Armenian (Eastern)
Contributed by Diana Mikaelian & Maksim Fedotov (Academia.edu profile). The data were gathered in 2022.
How to cite
Mikaelian, Diana & Maksim Fedotov. 2022. Nominal causal constructions in Armenian (Eastern). In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on December 21, 2022; last revised on December 21, 2022). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| T‘aškinak-ə | t‘ac‘ac‘-el=ē | arc‘unk‘-ner-ic‘. |
| handkerchief- def | get_wet- ptcp _ pf =be. prs .3 sg | tear- pl - abl |
| The handerchief got soaked from tears. | ||
2
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Canrut‘yun-ic‘ | čyuġ-ə | ǰardvec‘. |
| weight- abl | branch- def | break: med . aor .3 sg |
| The branch broke from the weight. | ||
3
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Cx-ic‘ | kin-ə | haz-um=ē. |
| smoke- abl | woman- def | cough- ptcp _ prs =be. prs .3 sg |
| The woman is coughing because of the smoke. | ||
4
Status: main; causal marker: GEN patcarov
| Mt‘ut‘yan | patčaŕ-ov | ap‘-ə | č‘-enk‘ | tesn-um. |
| darkness. gen | cause- ins | shore- def | neg -be. prs .1 pl | see- ptcp _ prs |
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. | ||||
5
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Tġamard-ə | sxalmamb=ē | kalanavorv-el. |
| man- def | by_mistake=be. prs .3 sg | arrest: med - ptcp _ pf |
| The man was arrested by mistake. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adverb, not a nominal phrase. | ||
6
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| K‘am-uc‘ | caŕ-ə | ənk-av. |
| wind- abl | tree- def | fall- aor .3 sg |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | ||
7
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Tġamard-ə | mahac‘-el=ē | hosank‘-i | harvac-ic‘. |
| man- def | die- ptcp _ pf =be. prs .3 sg | flow- gen | blow- abl |
| The man died from electric shock. | |||
8
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Aġmuk-ic‘ | kin-ə | art‘nac‘-el=ē. |
| noise- abl | woman- def | wake_up- ptcp _ pf =be. prs .3 sg |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | ||
8
Status: alternate; causal marker: GEN patcarov
| Kin-ə | art‘nac‘-av | aġmuk-i | patčaŕ-ov. |
| woman- def | wake_up- aor .3 sg | noise- gen | cause- ins |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | |||
9
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Gareĵr-ic‘ | tġamard-u | glux-ə | c‘av-um=ē. |
| beer- abl | man- gen | head- def | hurt- ptcp _ prs =be. prs .3 sg |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | |||
10
Status: main; causal marker: GEN vra
| Kin-ə | cicaġec‘ | šan | jag-i | vra. |
| woman- def | laugh. aor .3 sg | dog. gen | young_one- gen / dat | on |
| The woman laughed at the puppy. | ||||
11
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Tġamard-ə | mahac‘-el=ē | t‘unavor | jkn-ic‘. |
| man- def | die- ptcp _ pf =be. prs .3 sg | poisonous | fish- abl |
| The man died from a poisonous fish. | |||
12
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Aġĵik-ə | goh=ē | ir | gnahatakan-ic‘. |
| girl- def | content=be. prs .3 sg | himself/herself/itself. gen | mark- abl |
| The girl is satisfied with her grade. | |||
13
Status: main; causal marker: GEN vra
| Kin-ə | barkac‘-av | amusn-u | xosk‘-er-i | vra. |
| woman- def | be_angry- aor .3 sg | husband- gen | speech- pl - gen / dat | on |
| The wife was angered by her husband’s words. | ||||
13
Status: alternate; causal marker: ABL
| Kin-ə | barkac‘-av | amusn-u | xosk‘-er-ic‘. |
| woman- def | be_angry- aor .3 sg | husband- gen | speech- pl - abl |
| The wife was angered by her husband’s words. | |||
13
Status: alternate; causal marker: GEN patcarov
| Kin-ə | barkac‘-av | amusn-u | xosk‘-er-i | patčaŕ-ov. |
