal marker: min GEN
| ʔinkasar-a | l-ɣusʕn-u | min | θiql-i=hi |
| break. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -branch( m ). s - nom | from | weight( m ). s - gen =3 s . m . poss |
| The branch broke from the weight. | |||
2
Status: alternate; causal marker: min dzaraa?i GEN
| ʔinkasar-a | l-ɣusʕn-u | min | dʒaraaʔ-i | θiql-i=hi |
| break. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -branch( m ). s - nom | from | consequence- gen | weight( m ). s - gen =3 s . m . poss |
| The branch broke from the weight. | ||||
2
Status: alternate; causal marker: bi GEN
| takassar-a | l-ɣusʕn-u | bi=sabab-i | l-ʔaθqaal-i |
| break. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -branch( m ). s - nom | with=reason( m ). s - gen | def -weight. pl - gen |
| The branch broke from the weight. | |||
3
Status: main; causal marker: min GEN
| t-asʕul-u | l-marʔat-u | mina | d-duχaan-i |
| 3 s . f -cough. prs . ipfv -3 s . f | def -woman-( f ). s - nom | from | def -smoke( m ). s - gen |
| The woman is coughing because of the smoke. | |||
3
Status: alternate; causal marker: bi sababi GEN
| t-asʕul-u | l-marʔat-u | bi=sabab-i | d-duχaan-i |
| 3 s . f -cough. prs . ipfv -3 s . f | def -woman( f ). s - nom | with=reason( m ). s - gen | def -smoke( m ). s - gen |
| The woman is coughing because of the smoke. | |||
4
Status: main; causal marker: bi sababi GEN
| laa | n-ar-aa | ʃ-ʃaatʕiʔ-a | bi=sabab-i | ðʕ-ðʕalaam-i |
| neg | 1 pl -see. prs . ipfv -1 pl | def -bank( m ). s - acc | with=reason( m )- gen | def -darkness( m ). s - gen |
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. | ||||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: li GEN
| laa | n-ar-aa | ʃ-ʃaatʕiʔ-a | li=sawaad-i | l-lajl-i |
| neg | 1 pl -see. prs . ipfv -1 pl | def -bank( m ). s - acc | because=darkness( m ). s - gen | def -night( m ). s - gen |
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. | ||||
5
Status: main; causal marker: bi GEN
| ʔuʕtuqil-a | r-radʒul-u | bi=l-χatʕaʔ-i |
| arrest. pass . pst . pfv -3 s . m . | def -man( m ). s - nom | with= def -mistake( m ). s - gen |
| The man was arrested by mistake. | ||
5
Status: alternate; causal marker: ACC
| ʔulqij-a | l-qabdʕ-u | ʕalaa | r-radʒul-i | χatʕaʔ-an |
| throw. pass . pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -arrest( m ). s - nom | on | def -man( m ). s - gen | mistake( m ). s - acc . indef |
| The man was arrested by mistake. | ||||
5
Status: alternate; causal marker: gan GEN
| sudʒin-a | r-radʒul-u | ʕan | χatʕaʔ-i-n |
| imprison. pass . pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | from | mistake( m ). s - gen . indef |
| The man was imprisoned by mistake. | |||
6
Status: main; causal marker: min GEN
| waqaʕ-ati | ʃ-ʃadʒarat-u | mina | r-rijaaħ-i |
| fall. pst . pfv -3 s . f | def -tree( f ). s - nom | from | def -wind. pl - gen |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | |||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: bi sababi GEN
| saqatʕ-ati | ʃ-ʃadʒarat-u | bi=sabab-i | r-riiħ-i |
| fall. pst . pfv -3 s . f | def | tree( f ). s - nom | with=reason( m ). s - gen def -wind( f ). s - gen |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | |||
7
Status: main; causal marker: min GEN
| maat-a | r-radʒul-u | min | sʕaʕqat-i-n | kahrabaaʔijj-at-i-n |
| die. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | from | kick( f ). s - gen - indef | electric( f ). s - gen - indef |
