Belarusian
Contributed by Natalia Zaika (Academia.edu profile). The data were gathered in 2021.
How to cite
Zaika, Natalia. 2022. Nominal causal constructions in Belarusian. In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on December 1, 2022; last revised on December 1, 2022). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: ad GEN
| xustk-a | namok-l-a | ad | slёz |
| handkerchief- nom . sg | get_wet- pst - sg . f | prep | tear[ gen . pl ] |
| The handerchief soaked from tears. | |||
2
Status: main; causal marker: ad GEN
| galink-a | zlama-l-a-sja | ad | cjažar-u |
| branch- nom . sg | break- pst - sg . f - refl | prep | weight- gen . sg |
| The branch broke from the weight. | |||
2
Status: alternate; causal marker: z-za GEN
| galink-a | zlama-l-a-sja | z-za | cjažar-u |
| branch- nom . sg | break- pst - sg . f - refl | prep | weight- gen . sg |
| The branch broke from the weight. | |||
2
Status: alternate; causal marker: praz ACC
| galink-a | zlama-l-a-sja | praz | cjažar |
| branch- nom . sg | break- pst - sg . f - refl | prep | weight[ acc . sg ] |
| The branch broke from the weight. | |||
3
Status: main; causal marker: ad GEN
| žančyn-a | kašlja-e | ad | dym-u |
| woman- nom . sg | cough- prs .3 sg | prep | smoke- gen . sg |
| The woman is coughing because of the smoke. | |||
4
Status: main; causal marker: z-za GEN
| my | ne | bač-ym | berag-a | z-za | cemr-y |
| we. nom | neg | see-1 pl | bank- gen . sg | prep | darkness- gen . sg |
| We can’t see the bank because of the darkness. | |||||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: praz ACC
| my | ne | bač-ym | berag-a | praz | cemr-u |
| we. nom | neg | see-1 pl | bank- gen . sg | prep | darkness- acc . sg |
| We can’t see the bank because of the darkness. | |||||
5
Status: main; causal marker: praz ACC
| mužčyn-u | aryštava-l-i | praz | pamylk-u |
| man- acc . sg | arrest- pst - pl | prep | mistake- acc . sg |
| The man was arrested by mistake. | |||
5
Status: alternate; causal marker: z-za GEN
| mužčyn-u | aryštava-l-i | z-za | pamylk-i |
| man- acc . sg | arrest- pst - pl | prep | mistake- gen . sg |
| The man was arrested by mistake. | |||
6
Status: main; causal marker: ad GEN
| drèv-a | ŭpa-l-a | ad | vetr-u |
| tree- nom . sg | fall- pst - sg . n | prep | wind- gen . sg |
| The tree fell because of the wind. | |||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: z-za GEN
| drèv-a | ŭpa-l-a | z-za | vetr-u |
| tree- nom . sg | fall- pst - sg . n | prep | wind- gen . sg |
| The tree fell because of the wind. | |||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: praz ACC
| drèv-a | ŭpa-l-a | praz | vecer |
| tree- nom . sg | fall- pst - sg . n | prep | wind[ acc . sg ] |
| The tree fell because of the wind. | |||
7
Status: main; causal marker: ad GEN
| mužčyn-a | zaginu-ŭ | ad | udar-u | tok-u |
| man- nom . sg | die- pst [ sg . m ] | prep | kick- gen . sg | electricity- gen . sg |
| The man died from the electric shock. | ||||
8
Status: main; causal marker: ad GEN
| žančyn-a | pračnu-l-a-sja | ad | šum-u |
| woman- nom . sg | wake_up- pst - sg . f - refl | prep noise- gen . sg | |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | |||
8
Status: alternate; causal marker: z-za GEN
| žančyn-a | pračnu-l-a-sja | z-za | šum-u |
| woman- nom . sg | wake_up- pst - sg . f - refl | prep noise- gen . sg | |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | |||
8
Status: alternate; causal marker: praz ACC
| žančyn-a | pračnu-l-a-sja | praz | šum |
| woman- nom . sg | wake_up- pst - sg . f - refl | prep noise[ acc . sg ] | |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | |||
9
Status: main; causal marker: ad GEN
| u | mužčyn-y | ad | piv-a | bali-c' | galav-a |
| prep | man- gen . sg | prep | beer- gen . sg | hurt- prs .3 sg | head- nom . sg |
| A man's head hurts from the beer. | |||||
10
Status: main; causal marker: z GEN
| žančyn-a | rassmjaja-l-a-sja | sa | ščanjuk-a |
| woman- nom . sg | laugh- pst - sg . f - refl | prep | puppy- gen . sg |