| woman- def | be_angry- aor .3 sg | husband- gen | speech- pl - gen | cause- ins |
| The wife was angered by her husband’s words. | ||||
14
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Tġa-n | ogeworv-ac=ē | ayd | gaġap‘ar-ic‘. |
| boy- def | inspire. med - ptcp _ res =be. prs .3 sg | that | idea- abl |
| The boy is thrilled by that idea. | |||
15
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Tġamard-ə | sov-ic‘ | t‘ulac‘-av. |
| man- def | hunger- abl | become_weak- aor .3 sg |
| The man was weakened by hunger. | ||
15
Status: alternate; causal marker: GEN patcarov
| Tġamard-ə | t‘ulac‘-el=ē | sov-i | patčaŕ-ov. |
| man- def | become_weak- ptcp _ pf =be. prs .3 sg | hunger- gen | cause- ins |
| The man was weakened by hunger. | |||
16
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Sov-ic‘ | tġamard-ə | mahac‘-av. |
| hunger- abl | man- def | die- aor .3 sg |
| The man died of starvation. | ||
17
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Tġamard-ə | c‘av-ic‘ | goŕ-um=ē. |
| man- def | pain- abl | shout- ptcp _ prs =be. prs .3 sg |
| The man screams from the pain. | ||
18
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Kin-ə | doġ-um=ē | c‘rt-ic‘. |
| woman- def | tremble- ptcp _ prs =be. prs .3 sg | cold- abl |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | ||
19
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Erexa-n | vax-ic‘ | lac‘ec‘. |
| child- def | fear- abl | cry. aor .3 sg |
| The child cried out of fear. | ||
20
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Erexa-n | uraxut‘yun-ic‘ | cicaġec‘. |
| child- def | happiness- abl | laugh. aor .3 sg |
| The child laughed with joy. | ||
21
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Erexa-n | vax-ic‘ | t‘ak‘nvec‘ | c‘axanoc‘-um. |
| child- def | fear- abl | hide: med . aor .3 sg | woodshed- loc |
| The child hid in the woodshed out of fear. | |||
22
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Tġamard-ə | hamestut‘yun-ic‘ | lŕec‘. |
| man- def | modesty- abl | keep_silent. aor .3 sg |
| The man kept silent out of modesty. | ||
23
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Kin-ə | vax-ic‘ | bŕnec‘ | eġbor | jeŕk‘-ə. |
| woman- def | fear- abl | hold. aor .3 sg | brother. gen | hand- def |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | ||||
24
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Kin-ə | hogn-el=ē | ašxatank‘-ic‘. |
| woman- def | get_tired- ptcp _ pf =be. prs .3 sg | work- abl |
| The woman is tired from work. | ||
24
Status: alternate; causal marker: GEN patcarov
| Ašxatank‘-i | patčaŕ-ov | kin-ə | hogn-el=ē. |
| work- gen | cause- ins | woman- def | get_tired- ptcp _ pf =be. prs .3 sg |
| The woman is tired from work. | |||
25
Status: main; causal marker: GEN patcarov
| Mocak-ner-i | patčaŕ-ov | kin-ə | č‘i | karoġan-um | k‘n-el. |
| gnat- pl - gen | cause- ins | woman- def | neg .be. prs .3 sg | be_able- ptcp _ prs | sleep- inf |
| The woman can’t fall asleep because of the mosquitoes. | |||||
26
Status: main; causal marker: GEN patcarov
| Lusn-i | patčaŕ-ov | ĵur-ə | bac‘ | guyn-i=ē | t‘v-um. |
| moon- gen | cause- ins | water- def | light | colour- gen / dat =be. prs .3 sg | seem- ptcp _ prs |
| The water looks bright because of the moon. | |||||
27
Status: main; causal marker: isnorhiv DAT
| I1=šnorhiv2 | šan | tġamard-ə | haĵoġ | ors-i=ē | gnac‘-el. |
| thanks_to1,2 | dog. dat | man- def | successful | hunt- gen / dat =be. prs .3 sg | go- ptcp _ pf |
| Thanks to his dog, the man successfully went on a hunt. | |||||
28
Status: main; causal marker: GEN vra
| Kin-ə | barkac‘-av | amusn-u | vra. |
| woman- def | be_angry- aor .3 sg | husband- gen / dat | on |
| The wife was angry at her husband. | |||
28
Status: alternate; causal marker: GEN patcarov