| The man died from electric shock. | ||||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: bi GEN
| maat-a | r-radʒul-u | bi=sʕaʕqat-i-n | kahrabaaʔijj-at-i-n |
| die. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man. m - nom | with=kick( f ). s - gen - indef | electric( f ). s - gen - indef |
| The man died from electric shock. | |||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: bi sababi GEN
| maat-a | r-radʒul-u | bi=sabab-i | sʕadmat-i-n | kahrabaaʔijj-at-i-n |
| die. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | with=reason( m )- gen | kick( f ). s - gen - indef | electric- s . f - gen - indef |
| The man died from electric shock. | ||||
8
Status: main; causal marker: min GEN
| ʔistajqað-ati | l-marʔat-u | mina | dʕ-dʕadʒiidʒ-i |
| wake_up. pst . pfv -3 s . f | def -woman( f ). s - nom | from | def -noise( m ). s - gen |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | |||
8
Status: alternate; causal marker: bi sababi GEN
| ʔistajqað-ati | l-marʔat-u | bi=sabab-i | dʕ-dʕawdʕaaʔ-i |
| wake_up. pst . pfv -3 s . f | def -woman( f ). s - nom | with=reason. m . s - gen | def -noise( m ). s - gen |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | |||
9
Status: main; causal marker: bi sababi GEN
| j-uħiss-u | r-radʒul-u | bi=sʕudaaʕ-i-n | fii | raʔs-i=hi | bi=sabab-i | l-biirat-i |
| 3 s . m -shout. prs . ipfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | with=headache( m ). s - gen - indef | in | head( m ). s - gen =3 s . m . poss | with=reason( m ). s - gen | def -beer( f ). s - gen |
| The man feels a headache from the beer. | ||||||
10
Status: main; causal marker: min GEN
| dʕaħik-ati | l-marʔat-u | min | taʃaqlub-aat-i | l-dʒarw-i |
| laugh. pst . pfv -3 s . f | def -woman( f ). s - nom | from | roll- pl . f - gen | def -puppy( m ). s - gen |
| The woman laughed at the puppy's rolling. | ||||
11
Status: main; causal marker: min GEN
| maat-a | r-radʒul-u | min | samakat-i-n | saamm-at-i-n |
| die. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | from | fish( f ). s - gen - indef | poisonous- f . s - gen - indef |
| The man died from a poisonous fish. | ||||
12
Status: main; causal marker: li GEN
| ʔal-bint-u | murtaaħ-at-u-n | li=daradʒat-i=haa |
| def -girl( f ). s - nom | satisfied- f . s - nom - indef | because_of=mark- s . f - gen =3 s . f . poss |
| The girl is satisfied with her grade. | ||
12
Status: alternate; causal marker: min GEN
| ʔal-bint-u | murtaaħ-at-u-n | min | daradʒat-i=haa |
| def -girl( f ). s - nom | satisfied- f . s - nom - indef | from | mark( f ). s - gen =3 s . f . poss |
| The girl is satisfied with her grade. | |||
12
Status: alternate; causal marker: bi GEN
| ʔal-bint-u | raadʕij-at-u-n | bi=daradʒat-i=haa |
| def -girl( f ). s - nom | satisfied- f . s - nom - indef | with=mark- s . f - gen =3 s . f . poss |
| The girl is satisfied with her grade. | ||
13
Status: main; causal marker: galaa GEN
| ɣadʕib-ati | z-zawdjat-u | ʕalaa | kalim-aat-i | zawdʒ-i=haa |
| get_angry. pst . pfv -3 s . f | def -wife( f ). s - nom | on | word- pl . f - gen | husband( m ). s - gen =3 s . f . poss |
| The wife was angered by her husband’s words. | ||||
13
Status: alternate; causal marker: min GEN
| ɣadʕib-ati | z-zawdjat-u | min | kalim-aat-i | zawdʒ-i=haa |
| get_angry. pst . pfv -3 s . f | def -wife( f ). s - nom | from | word- pl . f - gen | susband( m ). s - gen =3 s . f . poss |