| The woman laughed at the puppy. | |||
11
Status: main; causal marker: ad GEN
| mužčyn-a | pamёr | ad | atrutn-aj | ryb-y |
| man- nom . sg | die[ pst . sg . m ] | prep | poisonous- gen . sg . f | fish- gen . sg |
| The man died from a poisonous fish. | ||||
12
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| dzjaŭčynk-a | zadavolen-aja | sva-ёj | adznak-aj |
| girl- nom . sg | satisfied- nom . sg . f | her- ins . sg . f | mark- ins . sg |
| The girl is satisfied with the gift. | |||
13
Status: main; causal marker: na ACC
| žonk-a | razzlava-l-a-sja | na | slov-y | muž-a |
| wife- nom . sg | get_angry- pst - sg . f - refl | prep | word- acc . pl | husband- gen . sg |
| The wife was angry because of her husband’s words. | ||||
13
Status: alternate; causal marker: z-za GEN
| žonk-a | razzlava-l-a-sja | z-za | sloŭ | muž-a |
| wife- nom . sg | get_angry- pst - sg . f - refl | prep | word[ gen . pl ] | husband- gen . sg |
| The wife was angry because of her husband’s words. | ||||
13
Status: alternate; causal marker: praz ACC
| žonk-a | razzlava-l-a-sja | praz | slov-y | muž-a |
| wife- nom . sg | get_angry- pst - sg . f - refl | prep | word- acc . pl | husband- gen . sg |
| The wife was angry because of her husband’s words. | ||||
14
Status: main; causal marker: ad GEN
| xlopčyk | u | zaxaplenn-i | ad | gèt-aj | idè-i |
| boy[ nom . sg ] | prep | excitement- loc . sg | prep | this- gen . sg . f | idea- gen . sg |
| The boy was trilled by his fathers words. | |||||
15
Status: main; causal marker: ad GEN
| mužčyn-a | aslabe-ŭ | ad | golad-u |
| man- nom . sg | get_weaker- pst [ sg . m ] | prep | hunger- gen . sg |
| The man felt bad bacause of starvation. | |||
16
Status: main; causal marker: ad GEN
| mužčyn-a | pamёr | ad | golad-u |
| man- nom . sg | die[ pst . sg . m ] | prep | hunger- gen . sg |
| The man felt bad bacause of starvation. | |||
17
Status: main; causal marker: ad GEN
| mužčyn-a | kryčy-c' | ad | bol-ju |
| man- nom . sg | scream- prs .3 sg | prep | pain- gen . sg |
| The man screamed from the pain. | |||
18
Status: main; causal marker: ad GEN
| žančyn-a | dryžy-c' | ad | xolad-u |
| woman- nom . sg | shiver- prs .3 sg | prep | cold- gen . sg |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||
19
Status: main; causal marker: ad GEN
| dzic-ja | zaplaka-l-a | ad | strax-u |
| child- nom . sg | cry- pst - sg . n | prep | fear- gen . sg |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | |||
20
Status: main; causal marker: ad GEN
| dzic-ja | zasmjaja-l-a-sja | ad | radasc-i |
| child- nom . sg | laugh- pst - sg . n - refl | prep | joy- gen . sg |
| The child laughed out of joy. | |||
21
Status: main; causal marker: ad GEN
| dzic-ja | ad | strax-u | sxava-l-a-sja | ŭ | xljav-e |
| child- nom . sg | prep | fear- gen . sg | hide- pst - sg . n - refl | prep | barn- loc . sg |
| The child hid in the barn out of fear. | |||||
21
Status: alternate; causal marker: z GEN
| dzic-ja | sa | strax-u | sxava-l-a-sja | ŭ | xljav-e |
| child- nom . sg | prep | fear- gen . sg | hide- pst - sg . n - refl | prep | barn- loc . sg |
| The child hid in the barn out of fear. | |||||
22
Status: main; causal marker: praz ACC
| mužčyn-a | praz | sciplasc' | pramaŭča-ŭ |
| man- nom . sg | prep | modesty[ acc . sg ] | keep_quiet- pst [ sg . m ] |
| The man kept silent because of modesty. | |||
22
Status: alternate; causal marker: z-za GEN
| mužčyn-a | z-za | sciplasc-i | pramaŭča-ŭ |
| man- nom . sg | prep | modesty- gen . sg | keep_quiet- pst [ sg . m ] |
| The man kept silent because of modesty. | |||
23
Status: main; causal marker: u LOC
| žančyn-a | ŭ | strax-u | sxapi-l-a | brat-a | za | ruk-u |
| woman- nom . sg | prep | fear- loc . sg | grab- pst - sg . f | brother- acc . sg | prep | hand- acc . sg |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | ||||||
23
Status: alternate; causal marker: z-za GEN
| žančyn-a | z-za | strax-u | sxapi-l-a | brat-a | za ruk-u |
| woman- nom . sg | prep | fear- gen . sg grab- pst - sg . f | brother- acc . sg | prep | hand- acc . sg |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | |||||