| Kin-ə | barkac‘-av | amusn-u | patčaŕ-ov. |
| woman- def | be_angry- aor .3 sg | husband- gen | cause- ins |
| The wife was angry because of her husband. | |||
29
Status: main; causal marker: GEN patcarov
| Kin-ə | ušac‘-av | ašxatank‘-ic‘ | amusn-u | patčaŕ-ov. |
| woman- def | be_late- aor .3 sg | work- abl | husband- gen | cause- ins |
| The woman was late for work because of her husband. | ||||
30
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Mardik | mahac‘-an | erkrašarž-ic‘. |
| person: pl | die- aor .3 pl | earthquake- abl |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | ||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: GEN patcarov
| Mardik | mahac‘-an | erkrašarž-i | patčaŕ-ov. |
| person: pl | die- aor .3 pl | earthquake- gen | cause- ins |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | |||
31
Status: main; causal marker: GEN patcarov
| Bolor | džbaxtut‘yun-ner-ə | katarv-um=en | mardkanc‘ | patčaŕ-ov. |
| all | misfortune- pl - def | carry_out: med - ptcp _ prs =be. prs .3 pl | person: pl . gen | cause- ins |
| All misfortunes happen because of humans. | ||||
32
Status: main; causal marker: DAT snorhiv
| Virahatut‘yan | šnorhiv | mard-ə | sksec‘ | lav | tesn-el. |
| operation. dat | thanks_to | person- def | begin. aor .3 sg | good | see- inf |
| The person can see better thanks to the operation. | |||||
33
Status: main; causal marker: DAT snorhiv
| Ayd | mard-u | šnorhiv | kin-ə | kendani=ē. |
| that | person- dat | thanks_to | woman- def | alive=be. prs .3 sg |
| The woman is alive thanks to that man. | ||||
34
Status: main; causal marker: GEN patcarov
| Tġamard-ə | knoĵ-ə | ayd | masin | patmec‘ | himarut‘yan | patčaŕ-ov. |
| man- def | woman. dat - def | that | about | relate. aor .3 sg | foolishness. gen | cause- ins |
| The man told his wife about it because of stupidity. | ||||||
34
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Tġamard-ə | ayd | masin | himarabar | patmec‘ | knoĵ-ə. |
| man- def | this | about | foolishly | relate. aor .3 sg | woman. dat - def |
| The man foolishly told his wife about it. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adverb, not a nominal phrase. | |||||
34
Status: alternate; causal marker: ABL
| Tġamard-ə | ayd | masin | patmec‘ | knoĵ-ə | himarut‘yun-ic‘. |
| man- def | that | about | relate. aor .3 sg | woman. dat - def | foolishness- abl |
| The man told his wife about it out of of stupidity. | |||||
35
Status: main; causal marker: GEN patcarov
| Kin-ə | anzgušut‘yan | patčaŕ-ov | sayt‘ak‘ec‘. |
| woman- def | carelessness. gen | cause- ins | slip. aor .3 sg |
| The woman slipped because of carelessness | |||
35
Status: alternate; causal marker: ABL
| Kin-ə | sayt‘ak‘-el=ē | anzgušut‘yun-ic‘. |
| woman- def | slip- ptcp _ pf =be. prs .3 sg | carelessness- abl |
| The woman slipped out of carelessness | ||
36
Status: main; causal marker: isnorhiv DAT
| I1=šnorhiv2 | mec | p‘orj-i | ōdač‘u-n | karoġac‘-av | vayrēĵk‘ | katar-el. |
| thanks_to1,2 | big | experience- dat | pilot- def | be_able- aor .3 sg | descent | do- inf |
| The pilot was able to land thanks to his big experience. | ||||||
37
Status: main; causal marker: GEN patcarov
| Anp‘orjut‘yan | patčaŕ-ov | ōdač‘u-n | č‘-karoġac‘-av | vayrēĵk‘ | katar-el. |
| inexperience. gen | cause- ins | pilot- def | neg -be_able- aor .3 sg | descent | do- inf |
| The pilot could not land due to inexperience. | |||||
37
Status: alternate; causal marker: ABL elnelov
| Anp‘orjut‘yun-ic‘ | eln-el-ov | ōdač‘u-n | č‘-karoġac‘-av | vayrēĵk‘ | katar-el. |
| inexperience- abl | go_out- inf - ins | pilot- def | neg -be_able- aor .3 sg | descent | do- inf |
| The pilot could not land due to inexperience. | |||||
38