| The wife was angered by her husband’s words. | ||||
14
Status: main; causal marker: bi GEN
| ʔal-walad-u | muʕdʒab-u-n | bi=l-fikrat-i |
| def -boy( m ). s - nom | excited. m . s - nom - indef | with= def -idea( f ). s - gen |
| The boy is thrilled by this idea. | ||
15
Status: main; causal marker: min GEN
| dʕaʕuf-a | r-radʒul-u | mina | l-dʒuuʕ-i |
| weaken. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | from | def -hunger( m ). s - gen |
| The man was weakened by hunger. | |||
16
Status: main; causal marker: min GEN
| maat-a | r-radʒul-u | mina | l-dʒuuʕ-i |
| die. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | from | def -hunger( m ). s - gen |
| The man died of starvation. | |||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: bi GEN
| maat-a | r-radʒul-u | bi=sabab-i | l-dʒuuʕ-i |
| die. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | with-reason( m ). s - gen | def -hunger( m ). s - gen |
| The man died of starvation. | |||
17
Status: main; causal marker: min GEN
| j-asʕruχ-u | r-radʒul-u | mina | l-ʔalam-i |
| 3 s . m -scream. prs . ipfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | from | def -pain( m ). s - gen |
| The man screamed from the pain. | |||
17
Status: alternate; causal marker: bi GEN
| j-asʕruχ-u | r-radʒul-u | bi=sabab-i | l-ʔalam-i |
| 3 s . m -scream. prs . ipfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | with=reason( m ). s - gen | def -pain( m ). s - gen |
| The man screamed from the pain. | |||
18
Status: main; causal marker: min GEN
| t-artaʕid-u | l-marʔat-u | mina | l-bard-i |
| 3 s . f -shiver. prs . ipfv -3 s . f | def -woman( f ). s - nom | from | def -cold( m ). s - gen |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: bi GEN
| t-artadʒif-u | l-marʔat-u | bi=sabab-i | l-bard-i |
| 3 s . f -shiver. prs . ipfv -3 s . f | def -woman( f ). s - nom | with=reason( m ). s | def -cold( m ). s - gen |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||
19
Status: main; causal marker: min GEN
| bak-aa | tʕ-tʕifl-u | mina | l-χawf-i |
| cry. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -child( m ). s - nom | from | def -fear( m ). s - gen |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | |||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: bi GEN
| bak-aa | tʕ-tʕifl-u | bi=sabab-i | l-χawf-i |
| cry. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -child( m ). s - nom | with=reason( m ). s - gen | def -fear( m ). s - gen |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | |||
20
Status: main; causal marker: min GEN
| dʕaħik-a | tʕ-tʕifl-u | mina | l-faraħ-i |
| laugh. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -child( m ). s - nom | from | def -joy( m ). s - gen |
| The child laughed with joy. | |||
21
Status: main; causal marker: min GEN
| ʔiχtabaʔ-a | tʕtʕifl-u | fii | l-ʔistʕabl-i | min | χawf-i=hi |
| hide. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -child( m ). s - nom | in | def -stable( m ). s - gen | from | fear( m ). s - gen =3 s . m . poss |
| The child hid in the barn out of fear. | |||||
21
Status: alternate; causal marker: bi GEN
| ʔiχtaf-aa | tʕtʕifl-u | fii | ʃ-ʃawnat-i | bi=sabab-i | χawf-i |
| hide. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -child( m ). s - nom | in | def -stable( m ). s - gen | with=reason( m ). s - gen | fear( m ). s - gen |
