Basque
Contributed by Natalia Zaika (Academia.edu profile). The data were gathered in 2022.
How to cite
Zaika, Natalia. 2022. Nominal causal constructions in Basque. In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on December 1, 2022; last revised on December 1, 2022). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: COM
| Mukizapi-a | malko-ekin | busti | zen. |
| handkerchief- sg [ abs ] | tear-[ pl ] com | soak[ pfv ] | aux . pst . abs 3 sg |
| The handkerchief got soaked from tears. | |||
2
Status: main; causal marker: GEN ondorioz
| Adarr-a | pisu-a-ren | ondorio-z | puska-tu | zen. |
| branch- sg [ abs ] | weight- sg - gen | result- ins | break- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg |
| The branch broke from the weight. | ||||
3
Status: main; causal marker: MOT
| Emakume-a | ke-a-gatik | ari | da | eztul-ka. |
| woman- sg [ abs ] | smoke- sg - mot | prog | aux . prs . abs 3 sg | cough- adv |
| The woman is coughing because of the smoke. | ||||
3
Status: alternate; causal marker: GEN ondorioz
| Emakume-a | ke-a-ren | ondorio-z | ari | da | eztul-ka. |
| woman- sg [ abs ] | smoke- sg - gen | result- ins | prog | aux . prs . abs 3 sg | cough- adv |
| The woman is coughing because of the smoke. | |||||
4
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Iluntasun-a | de-la | eta | ezin | dugu | kostalde-a | ikus-i. |
| darkness- sg [ abs ] | aux . prs . abs 3 sg - compl | and | impossibility | aux . prs . abs 3 sg . erg 1 pl | shore- sg [ abs ] | see- pfv |
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
5
Status: main; causal marker: GEN ondorioz
| Gizon-a | akats | bat-en | ondorio-z | atxilo-tu | zuten. |
| man- sg [ abs ] | mistake | one- gen | result- ins | arrest- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 pl |
| The man was arrested by mistake. | |||||
6
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Haize-a | ze-la | eta | eror-i | zen | zuhaitz-a. |
| wind- sg [ abs ] | aux . pst . abs 3 sg - compl | and | fall- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg | tree- sg [ abs ] |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
7
Status: main; causal marker: GEN ondorioz
| Gizon-a | deskarga | elektriko | bat-en | ondorio-z | hil | zen. |
| man- sg [ abs ] | shock | electric | one- gen | result- ins | die[ pfv ] | aux . pst . abs 3 sg |
| The man died from electric shock. | ||||||
8
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Emakume-a | zarata-k | esna-tu | zuen. |
| woman- sg [ abs ] | noise[ sg ]- erg | wake_up- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||
8
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Emakume-a | zarata | ze-la | eta | esna-tu | zen. |
| woman- sg [ abs ] | noise[ sg . abs ] | aux . pst . abs 3 sg - compl | and | wake_up- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
9
Status: main; causal marker: GEN ondorioz
| Gizon-a-k | zerbeza-ren | ondorio-z | du | buru-ko | min-a. |
| man- sg - erg | beer[ sg ]- gen | result- ins | aux . prs . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg | head- adj | ache- sg [ abs ] |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | |||||
10
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| Emakume-a-k | txakurkume-a-z | barre | egi-n | zuen. |
| woman- sg - erg | puppy- sg - ins | laughter | do- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg |
| The woman laughed at the puppy. | ||||
11
Status: main; causal marker: MOT
| Gizon-a | arrain | pozoitsu | bat-engatik | hil | zen. |
| man- sg [ abs ] | fish | poisonous | one- mot | die[ pfv ] | aux . pst . abs 3 sg |
| The man died from a poisonous fish. | |||||
12
Status: main; causal marker: COM
| Neska | poz-ik | da | bere | nota-rekin. |
| girl[ sg . abs ] | joy- part | aux . prs . abs 3 sg | refl | grade[ sg ]- com |
| The girl is happy with her grade. | ||||
13
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Emazte-a | bere | senarr-a-ren | hitz-e-k | haserre-tu | zuten. |
| wife- sg [ abs ] | refl | husband- sg - gen | words- pl - erg | make_angry- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 pl |
| The wife was angered because of her husband’s words. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||||
14
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Mutiko-a | oso | poz-ik | jarr-i | zuen | ideia | hon-ek. |
| boy- sg [ abs ] | very | joy- part | put- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg | idea | this- erg |
| The boy was thrilled by this idea. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||||||
15
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Gizon-a | gose-a-k | ahul-du | zuen. |