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Paterazm-i | žamanak | mardik | sov-ic‘ | xot=ēin | ut-um. |
| war- gen | during | person: pl | hunger- abl | grass=be. ipf .3 pl | eat- ptcp _ prs |
| In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger. | |||||
38
Status: alternate; causal marker: GEN patcarov
| Paterazm-i | žamanak | mardik | sov-i | patčaŕ-ov | xot=ēin | ut-um. |
| war- gen | during | person: pl | hunger- gen | cause- ins | grass=be. ipf .3 pl | eat- ptcp _ prs |
| In wartime, people ate grass because of hunger. | ||||||
39
Status: main; causal marker: ABL elnelov
| Kin-ə | hetak‘rk‘rut‘yun-ic‘ | eln-el-ov | ners | mt-av. |
| woman- def | interest- abl | go_out- inf - ins | inside | enter- aor .3 sg |
| The woman went inside out of curiosity. | ||||
39
Status: alternate; causal marker: ABL
| Kin-ə | ners | mt-av | hetak‘rk‘rut‘yun-ic‘. |
| woman- def | inside | enter- aor .3 sg | interest- abl |
| The woman went inside out of curiosity. | |||
39
Status: alternate; causal marker: GEN patcarov
| Kin-ə | ners | mt-av | hetak‘rk‘rut‘yan | patčaŕ-ov. |
| woman- def | inside | enter- aor .3 sg | interest. gen | cause- ins |
| The woman went inside because of curiosity. | ||||
40
Status: main; causal marker: GEN patcarov
| Xand-i | patčaŕ-ov | tġamard-ə | spanec‘ | knoĵ-ə. |
| jealousy- gen | cause- ins | man- def | kill. aor .3 sg | woman. dat - def |
| The man killed his wife out of jealousy. | ||||
40
Status: alternate; causal marker: GEN hogi vra
| Xand-i | hoġi | vra | tġamard-ə | spanec‘ | knoĵ-ə. |
| jealousy- gen | earth. gen / dat | on | man- def | kill. aor .3 sg | woman. dat - def |
| The man killed his wife out of jealousy. | |||||
40
Status: alternate; causal marker: ABL
| Xand-ic‘ | tġamard-ə | spanec‘ | knoĵ-ə. |
| jealousy- abl | man- def | kill. aor .3 sg | woman. dat - def |
| The man killed his wife out of jealousy. | |||
41
Status: main; causal marker: ABL elnelov
| Tġamard-ə | bolor-i-n | ayd | masin | asec‘ | p‘aŕasirut‘yun-ic‘ | eln-el-ov. |
| man- def | all- dat - def | that | about | say. aor .3 sg | ambition- abl | go_out- inf - ins |
| The man told everyone about it out of vanity. | ||||||
41
Status: alternate; causal marker: ABL
| Tġamard-ə | ayd | masin | bolor-i-n | patmec‘ | p‘aŕamolut‘yun-ic‘. |
| man- def | that | about | all- dat - def | relate. aor .3 sg | vanity- abl |
| The man told everyone about it out of vanity. | |||||
42
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Kin-ə | barkut‘yun-ic‘ | ĵardec‘ | bolor | aman-ner-ə. |
| woman- def | anger- abl | break. aor .3 sg | all | plate- pl - def |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | ||||
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: GEN patcarov
| Kataġut‘yan | patčaŕ-ov | kin-ə | ĵardec‘ | bolor | aman-ner-ə. |
| fury. gen | cause- ins | woman- def | break. aor .3 sg | all | plate- pl - def |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of fury. | |||||
43
Status: main; causal marker: GEN patcarov
| C‘rt-i | patčaŕ-ov | kin-ə | paŕkec‘ | k‘n-el-u | hagust-ov. |
| cold- gen | cause- ins | woman- def | lie_down. aor .3 sg | sleep- inf - gen / dat | clothes- ins |
| The woman went to sleep dressed because of he cold. | |||||
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: ABL
| C‘rt-ic‘ | kin-ə | hagnv-ac | paŕkec‘ | k‘n-el-u. |
| cold- abl | woman- def | wear: med - ptcp _ res | lie_down. aor .3 sg | sleep- inf - gen / dat |
| The woman went to sleep dressed because of he cold. | ||||
44
Status: main; causal marker: GEN/DAT hamar
| Usuc‘ič‘-ə | govec‘ | ašakert-i-n | ir | kostyum-i | hamar. |
| teacher- def | praise. aor .3 sg | pupil- dat - def | himself/herself/itself. gen | costume- gen / dat | for |
| The teacher commended the student for his suit. | |||||
45
