Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
Contributed by Natalia Logvinova (Academia.edu profile, GoogleScholar profile). The data were gathered in 2021.
How to cite
Logvinova, Natalia. 2022. Nominal causal constructions in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic. In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on December 1, 2022; last revised on December 1, 2022). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: man
| +yáləxt | ída | trí-la | mən | +də́mm=ət +áynə | |
| handkerchief( f ) | hand( f ) | become_wet. pst - ls .3 f | from | tear( f ). pl = rel | eye( f ). pl |
| The handerchief soaked from tears. | |||||
2
Status: main; causal marker: man
| +páva | +šmə́ṭ-lə | mən +yúkra | |
| branch( m ) | break. pst - ls .3 m | from | weight( m ) |
| The branch broke from the weight. | |||
3
Status: main; causal marker: but
| báxta | +bəššál=əla | ka | but | tə́nna |
| woman( f ) | cough. prog =3 f | to | about | smoke( m ) |
| The woman is coughing because of the smoke. | ||||
4
Status: main; causal marker: but
| áxnan | léx | bəxzáy-u | bə́rza | ka | but | háda | xə́šca |
| we | neg .1 pl | see. prog - p .3 m | dry_land( m ) | to | about | thus | darkness( m ) |
| We can’t see the dry land because of the darkness. | |||||||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: risat
| áxnan | léx | bəxzáyy-u | bə́rza | ríš=ət | xə́šca |
| we | neg .1 pl | see. prog - p .3 m | dry_land( m ) | head= rel | darkness( m ) |
| We can’t see the dry land because of the darkness. | |||||
5
Status: main; causal marker: bi
| náša | dvə́k-lun | bi | +xə́lṭa |
| man( m ) | seize. pst - ls .3 pl | with | mistake( m ) |
| The man was arrested by mistake. | |||
6
Status: main; causal marker: but
| ilána | npə́l-lə | ka | but | póxa |
| tree( m ) | fall. pst - ls .3 m | to | about | wind( m ) |
| The tree fell because of the wind. | ||||
7
Status: main; causal marker: man
| náša | mə́t-lə | mən | mxét=ət | bə́rka |
| man( m ) | die. pst - ls .3 m | from | hit. nmlz = rel | lightning( m ) |
| The man died from electrisity. | ||||
8
Status: main; causal marker: man
| báxta | +rə́š-la | mən | kála |
| woman( f ) | wake_up. pst - ls .3 f | from | voice( m ) |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | |||
9
Status: main; causal marker: man
| ríš=ət | náša | +mráy=əl | mən | +xámra |
| head( m )= rel | man( m ) | hurt. prog =3 m | from | wine( m ) |
| A man's head hurts from the wine. | ||||
10
Status: main; causal marker: but
| báxta | gxə́c-la | ka | but | cálba |
| woman | laugh. pst - ls .3 f | to | about | dog( m ) |
| The woman laughed at the puppy. | ||||
11
Status: main; causal marker: man
| náša | mə́t-lə | mən | núyna | sammánta |
| man( m ) | die. pst - ls .3 m | from | fish( f ) | poisonous. f |
| The man died from a poisonous fish. | ||||
12
Status: main; causal marker: bi
| bráta | +ráz=əva | bi | pášcaš-o |
| girl( f ) | willing=3. retr | with | gift( f )- p .3 f |
| The girl is satisfied with the gift. | |||
13
Status: main; causal marker: +al
| báxta | crə́b-la | +al | hamzámt-ət | +gora |
| woman( f ) | be_angry. pst - ls .3 f | on | talk. nmlz - rel | husband( m ) |
| The wife was angry because of her husband’s words. | ||||
14
Status: main; causal marker: but
| yála1 | súra2 | +rába | xdí-lə | ka | but | tanét báb-u |
| child1,2 | many | become_joyful. pst - ls .3 m | to | about | say. nmlz | father( m )- p .3 m |
| The boy was trilled by his fathers words. | ||||||
15
Status: main; causal marker: man