| The child hid in the barn out of fear. | |||||
22
Status: main; causal marker: li GEN
| sʕamit-a | r-radʒul-u | li=tawaadʕuʕ-i=hi |
| be_quiet. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | because_of=modesty( m ). s - gen =3 s . m . poss |
| The man kept silent out of modesty. | ||
22
Status: alternate; causal marker: min GEN
| baqij-a | r-radʒul-u | sʕaamit-a-n | mina | t-tawaadʕuʕ-i |
| stay. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | silent. m . s - acc - indef | from | def -modesty( m ). s - gen |
| The man kept silent out of modesty. | ||||
22
Status: alternate; causal marker: dzaraa?a GEN
| baqij-a | r-radʒul-u | sʕaamit-a-n | dʒaraaʔ-a | tawaadʕuʕ-i=hi |
| stay. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | silent. m . s - acc - indef | consequence- acc | modesty( m ). s - gen =3 s . m . poss |
| The man kept silent out of modesty. | ||||
23
Status: main; causal marker: bi GEN
| ʔamsak-ati | l-marʔat-u | bi=χawf-i-n | bi=jad-i | ʔaχ-ii=haa |
| grab. pst . pfv -3 s . f | def -woman( f ). s - nom | with=fear( m ). s - gen - indef | with=hand( f ). s - gen | brother( m ). s - gen =3 s . f . poss |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | ||||
24
Status: main; causal marker: min GEN
| taʕib-ati | l-marʔat-u | mina | l-ʕamal-i |
| get_tired. pst . pfv -3 s . f | def -woman( f ). s - nom | from | def -work( m ). s - gen |
| The woman is tired from work. | |||
25
Status: main; causal marker: bi sababi GEN
| laa | t-astatʕiiʕ-u | l-marʔat-u | n-nawm-a | bi=sabab-i | l-baʕuudʕ-i |
| neg | 3 s . f -be_able. prs . ipfv -3 s . f | def -woman( f ). s - nom | def -sleep( m ). s - acc | with=reason( m ). s - gen | def -mosquitoes( m )- gen |
| The woman can’t fall asleep because of the mosquitoes. | |||||
26
Status: main; causal marker: bi sababi GEN
| j-abd-uu | l-maaʔ-u | mutalaʔliʔ-a-n | bi=sabab-i | l-qamar-i |
| 3 s . m -seem. prs . ipfv -3 s . m | def -water( m ). s - nom | sparkling. m . s - acc - indef | wiht=reason( m ). s - gen | def -moon( m ). s - gen |
| The water looks bright because of the moon. | ||||
27
Status: main; causal marker: bi fadgli GEN
| wuffiq-a | r-radʒul-u | fii | sʕ-sʕajd-i | bi=fadʕl-i | kalb-i=hi |
| give_luck. pass . pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | in | def -hunt( m ). s - gen | with=advantage( m ). s - gen | dog( m ). s - gen =3 s . m . poss |
| The man had a successful hunt because of his dog. | |||||
28
Status: main; causal marker: galaa GEN
| ɣadʕib-ati | z-zawdʒat-u | ʕalaa | zawdʒ-i=haa |
| get_angry. pst . pfv -3 s . f | def -wife- s . f - nom | on | husband( m ). s - gen =3 s . f . poss |
| The wife was angry at her husband. | |||
28
Status: alternate; causal marker: min GEN
| ɣadʕib-ati | z-zawdʒat-u | min | zawdʒ-i=haa |
| get_angry. pst . pfv -3 s . f | def -wife- s . f - nom | from | husband( m ). s - gen =3 s . f . poss |
| The wife was angry at her husband. | |||
29
Status: main; causal marker: bi sababi GEN
| taʔaχχar-ati | z-zawdʒat-u | ʕani | l-ʕamal-i | bi=sabab-i | zawadʒ-i=haa |
| be_late. pst . pfv -3 s . f | def -wife- s . f - nom | from | def -work. m - gen | with=reason( m ). s - gen | husband( m ). s - gen =3 s . f . poss |
| The woman was late for work because of her husband. | |||||
30
Status: main; causal marker: bi sababi GEN
| maat-a | n-naas-u | bi=sabab-i | l-hazzat-i | l-ʔardʕijj-at-i |