Status: main; causal marker: GEN/DAT hamar
| Tġamard-ə | cecec‘ | harevan-i-n | nra | xosk‘-er-i | hamar. |
| man- def | beat. aor .3 sg | neighbor- dat - def | he/she/it. gen | speech- pl - gen / dat | for |
| The man beat his neighbor because of his words. | |||||
46
Status: main; causal marker: GEN/DAT hamar
| Gndak-i | hamar | erexa-ner-ə | kŕvec‘-in. |
| ball- gen / dat | for | child- pl - def | fight- aor .3 pl |
| The children fought over the ball. | |||
46
Status: alternate; causal marker: GEN patcarov
| Gndak-i | patčaŕ-ov | erexa-ner-ə | kŕvec‘-in. |
| ball- gen | cause- ins | child- pl - def | fight- aor .3 pl |
| The children fought because of the ball. | |||
47
Status: main; causal marker: GEN/DAT hamar
| Tġamard-ə | eġbor | het | vičec‘ | žaŕangut‘yan | hamar. |
| man- def | brother. gen / dat | with | argue. aor .3 sg | inheritance- gen / dat | for |
| The man argued with his brother over the inheritance. | |||||
48
Status: main; causal marker: GEN/DAT hamar
| Kin- | ə | gn-el=ē | ays | girk‘-ə | nkar-ner-i hamar. |
| woman- def | buy- ptcp _ pf =be. prs .3 sg | this | book- def | picture- pl - gen / dat | for |
| The woman bought the book because of the pictures. | |||||
49
Status: main; causal marker: GEN patcarov
| Vat | tramadrut‘yan | patčaŕ-ov | kin-ə | č‘-handipec‘ | ənkeruh-u | het. |
| bad | temper. gen | cause- ins | woman- def | neg -meet. aor .3 sg | girl_friend- gen / dat | with |
| The woman didn’t meet with her friend because of her bad mood. | ||||||
50
Status: main; causal marker: ABL datelov
| Ĵrap‘os-er-ic‘ | dat-el-ov | gišer-ə | anjrev=ē | ek-el. |
| puddle- pl - abl | reason- inf - ins | night- def | rain=be. prs .3 sg | come- ptcp _ pf |
| Judging by the puddles, it rained last night. | ||||
50
Status: alternate; causal marker: ABL elnelov
| Ĵrap‘os-er-ic‘ | eln-el-ov | gišer-ə | anjrev=ē | ek-el. |
| puddle- pl - abl | go_out- inf - ins | night- def | rain=be. prs .3 sg | come- ptcp _ pf |
| Judging by the puddles, it rained last night. | ||||
51
Status: main; causal marker: ABL elnelov
| Eln-el-ov | pġpĵak-ner-ic‘ | ĵur-n | arden | eŕac‘-el=ē. |
| go_out- inf - ins | bubble- pl - abl | water- def | already | boil- ptcp _ pf =be. prs .3 sg |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water is boiling. | ||||
51
Status: alternate; causal marker: ABL datelov
| Dat-el-ov | pġpĵak-ner-ic‘ | ĵur-n | arden | eŕac‘-el=ē. |
| reason- inf - ins | bubble- pl - abl | water- def | already | boil- ptcp _ pf =be. prs .3 sg |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water is boiling. | ||||
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Tun | mt-ir, | c‘urt=ē. |
| house | enter- imp .2 sg | cold=be. prs .3 sg |
| Come into the house, it’s cold. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | ||
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Orteġ=ē | sviter-s, | c‘urt=ē? |
| where=be. prs .3 sg | sweater- poss _1 sg | cold=be. prs .3 sg |
| Where is my sweater, it’s cold? | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | ||
54
Status: main; causal marker: DAT hamajayn
| Mat‘ematikakan | ōrenk‘-ner-i | hamajayn | ays | t‘iv-ə | č‘i | karoġ | p‘ok‘r | lin-el | mek-ic‘. |
| mathematical | law- pl - dat | agreeable | this | number- def | neg .be. prs .3 sg | capable | small | be- inf | one- abl |
| Per mathematical law, this number cannot be less than one. | |||||||||
54
Status: alternate; causal marker: GEN himan vra
| Mat‘ematikakan | ōrenk‘-ner-i | himan | vra | ays | t‘iv-ə | č‘i | karoġ | p‘ok‘r | lin-el | mek-ic‘. |
| mathematical | law- pl - gen | base: gen / dat | on | this | number- def | neg .be. prs .3 sg | capable | small | be- inf | one- abl |
| Per mathematical law, this number cannot be less than one. | ||||||||||