| náša | pís | vílə | mən | cəpnúyta |
| man( m ) | bad | be. pst - ls .3 m | from | starvation( f ) |
| The man felt bad bacause of starvation. | ||||
16
Status: main; causal marker: man
| náša | mə́t-lə | mən | cə́pna |
| man( m ) | die. pst - ls .3 m | from | hunger( m ) |
| The man died of starvation. | |||
17
Status: main; causal marker: man
| úrza | č̣arč̣úr=əl | mən | +márra |
| man( m ) | shout. prog =3 m | from | pain( m ) |
| The man screamed from the pain. | |||
18
Status: main; causal marker: man
| báxta | mən | kárta | bərǧád=əla |
| woman( f ) | from | cold( f ) | shiver. prog =3 f |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||
19
Status: main; causal marker: man
| yála1 | súra2 | bxí-lə | mən +zdúyta |
| child( m )1,2 | cry. pst - ls .3 m | from | fear( f ) |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | |||
20
Status: main; causal marker: man
| yála1 | súra2 | gxə́c-lə | mən xadúyta |
| child1,2 | laugh. pst - ls .3 m | from | pleasure( f ) |
| The child laughed out of joy. | |||
21
Status: main; causal marker: man
| yála | súra | mən | +zdúyt-u | gán-u | tušy-á-lə | gav pága |
| child1,2 | from | fear- p .3 m | refl ( f )- p .3 m | hide. pst - ss .3 f - ls .3 m | in | stable( m ) |
| The child hid in the barn out of fear. | ||||||
22
Status: main; causal marker: man
| úrza | la | humzə́m-lə | mən | macixúyta |
| man( m ) | neg | speak. pst - ls .3 m | from | humility( f ) |
| The man kept silent because of modesty. | ||||
23
Status: main; causal marker: man
| báxta | mən | +zdúyta | íd=ət | axun-о | dvə́k-la |
| woman( f ) | from | fear( f ) | hand( f )= rel | brother( m )- p .3 f | seize. pst - ls .3 f |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | |||||
24
Status: main; causal marker: man
| báxta | šuršít=əla | mən | pəlxána |
| woman( f ) | become_tired. res . f =3 f | from | work( m ) |
| The woman was tired from work. | |||
25
Status: main; causal marker: but
| báxta | léva | bašúra | damx-á-va | ka | but | baky̭áy |
| woman( f ) | neg .3. retr | be_able. prog | sleep. prs - ss .3 f - retr | to | about | mosquito( f ). pl |
| The woman can’t fall asleep because of the mosquitoes. | ||||||
26
Status: main; causal marker: but
| míyya | mabyún=əna | +sə́pyə | ka | but | +sára |
| water( pl ) | seem. prog =3 pl | clear. pl | to | about | moon( m ) |
| The water looks clear because of the moon. | |||||
27
Status: main; causal marker: but
| úrza | gə́ns | xə́š-lə | +séda | ka | but | cálba |
| man( m ) | good | go. pst - ls .3 m | hunting( m ) | to | about | dog( m ) |
| The man had a successful hunt because of his dog. | ||||||
27
Status: alternate; causal marker: avə +raba basima ka
| úrza | gə́ns | xə́š-lə | +séda | ávə-Ø | +rába | basíma | ka | cálba |
| man( m ) | good | go. pst - ls .3 m | hunting( m ) | be. prs - ss .3 m | many | pleasant. m | to | dog( m ) |
| The man had a successful hunt, thanks to his dog. | ||||||||
28
Status: main; causal marker: +al
| báxta | crə́b-la | +al | gór-o |
| woman( f ) | become_angry. pst - ls .3 f | to | husband( m )- p .3 f |
| The wife was angry at her husband. | |||
29
Status: main; causal marker: but
| báxta | urkə́l-la | +al | pəlxána | ka | but | gór-o |
| woman( f ) | be_late. pst - ls .3 f | to | work( m ) | to | about | husband( m )- p .3 f |
| The woman was late for work because of her husband. | ||||||
30
Status: main; causal marker: but
| +álma | mə́t-lun | ka | but +rodána | |
| people( m ) | die. pst - ls .3 pl | to | about | earthquake( m ) |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | ||||