| man- sg [ abs ] | hunger- sg - erg | weaken- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg |
| The man was weakened by hunger. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||
16
Status: main; causal marker: MOT
| Gizon-a | gose-a-gatik | hil | zen. |
| man- sg [ abs ] | hunger- sg - mot | die[ pfv ] | aux . pst . abs 3 sg |
| The man died of starvation. | |||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: INS
| Gizon-a | gose-z | hil | zen. |
| man- sg [ abs ] | hunger- ins | die[ pfv ] | aux . pst . abs 3 sg |
| The man died of starvation. | |||
17
Status: main; causal marker: MOT
| Gizon-a | min-a-rengatik | garrasi-ka | ari | da. |
| man- sg [ abs ] | pain- sg - mot | scream- adv | prog | aux . prs . abs 3 sg |
| The man screamed from the pain. | ||||
18
Status: main; causal marker: GEN ondorioz
| Emakume-a | hotz-a-ren | ondorio-z | dardar-ka | ari | da. |
| woman- sg [ abs ] | cold- sg - gen | result- ins | shiver- adv | prog | aux . prs . abs 3 sg |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||||
19
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Ume-a | beldurr-a-k | jo-ta | negarr-ez | has-i | zen. |
| child- sg [ abs ] | fear- sg - erg | hit- ptcp | tear- ins | begin- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Ume-a | beldur-tu-rik | negarr-ez | has-i | zen. |
| child- sg [ abs ] | be_afraid- pfv - part | tear- ins | begin- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
20
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| Ume-a-k | alaitasun-ez | egi-ten | zuen | barre. |
| child- sg - erg | joy- ins | do- ipfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg | laughter |
| The child laughed with joy. | ||||
21
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Ume-a | ikuilu-a-n | gorde | zen | beldur-tu-rik |
| child- sg [ abs ] | barn- sg - in | hide[ pfv ] | aux . pst . abs 3 sg | be_afraid- pfv - part |
| The child hid in the barn out of fear. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
21
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Ume-a | ikuilu-a-n | gorde | zen | beldurr-a-k | jo-ta. |
| child- sg [ abs ] | barn- sg - in | hide[ pfv ] | aux . pst . abs 3 sg | fear- sg - erg | hit- ptcp |
| The child hid in the barn out of fear. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
22
Status: main; causal marker: MOT
| Gizon-a | isil-ik | gera-tu | zen | apaltasun-a-gatik. |
| man- sg [ abs ] | quiet- part | remain- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg | modesty- sg - mot |
| The man kept silent out of modesty. | ||||
23
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Emakume-a-k | bere | anaia-ren | esku-a | euts-i | zuen | beldur-tu-rik. |
| woman- sg - erg | refl | brother[ sg ]- gen | hand- sg [ abs ] | grab- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg | be_afraid- pfv - part |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
24
Status: main; causal marker: GEN ondorioz
| Emakume-a | neka-tu-ta | dago | lan-a-ren | ondorio-z. |
| woman- sg [ abs ] | be_tired- pfv - ptcp | abs 3 sg . prs .stay | work- sg - gen | result- ins |
| The woman is tired from work. | ||||
25
Status: main; causal marker: MOT
| Emakume-a-k | ezin | du | moskito-engatik | lo | har-tu. |
| woman- sg - erg | impossibility | aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg | mosquito[ pl ]- mot | sleep | take- pfv |
| The woman can’t fall asleep because of the mosquitoes. | |||||
26
Status: main; causal marker: MOT
| Ur-a-k | disdiratsu | dago-ela | dirudi | ilargi-a-rengatik. |
| water- sg - erg | brilliant | abs 3 sg . prs .stay- compl | abs 3 sg . prs .seem. erg 3 sg | moon- sg - mot |
| The water looks bright because of the moon. | ||||
27
Status: main; causal marker: DAT esker
| Txakurr-a-ri | esker, | ehiza | on-a | iza-n | zuen | gizon-a-k. |
| dog- sg - dat | thanks_to | hunt | good- sg [ abs ] | be- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg | man- sg - erg |
| Thanks to his dog, the man had a successful hunt. | ||||||
28
Status: main; causal marker: COM
| Emakume-a | senarr-a-rekin | haserre | zegoen. |
| woman- sg [ abs ] | husband- sg - com | angry | abs 3 sg . pst .stay |
| The wife was angry at her husband. | |||
29
Status: main; causal marker: MOT
| Emakume-a | bere | senarr-a-rengatik | berandu | irits-i | zen | lan-era. |
| woman- sg [ abs ] | refl | husband- sg - mot | late | arrive- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg | work[ sg ]- all |
| The woman was late for work because of her husband. | ||||||
30
Status: main; causal marker: GEN ondorioz
| Jende-a | lurrikara-ren | ondorio-z | hil | zen. |