23
Status: alternate; causal marker: praz ACC
| žančyn-a | praz | strax | sxapi-l-a | brat-a | za | ruk-u |
| woman- nom . sg | prep | fear[ acc . sg ] | grab- pst - sg . f | brother- acc . sg | prep | hand- acc . sg |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | ||||||
24
Status: main; causal marker: ad GEN
| žančyn-a | stami-l-a-sja | ad | prac-y |
| woman- nom . sg | get_tired- pst - sg . f - refl | prep | work- gen . sg |
| The woman was tired from work. | |||
25
Status: main; causal marker: praz ACC
| žančyn-a | ne | mož-a | zasnu-c' | praz | kamar-oŭ |
| woman- nom . sg | neg | be_able- prs .3 sg | fall_asleep- inf | prep | mosquito- acc . pl |
| The woman can’t fall asleep because of the mosquitoes. | |||||
25
Status: alternate; causal marker: z-za GEN
| žančyn-a | ne | mož-a | zasnu-c' | z-za | kamar-oŭ |
| woman- nom . sg | neg | be_able- prs .3 sg | fall_asleep- inf | prep | mosquito- gen . pl |
| The woman can’t fall asleep because of the mosquitoes. | |||||
26
Status: main; causal marker: z-za GEN
| vad-a | zda-ecca | svetl-aj | z-za | mesjac-a |
| water- nom . sg | seem- prs .3 sg | light- ins . sg . f | prep | moon- gen . sg |
| The water looks clear because of the moon. | ||||
26
Status: alternate; causal marker: praz ACC
| vad-a | zda-ecca | svetl-aj | praz | mesjac |
| water- nom . sg | seem- prs .3 sg | light- ins . sg . f | prep | moon[ acc . sg ] |
| The water looks clear because of the moon. | ||||
27
Status: main; causal marker: dzjakujucy DAT
| mužčyn-a | ŭdala | sxadzi-ŭ | na | paljavann-e | dzjakujučy | sabak-u |
| man- nom . sg | successfully | go- pst [ sg . m ] | prep | hunt- acc . sg | prep | dog- dat . sg |
| The man had a successful hunt because of his dog. | ||||||
28
Status: main; causal marker: na ACC
| žonk-a | razzlava-l-a-sja | na | muž-a |
| wife- nom . sg | get_angry- pst - sg . f - refl | prep | husband- acc . sg |
| The wife was angry at her husband. | |||
29
Status: main; causal marker: praz ACC
| žančyn-a | spazni-l-a-sja | na | prac-u | praz | muž-a |
| woman- nom . sg | be_late- pst - sg . f - refl | prep | work- acc . sg | prep | husband- acc . sg |
| The woman was late for work because of her husband. | |||||
30
Status: main; causal marker: z-za GEN
| ljudz-i | zaginu-l-i | z-za | zemljatras-u |
| person\ pl - nom . pl | die- pst - pl | prep | earthquake- gen . sg |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | |||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: praz ACC
| ljudz-i | zaginu-l-i | praz | zemljatras |
| person\ pl - nom . pl | die- pst - pl | prep | earthquake[ acc . sg ] |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | |||
31
Status: main; causal marker: z-za GEN
| us-e | bed-y | adbyvaj-ucca | z-za | ljudz-ej |
| all- nom . pl | trouble- nom . pl | happen- prs .3 sg | prep | person\ pl - gen . pl |
| All trounles happen because of man. | ||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: praz ACC
| us-e | bed-y | adbyvaj-ucca | praz | ljudz-ej |
| all- nom . pl | trouble- nom . pl | happen- prs .3 sg | prep | person\ pl - acc . pl |
| All bad things happen because of man. | ||||
32
Status: main; causal marker: dzjakujucy DAT
| mužčyn-a | sta-ŭ | lepej | bačy-c' | dzjakujučy | aperacy-i |
| man- nom . sg | become- pst [ sg . m ] | better | see- inf | prep | surgery- dat . sg |
| The man can see better because of the surgery. | |||||
32
Status: alternate; causal marker: z-za GEN
| mužčyn-a | sta-ŭ | lepej | bačy-c' | z-za | aperacy-i |
| man- nom . sg | become- pst [ sg . m ] | better | see- inf | prep | surgery- gen . sg |
| The man can see better because of the surgery. | |||||
32
Status: alternate; causal marker: praz ACC
| mužčyn-a | sta-ŭ | lepej | bačy-c' | praz | aperacy-ju |
| man- nom . sg | become- pst [ sg . m ] | better | see- inf | prep | surgery- acc . sg |
| The man can see better because of the surgery. | |||||
33
Status: main; causal marker: dzjakujucy DAT