| die. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man. pl . m - nom | with=reason( m ). s - gen | def -shaking( f ). s - gen | def -terrestrial- s . f - gen |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | ||||
31
Status: main; causal marker: bi sababi GEN
| kull-u | l-masʕaaʔib-i | t-aħduθ-u | bi=sabab-i | l-ʔinsaan-i |
| all- nom | def -problem. pl - gen | 3 s . f -happen. prs . ipfv -3 s . f | with=reason( m ). s - gen | def -man( m ). s - gen |
| All problems happen because of people. | ||||
32
Status: main; causal marker: bi fadgli GEN
| ʔasʕbaħ-a | r-radʒul-u | j-ar-aa | bi=ʃakl-i-n | ʔafdʕal-a | bi=fadʕl-i | l-ʕamalijjat-i |
| become. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | 3 s . m -see. prs . ipfv -3 s . m | with=view( m ). s - gen - indef | best. s . m - gen | with=advantage( m ). s - gen | def -operation( f ). s - gen |
| The man can see better thanks to the operation. | ||||||
33
Status: main; causal marker: bi fadgli GEN
| ʔal-marʔat-u | ʕaaʔiʃ-at-u-n | bi=fadʕl-i | haaðaa | r-radʒul-i |
| def -woman( f ). s - nom | alive- s . f - nom - indef | with=advantage( m ). s - gen | this | def -man( m ). s - gen |
| The woman is alive thanks to that man. | ||||
34
Status: main; causal marker: natiidzata GEN
| ʔaχbar-a | r-radʒul-u | zawdʒat-a=hu | ʕan | haaðaa | natiidʒat-a | l-ɣabaaʔ-i |
| inform. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | wife( f ). s - acc =3 s . m . poss | about | this | result( f ). s - acc def -stupidity( m ). s - gen | |
| The man told his wife about it out of stupidity. | ||||||
34
Status: alternate; causal marker: gan GEN
| ʔaχbar-a | r-radʒul-u | zawdʒat-a=hu | ʕan | ðaalika | ʕan | ɣabaaʔ-i-n |
| inform. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | wife( f ). s - acc =3 s . m . poss | from | this | from | stupidity( m ). s - gen - indef |
| The man told his wife about it out of stupidity. | ||||||
35
Status: main; causal marker: natiidzata GEN
| ʔinzalaq-ati | l-marʔat-u | natiidʒat-a | l-ʔihmaal-i |
| slide. pst . pfv -3 s . f | def -woman( f ). s - nom | result( f ). s - acc | def -negligence( m ). s - gen |
| The woman slipped because of negligence. | |||
35
Status: alternate; causal marker: bi sababi GEN
| taʕaθθar-ati | l-marʔat-u | bi=sabab-i | ʕadam-i | mubaalaat-i=haa |
| slide. pst . pfv -3 s . f | def -woman( f ). s - nom | with=reason( m ). s - gen | lack- gen | attention( f ). s - gen =3 s . m . poss |
| The woman slipped because of lack of attention. | ||||
35
Status: alternate; causal marker: gan GEN
| taʕaθθar-ati | l-marʔat-u | ʕan | ʕadam-i | mubaalaat-i-n |
| slide. pst . pfv -3 s . f | def -woman( f ). s - nom | from | lack- gen | attention( f ). s - gen - indef |
| The woman slipped because of lack of attention. | ||||
36
Status: main; causal marker: bi fadgli GEN
| ʔistatʕaaʕ-a | tʕ-tʕajjaar-u | ʔan | j-uhbitʕ-a | tʕ-tʕaaʔirat-a | bi=fadʕl-i | χibrat-i=hi | l-kabiir-at-i |
| be_able. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -pilot( m ). s - nom | that | 3 s . m . sbj -lower. prs . ipfv -3 s . m . sbj | def -aircraft( f ). s - acc | with=advantage( m ). s - gen | def -experience( f ). s - gen =3 s . m . poss def -big- s . f - gen | |
| The pilot was able to land the plane thanks to his big experience. | |||||||
37
Status: main; causal marker: li GEN
| lam | j-akun-∅ | utʕ-tʕajjaar-u | qaadir-a-n | ʕalaa | hubuutʕ-i | tʕ-tʕaaʔirat-i | li=ʕadam-i | mtilaak-i=hi | l-χibrat-a | l-kafij-at-a |