| people- sg [ abs ] | earthquake[ sg ]- gen | result- ins | die[ pfv ] | aux . pst . abs 3 sg |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | ||||
31
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Ezbehar | guzti-ak | gizaki-en | ondorio | dira. |
| misfortune | all- pl . abs | human[ pl ]- gen | result | aux . prs . abs 3 pl |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adnominal dependent in the main clause. | ||||
32
Status: main; causal marker: GEN ondorioz
| Ebakuntza-ren | ondorio-z | gizon-a-k | hobe | ikus-ten | du | orain. |
| operation- gen | result- ins | man- sg - erg | better | see- ipfv | aux . prs . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg | now |
| The man can see better thanks to the operation. | ||||||
33
Status: main; causal marker: DAT esker
| Emakume-a | gizon-a-ri | esker | da | bizi-rik. |
| woman- sg [ abs ] | man- sg - dat | thanks_to | aux . prs . abs 3 sg | live- part |
| The woman is alive thanks to that man. | ||||
34
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Gizon-a-k | ergelkeria-tik | konta-tu | zion | hori | bere | emazte-a-ri. |
| man- sg - erg | stupidity- abl | tell- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg . dat 3 sg . erg 3 sg | this[ abs ] | refl | wife- sg - dat |
| The man told his wife about it out of stupidity. | ||||||
35
Status: main; causal marker: GEN ondorioz
| Emakume-a | bere | arduragabekeria-ren | ondorio-z | errista-tu | zen. |
| woman- sg [ abs ] | refl | irresponsibility[ sg ]- gen | result- ins | slip- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg |
| The woman slipped because of carelessness. | |||||
36
Status: main; causal marker: DAT esker
| Pilotu-a-k | bere | esperientzia-ri | esker | iza-n | da | hegazkin-a | lurrera-tze-ko | gai. |
| pilot- sg - erg | refl | experience[ sg ]- dat | thanks_to | be- pfv | aux . prs . abs 3 sg | plane- sg [ abs ] | land- ipfv - adj | able |
| The pilot was able to land the plane thanks to his experience. | ||||||||
37
Status: main; causal marker: GEN ondorioz
| Pilotu-a-k | ezin | iza-n | zuen | hegazkin-a | lurrera-tu | bere | esperientzia | ez-a-ren | ondorio-z. |
| pilot- sg - erg | impossibility | be- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg | plane- sg [ abs ] | land- pfv | refl | experience | lack- sg - gen | result- ins |
| The pilot could not land the plane due to inexperience. | |||||||||
37
Status: alternate; causal marker: MOT
| Pilotu-a-k | ezin | iza-n | zuen | hegazkin-a | lurrera-tu | bere | esperientzia | ez-a-gatik. |
| pilot- sg - erg | impossibility | be- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg | plane- sg [ abs ] | land- pfv | refl | experience | lack- sg - mot |
| The pilot could not land the plane due to inexperience. | ||||||||
38
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| Guda | garai-a-n, | jende-a-k | gose-z | belarr-a | ja-n | zuen. |
| war[ sg . abs ] | time- sg - in | people- sg - erg | hunger- ins | grass- sg [ abs ] | eat- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg |
| In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger. | ||||||
39
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Emakume-a | jakinmin-a-k | jo-ta | sar-tu | zen | barru-ra. |
| woman- sg [ abs ] | curiosity- sg - erg | hit- ptcp | enter- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg | inside- all |
| The woman went inside out of curiosity. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
40
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Gizon-a-k | jeloskortasun-a-k | jo-ta | hil | zuen | bere | emazte-a. |
| man- sg - erg | jealousy- sg - erg | hit- ptcp | kill[ pfv ] | aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg | refl | wife- sg [ abs ] |
| The man killed his wife out of jealousy. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
40
Status: alternate; causal marker: MOT
| Gizon-a-k | jeloskortasun-a-gatik | hil | zuen | bere | emazte-a. |
| man- sg - erg | jealousy- sg - mot | kill[ pfv ] | aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg | refl | wife- sg [ abs ] |
| The man killed his wife out of jealousy. | |||||
41
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| Gizon-a-k | mundu | guzti-a-ri | konta-tu | zion | harrokeria-z. |
| man- sg - erg | world | all- sg - dat | tell- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg . dat 3 sg . erg 3 sg | vanity- ins |
| The man told everyone about it out of vanity. | |||||
42
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Emakume-a-k | ontzi | guzti-ak | puska-tu | zituen | haserre-a-k | jo-ta |