31
Status: main; causal marker: but
| cúllə | pís | məndí | váy=əna | ka | but | náša |
| all | bad | thing( m ) | be. prog =3 pl | to | about | man( m ) |
| All bad things happen because of man. | ||||||
32
Status: main; causal marker: man +bar
| náša | bəxzáy=ələ | +spáy | mən | +bar | basə́mt=ət | +aynátə |
| man( m ) | see. prog =3 m | good | from | after | cure. nmlz = rel | eye( f ). pl |
| The man can see better because of the eye treatment. | ||||||
33
Status: main; causal marker: but
| báxta | xéta | pə́š-la | ka | but | +d-avvó |
| woman( f ) | alive. f | stay. pst - ls .3 f | to | about | obl - dem 3. m |
| The woman stay alive because of him. | |||||
33
Status: alternate; causal marker: avə +raba basima ka
| báxta | xéta | pə́š-la | ávə | +rába | basíma | ka | d-á | náša |
| woman( f ) | alive. f | stay. pst - ls .3 f | be. prs . ss .3 m | well | pleasant | to | obl - dem 1. sg | man( m ) |
| The woman is alive thanks to that man. | ||||||||
34
Status: main; causal marker: man
| náša | cúl | məndi | hukí-lə | ka | šváv-u | mən | raxmanúyta |
| man( m ) | all | thing( m ) | tell. pst - ls .3 m | to | neihbour( m )- p .3 m | from | compassion( f ) |
| The man told everything to his neighbor because of the kindness. | |||||||
35
Status: main; causal marker: but
| báxta | npə́l-la | ka | but | +márr-o |
| woman( f ) | fall. pst - ls .3 f | to | about | pain( m )- p .3 f |
| The woman fell because of the pain. | ||||
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained | ||||
36
Status: main; causal marker: but
| náša | mutv-á-l | samolét | ka | but | +rába | hón-u |
| man( m ) | put. pst - ss .3 f - ls .3 m | aircraft( f ) | to | about | many | mind- p .3 m |
| The man landed the plane thanks to his knowledge. | ||||||
37
Status: main; causal marker: but
| náša | la | +mə́s-lə | mutvá-lə | samolét | ka | but | la | dét-u |
| man( m ) | neg 1 | be_able. pst - ls .3 m | place. pst - ss .3 f - ls .3 m | aircraft( f ) | to | about | neg 1 | know. nmlz - p .3 m |
| The man did not land the plane because of lack of knowledge. | ||||||||
38
Status: main; causal marker: man
| +dán=ət | +dávi | +álma | mən | cə́pna | c-+axə́l-va yə́kna | |
| time( f )= rel | war( f ) | people( m ) | from | hunger( m ) | hab -eat. prs . ss .3 m - retr | grass( m ) |
| In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger. | ||||||
39
Status: main; causal marker: but
| báxta | +və́r-ra | gaváy | ka | but | +tamáša |
| woman( f ) | enter. pst - ls .3 f | inside | to | about | curiosity( f ) |
| The woman went inside out of curiosity. | |||||
40
Status: main; causal marker: but
| úrza | mxí-lə | ka | báxt-u | ka | but | +xayinúyt-u |
| man( m ) | beat. pst - ls .3 m | to | woman( f )- p .3 m | to | about | jealousy( f )- p .3 m |
| The man killed his wife out of jealousy. | ||||||
41
Status: main; causal marker: man
| náša | ka | cúllə | hukí-lə | mən | zayarúyta |
| man( m ) | to | all | tell. pst - ls .3 m | from | haughtiness( f ) |
| The man told everyone out of haughtiness. | |||||
42
Status: main; causal marker: man
| báxta | mən | cárba | šmiṭ-é=va | cúllə | mánə |
| woman( f ) | from | anger( f ) | break. res . f - p .3 pl =3. retr | all | dish( m ). pl |
| The woman out of anger broke all the dishes. | |||||
43
Status: main; causal marker: but
| ka | but | kárta | báxta | dmə́x-la | bi | ǧúll-o |
| to | about | cold( f ) | woman( f ) | sleep. pst - ls .3 f | with | clothes( m ). pl - p .3 f |
| Because of the cold, the woman went to sleep clothed. | ||||||