| neg | 3 s . m . cond -be-3 s . m . cond | def -pilot. m - nom | capable. m - acc - indef | on | lowering( m )- gen | def -aircraft( f ). s - gen | because_of=lack- gen | possession- gen =3 s . m . poss | def -experience( f ). s - acc | def -sufficient- s . f - acc |
| The pilot was not capable of landing the plane due to the lack of inexperience. | ||||||||||
37
Status: alternate; causal marker: bi sababi GEN
| lam | j-atamakkan-∅ | itʕ-tʕajjaar-u | mina | l-hubuutʕ-i | bi=tʕ-tʕaaʔirat-i | bi=sabab-i | ʕadam-i | χibrat-i=hi |
| neg | 3 s . m . cond -be-3 s . m . cond | def -pilot( m ). s - nom | on | lowering( m ). s - gen | with= def -aircraft( f ). s - gen | with=reason( m ). s - gen | lack- gen | experience( f ). s - gen =3 s . m . poss |
| The pilot was not capable of landing the plane <due to the lack of inexperience. | ||||||||
38
Status: main; causal marker: min GEN
| ʔaθnaaʔa | l-harb-i | n-naas-u | mina | l-dʒuuʕ-i | ʔakal-uu | l-ħaʃiiʃ-a |
| during | def -war( f ). s - gen | def -man( m ). pl - nom | from | def -hunger( m )- gen | eat. pst . pfv -3 pl . m | def -grass( m ). s - acc |
| In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger. | ||||||
38
Status: alternate; causal marker: bi sababi GEN
| fii | waqt-i | l-ħarb-i | ʔakal-a | n-naas-u | l-ħaʃiiʃ-a | bi=sabab-i | l-dʒuuʕ-i |
| in | time( m ). s - gen | def -war( f ). s - gen | eat. pst . pfv -3 pl . m | def -man( m ). pl - nom | def -grass( m ). s - acc | with=reason( m ). s - gen | def -hunger( m ). s - gen |
| In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger. | |||||||
39
Status: main; causal marker: bi GEN
| daχal-ati | l-marʔat-u | bi=daafiʕ-i | l-fudʕuul-i |
| enter. pst . pfv -3 s . f | def -woman( f ). s - nom | with= | incitement( m ). s - gen def -curiosity( m ). s - gen |
| The woman went inside out of curiosity. | |||
40
Status: main; causal marker: bi sababi GEN
| qatal-a | r-radʒul-u | zawdʒat-a=hu | bi=sabab-i | l-ɣiirat-i |
| kill. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | wife( f ). s - acc =3 s . m . poss | with=reason( m ). s - gen | def -jealousy( f ). s - gen |
| The man killed his wife out of jealousy. | ||||
40
Status: alternate; causal marker: bi GEN
| qatal-a | r-radʒul-u | zawdʒat-a=hu | bi=daafiʕ-i | l-ɣiirat-i |
| kill. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | wife( f ). s - acc =3 s . m . poss | with=incitement( m ). s - gen | def -jealousy( f ). s - gen |
| The man killed his wife out of jealousy. | ||||
40
Status: alternate; causal marker: gan GEN
| qatal-a | r-radʒul-u | zawdʒat-a=hu | ʕan | ɣiirat-i-n |
| kill. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | wife( f ). s - acc =3 s . m . poss | from | jealousy( f ). s - gen - indef |
| The man killed his wife out of jealousy. | ||||
41
Status: main; causal marker: bi sababi GEN
| ʔaχbar-a | r-radʒul-u | l-dʒamiiʕ-a | ʕan | haaðaa | ʃ-ʃajʔ-i | bi=sabab-i | l-kibrijaaʔ-i |
| inform. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man. s . m - nom | def -all- acc | about | this | def -thing( m ). s - gen | with=reason( m ). s - gen | def -vanity( m ). s - gen |
| The man told everyone about it out of vanity. | |||||||
41
Status: alternate; causal marker: bi GEN
| ʔaχbar-a | r-radʒul-u | l-dʒamiiʕ-a | ʕan | haaðaa | ʃ-ʃajʔ-i | bi=daafiʕ-i | l-kibrijaaʔ-i |