| woman- sg - erg | dish | all- pl . abs | break- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 pl . erg 3 sg | anger- sg - erg | hit- ptcp |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Emakume-a-k | ontzi | guzti-ak | puska-tu | zituen | haserre-tu-rik |
| woman- sg - erg | dish | all- pl . abs | break- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 pl . erg 3 sg | get_angry- pfv - part |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: INS
| Emakume-a-k | ontzi | guzti-ak | puska-tu | zituen | haserre-z. |
| woman- sg - erg | dish | all- pl . abs | break- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 pl . erg 3 sg | anger- ins |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | |||||
43
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Emakume-a | lo-ta-ra | jantz-i-ta | joa-n | zen | hotz-a | zue-lako. |
| woman- sg [ abs ] | sleep- ptcp - all | put_on- pfv - ptcp | go- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg | cold- sg [ abs ] | aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg -cause |
| The woman went to sleep clothed because of the cold. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: GEN ondorioz
| Emakume-a | lo-ta-ra | jantz-i-ta | joa-n | zen | hotz-a-ren | ondorio-z. |
| woman- sg [ abs ] | sleep- ptcp - all | put_on- pfv - ptcp | go- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg | cold- sg - gen | result- ins |
| The woman went to sleep clothed because of the cold. | ||||||
44
Status: main; causal marker: MOT
| Irakasle-a-k | ikasle-a | bere | traje-a-gatik | zorion-du | zuen. |
| teacher- sg - erg | student- sg [ abs ] | refl | suit- sg - mot | congratulate- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg |
| The teacher commended the student for his suit. | |||||
45
Status: main; causal marker: MOT
| Gizon-a-k | bere | bizilagun-a | jo | zuen | esa-n | zitu-en | hitz-engatik. |
| man- sg - erg | refl | neighbor- sg [ abs ] | hit[ pfv ] | aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg | say- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 pl . erg 3 sg - rel | word[ pl ]- mot |
| The man killed his neighbor for his words. | |||||||
46
Status: main; causal marker: MOT
| Ume-e-k | baloi-a-gatik | borroka | egi-n | zuten. |
| child- pl - erg | ball- sg - mot | fight | do- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 pl |
| The children fought because of the ball. | ||||
47
Status: main; causal marker: MOT
| Gizon-a-k | herentzia-gatik | eztabaida-tu | zuen | bere | anaia-rekin. |
| man- sg - erg | inheritance[ sg ]- mot | argue- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg | refl | brother[ sg ]- com |
| The man argued with his brother over the inheritance. | |||||
48
Status: main; causal marker: MOT
| Emakume-a-k | marrazki-engatik | eros-i | zuen | liburu-a. |
| woman- sg - erg | picture[ pl ]- mot | buy- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg | book- sg [ abs ] |
| The woman bought the book because of the pictures. | ||||
49
Status: main; causal marker: MOT
| Emakume-a-k | plan-ak | ber-ta-n | behe-ra | utz-i | zituen | bere | umore | txarr-a-gatik. |
| woman- sg - erg | plan- pl . abs | itself- indf - in | lower_part- all | leave- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 pl . erg 3 sg | refl | mood | bad- sg - mot |
| The woman canceled her plans because of her bad mood. | ||||||||
50
Status: main; causal marker: ikusirik
| Putzu-ak | ikus-i-rik, | bart | euri-a | egi-n | zuen. |
| puddle- pl . abs | see- pfv - part | last_night | rain- sg [ abs ] | do- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg |
| Judging by the puddles, it rained last night. | |||||
51
Status: main; causal marker: ikusirik
| Burbuila-k | ikus-i-rik, | ur-a | iraki-tzen | ari | da. |
| bubble- pl . abs | see- pfv - part | water- sg [ abs ] | boil- ipfv | prog | aux . prs . abs 3 sg |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water is boiling. | |||||
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Zatoz | etxe | barru-ra, | hotz-a | egi-ten | du | eta. |
| come. prs .2 sg | house | inside- all | cold- sg [ abs ] | do- ipfv | aux . prs . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg | and |
| It is cold outside, come in. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | ||||||
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| n.a. |
| n.a. |
| n.a. |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
54
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| Matematika | lege-z, | zenbaki | hori | ezin | da | bat | baino | txiki-ago-a | iza-n. |
| mathematics | law- ins | number | this[ abs ] | impossibility | aux . prs . abs 3 sg | one[ abs ] | than | little- comp - sg [ abs ] | be- pfv |
| Per mathematical laws, this number cannot be less than one. | |||||||||