44
Status: main; causal marker: but
| +rábi | +xkə́r-lə | əsculá | ka | but ǧúll-u | |
| teacher( m ) | honour. pst - ls .3 m | student( m ) | to | about | clothes( m )- p .3 m |
| The teacher commended the student for his clothes. | |||||
45
Status: main; causal marker: but
| náša | mxí-lə | ka | šváva | ka | but | xə́rba | +xabránə |
| man( m ) | strike. pst - ls .3 m | to | neighbor( m ) | to | about | bad | word( m ). pl |
| The man beat his neighbor because of his bad words. | |||||||
46
Status: main; causal marker: but
| ya1 | súrə2 | +ṗlíš=əna | ka | but gútta |
| child. pl 1,2 | fight. res . pl =3 pl | to | about | ball( f ) |
| The children fought over the ball. | ||||
47
Status: main; causal marker: but
| úrza | +ṗlə́š-lə | mən | axún-u | ka | but | zúyzə |
| man( m ) | fight. pst - ls .3 m | from | brother( m )- p .3 m | to | about | money( m ). pl |
| The man argued with his brother over the money. | ||||||
47
Status: alternate; causal marker: risat
| úrza | +ṗlə́š-lə | mən | axún-u | ríš=ət | zúyzə |
| man( m ) | fight. pst - ls .3 m | from | brother( m )- p .3 m | head= rel | money. pl |
| The man argued with his brother over the money. | |||||
48
Status: main; causal marker: but
| báxta | zvə́n-na | ctáva | ka | but | šapírə | šə́clə |
| woman( f ) | buy. pst - ls .3 f | book( m ) | to | about | beautiful. pl | picture( m ). pl |
| The woman bought the book because of the beautiful pictures. | ||||||
49
Status: main; causal marker: but
| báxta | la | tpə́k-la | mən | +xavə́rt-o | ka | but | la | +spáy | cép-o |
| woman( f ) | neg | meet. pst - ls .3 f | from | girlfriend( f )- p .3 f | to | about | neg | well | pleasure( f )- p .3 f |
| The woman did not go out with her friend because of her bad mood. | |||||||||
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| xzí-li | gól | +ṗurmí-li | b | lélə | +múṭra | vít=əla |
| see. pst - ls .1 sg | pool( f ) | understand. pst - ls .1 sg | with | night( f ) | rain( f ) | be. res . f =3 f |
| I saw the puddles and understood it was raining in the night. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because it is a biclausal construction with a dependent causal clause. | ||||||
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| xzí-li | hóga | +ṗurmí-li | míyya | +bərdáx=əva |
| see. pst - ls .1 sg | steam( m ) | understand. pst - ls .1 sg | water( pl ) | boil. prog =3. retr |
| I saw the steam and understood that the water is boiled now. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because it is a biclausal construction with a dependent causal clause. | ||||
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| +vúr | gaváy | kárt=əla | gav +tárra | |
| enter. imp | inside | cold( f )=3 f | in | door( m ) |
| Come inside because it’s cold outside. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because it is a biclausal construction with a dependent causal clause. | ||||
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| cé=la | +súdr-i | kárt=əla |
| where=3 f | shirt( f )- p .1 sg | cold( f )=3 f |
| Where is my shirt? It is cold. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because it is a biclausal construction with a dependent causal clause. | ||
54
Status: main; causal marker: but
| a | mənyána | le | tápk-a | +basúrta | mən | xá | ka | but | matematiké |
| dem 1. sg | number( m ) | neg 2 | happen. prs - ss .3 f | less. f | from | one | to | about | math( f ) |
| This number cannot be less than one, per mathematics. | |||||||||