| inform. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | def -all- acc | about | this | def -thing( m ). s - gen | with=incitement( m ). s - gen | def -vanity( m ). s - gen |
| The man told everyone about it out of vanity. | |||||||
42
Status: main; causal marker: min GEN
| kassar-ati | l-marʔat-u | kulla | sʕ-sʕuħuun-i | mina | l-ɣadʕab-i |
| break. pst . pfv -3 s . f | def -woman( f ). s - nom | all- acc | def -dish. pl - gen | from | def -anger( m ). s - gen |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | |||||
43
Status: main; causal marker: bi sababi GEN
| naam-ati | l-marʔat-u | bi=θijaab-i=haa | bi-sabab-i | l-bard-i |
| sleep. pst . pfv -3 s . f | def -woman( f ). s - nom | with=clothes. pl - gen =3 s . f . poss | with=reason( m ). s - gen | def -cold( m ). s - gen |
| The woman went to sleep clothed because of the cold. | ||||
44
Status: main; causal marker: galaa GEN
| madaħ-a | l-muʕallim-u | t-tilmiið-a | ʕalaa | baldat-i=hi |
| praise. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -teacher( m ). s - nom | def -student( m ). s - acc | on | suit( f ). s - gen =3 s . m . poss |
| The teacher commended the student for his suit. | ||||
45
Status: main; causal marker: li GEN
| dʕarab-a | r-radʒul-u | l-dʒaar-a | li=kalim-aat-i=hi |
| beat. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | def -neighbour( m ). s - acc | because_of=word( f ). pl - gen =3 s . m . poss |
| The man beated his neighbor because of his words. | |||
45
Status: alternate; causal marker: galaa GEN
| dʕarab-a | r-radʒul-u | l-dʒaar-a | ʕalaa | kalim-aat-i=hi |
| beat. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | def -neighbour( m ). s - acc | on | word( f ). pl - gen =3 s . m . poss |
| The man beated his neighbor because of his words. | ||||
45
Status: alternate; causal marker: bi sababi GEN
| dʕarab-a | r-radʒul-u | l-dʒaar-a | bi=sabab-i | kalim-aat-i=hi |
| beat. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | def -neihbour( m ). s - acc | with=reason( m ). s - gen | word( f ). pl - gen =3 s . m . poss |
| The man beated his neighbor because of his words. | ||||
46
Status: main; causal marker: bi sababi GEN
| taχaasʕam-a | l-ʔatʕfaal-u | bi=sabab-i | l-kurat-i |
| argue. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -child( m ). pl - nom | with=reason( m ). s - gen | def -ball( f ). s - gen |
| The children argued over the ball. | |||
46
Status: alternate; causal marker: dzaraa?a GEN
| tadʕaarab-a | l-ʔatʕfaal-u | dʒaraaʔ-a | l-kurat-i |
| fight. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -child( m ). pl - nom | consequence- acc | def -ball( f ). s - gen |
| The children fought over the ball. | |||
46
Status: alternate; causal marker: galaa GEN
| tadʕaarab-a | l-ʔatʕfaal-u | ʕalaa | l-kurat-i |
| fight. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -child( m ). pl - nom | on | def -ball( f ). s - gen |
| The children fought over the ball. | |||
47
Status: main; causal marker: bi sababi GEN
| taχaasʕam-a | r-radʒul-u | maʕa | ʔaχ-ii=hi | bi=sabab-i | l-m iiraaθ-i |
| fight. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | c | brother( m ). s - gen =3 s . m . poss | with=reason( m ). s - gen | def -inheritance( m ). s - gen |
| The man argued with his brother over the inheritance. | |||||
48
Status: main; causal marker: bi sababi GEN
| ʔiʃtar-ati | l-marʔat-u | haaðaa | l-kitaab-a | bi=sabab-i | r-rusuum-i |
| buy. pst . pfv -3 s . f | def -woman( f ). s - nom | this | def -book( m ). s - gen | wiht=reason( m ). s - gen | def -drawing. pl - gen |
| The woman bought the book because of the pictures. | |||||
49
Status: main; causal marker: bi sababi GEN
| lam | t-aʕud-∅ | ul-marʔat-u | t-altaq-ii | bi=sʕadiiqat-i=haa | bi=sabab-i | l-mazaadʒ-i | s-sajjiʔ-i |
| neg | 3 s . m . cond -come_back-3 s . m . cond | def -woman( f ). s - nom | 3 s . f -meet. prs . ipfv -3 s . f | with=friend- s . f - gen =3 s . f . poss | with=reason( m ). s - gen def -mood( m ). s - gen def -bad. m . s - gen | ||
| The woman did not meet with her friend because of her bad mood. | |||||||
50
Status: main; causal marker: bi hukmi GEN
| bi=ħukm-i | haaðihi | l-birak-i | tasaaqatʕ-a | l-matʕar-u | lajlan |
| with=judgment- gen | this | def -puddle. pl - gen | fall. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -rain( m ). s - nom | in_the_night |
| Judging by the puddles, it rained last night. | |||||
51
Status: main; causal marker: bi hukmi GEN
| bi= | ħukm-i | haaðihi | l-fuqaaʕ-aat-i | ʔal-maaʔ-u | qad ɣal-aa |
| with=judgment( m ). s - gen | this | def -bubble- pl . f - gen | def -water( m ). s - nom | pfv | boil. pst . pfv -3 s . m |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water is boiling. | |||||
51
Status: alternate; causal marker: bi hukmi galaa GEN
| bi=l-ħukm-i | ʕalaa | l-fuqaaʕ-aat-i | ʔal-maaʔ-u | qad | ɣal-aa |
| with= def -judgement( m ). s - gen | on | def -bubble- pl . f - gen | def -water( m ). s - nom | pfv | boil. pst . pfv -3 s . m |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water is boiling. | |||||
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| ʔudχul | ul-bajt-a | ʔal-dʒaww-u | baarid-u-n |
| ϴ-enter. act -2 s . m . imp | def -house( m ). s - acc | def -weather( m ). s - nom | cold. s . m - nom - indef |
| Come into the house, it is cold. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing and the caused events are not expressed in a single sentence. | |||
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| ʔajna | sitrat=ii | sʕuufijj-at-u | ʔal-dʒaww-u | baarid-u-n |
| where | vest( f ). s . nom =1 s . poss | def -woollen- s . f - nom | def -weather( m ). s - nom | cold. m . s - nom - indef |
| Where is my woolen vest, the weather is cold. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing and the caused events are not expressed in a single sentence. | ||||
54
Status: main; causal marker: bi sababi GEN
| laa | j-umkin-u | li= | haaðaa | r-raqm-i | ʔan | j-akuun-a | ʔaqall-a | min | waaħid-i-n | bi=sabab-i | l-qawaaniin-i r-rijaadʕijj-at-i |
| neg | 3 s . m -be_able. prs . ipfv -3 s . m | for=this | def -number( m ). s - gen | that | 3 s . m . sbj -be. prs . ipfv -3 s . m . sbj | smaller- acc | than | one( m ). s - gen - indef | with=reason( m ). s - gen | def -law. pl - gen | def -mathematical- s . f - gen |
| Per mathematical law, this number cannot be less than one. | |||||||||||
54
Status: alternate; causal marker: hasaba GEN
| ħasab-a | l-qawaaniin-i | r-rijaadʕijj-at-i | laa | j-umkin-u | ʔan | j-akuun-a | r-raqm-u | ʔaqall-a | waaħid-i-n |
| accordance- acc | def -law. pl - gen | def -mathematical- s . f - gen | neg | 3 s . m -be_able. prs . ipfv -3 s . m | that | 3 s . m . sbj -be. prs . ipfv -3 s . m . sbj | def -number( m ). s - nom | smaller. s . m - acc | than one( m ). s - gen - indef |
| In accordance with mathematical law, this number cannot be less than one. | |||||||||