| žančyn-a | žyv-aja | dzjakujučy | gèt-amu | mužčyn-e |
| woman- nom . sg | alive- nom . sg . f | prep | this- dat . sg . m | man- dat . sg |
| The woman stay alive because of this man. | ||||
33
Status: alternate; causal marker: z-za GEN
| žančyn-a | žyv-aja | dzjakujučy | z-za mužčyn-y |
| woman- nom . sg | alive- nom . sg . f | prep | man- gen . sg |
| The woman stay alive because of a man. | |||
33
Status: alternate; causal marker: praz ACC
| žančyn-a | žyv-aja | dzjakujučy | praz mužčyn-u |
| woman- nom . sg | alive- nom . sg . f | prep | man- acc . sg |
| The woman stay alive because of a man. | |||
34
Status: main; causal marker: pa DAT
| mužčyn-a | raskaza-ŭ | gèt-a | žonc-y | pa | durasc-i |
| man- nom . sg | tell- pst [ sg . m ] | this- nom | wife- dat . sg | prep | stupidity- dat . sg |
| The man told everything to his neighbor because of stupidity. | |||||
34
Status: alternate; causal marker: z-za GEN
| mužčyn-a | raskaza-ŭ | gèt-a | žonc-y | z-za | durasc-i |
| man- nom . sg | tell- pst [ sg . m ] | this- nom | wife- dat . sg | prep | stupidity- gen . sg |
| The man told everything to his neighbor because of stupidity. | |||||
34
Status: alternate; causal marker: praz ACC
| mužčyn-a | raskaza-ŭ | gèt-a | žonc-y | praz | durasc' |
| man- nom . sg | tell- pst [ sg . m ] | this- nom | wife- dat . sg | prep | stupidity[ acc . sg ] |
| The man told everything to his neighbor because of stupidity. | |||||
35
Status: main; causal marker: pa DAT
| žančyn-a | pasliznu-l-a-sja | pa | neascjapožnasc-i |
| woman- nom . sg | slip- pst - sg . f - refl | prep | negligence- dat . sg |
| The woman slipped because of the lack of attention. | |||
35
Status: alternate; causal marker: z-za GEN
| žančyn-a | pasliznu-l-a-sja | z-za | neascjapožnasc-i |
| woman- nom . sg | slip- pst - sg . f - refl | prep | negligence- gen . sg |
| The woman slipped because of the lack of attention. | |||
35
Status: alternate; causal marker: praz ACC
| žančyn-a | pasliznu-l-a-sja | praz | neascjapožnasc' |
| woman- nom . sg | slip- pst - sg . f - refl | prep | negligence[ acc . sg ] |
| The woman slipped because of the lack of attention. | |||
36
Status: main; causal marker: dzjakujucy DAT
| pilot | zdole-ŭ | pasadzi-c' | samalёt | dzjakujučy | valik-amu | vopyt-u |
| pilot- nom . sg | manage- pst [ sg . m ] | land- inf | aircraft- acc . sg | prep | big- dat . sg . m | experience- dat . sg |
| The man landed the plane thanks to the big experience. | ||||||
36
Status: alternate; causal marker: z-za GEN
| pilot | zdole-ŭ | pasadzi-c' | samalёt | z-za | valik-aga | vopyt-u |
| pilot- nom . sg | manage- pst [ sg . m ] | land- inf | aircraft- acc . sg | prep | big- n . sg . m | experience- gen . sg |
| The man landed the plane thanks to the big experience. | ||||||
36
Status: alternate; causal marker: praz ACC
| pilot | zdole-ŭ | pasadzi-c' | samalёt | praz | valiki | vopyt |
| pilot- nom . sg | manage- pst [ sg . m ] | land- inf | aircraft- acc . sg | prep | big- acc . sg . m | experience[ acc . sg ] |
| The man landed the plane thanks to the big experience. | ||||||
37
Status: main; causal marker: z-za GEN
| pilot | ne | zmog | pasadzic' | samalёt | z-za | nespraktykavabasc-i |
| pilot- nom . sg | neg | be_able[ pst . sg . m ] | land- inf | aircraft- acc . sg | prep | inexperience- gen . sg |
| The man landed the plane thanks to the big experience. | ||||||
37
Status: alternate; causal marker: praz ACC
| pilot | ne | zmog | pasadzic' | samalёt | praz | nespraktykavabasc' |
| pilot- nom . sg | neg | be_able[ pst . sg . m ] | land- inf | aircraft- acc . sg | prep | inexperience[ acc . sg ] |
| The man did not land the plane because of inexperience. | ||||||
38
Status: main; causal marker: z GEN
| podčas | vajn-y | ljudz-i | z | golad-u | e-l-i | trav-u |
| during | war- gen . sg | man- nom . pl | prep | hunger- gen . sg | eat- pst - pl grass- acc . sg | |
| In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger. | ||||||
39
Status: main; causal marker: z GEN
| žančyn-a | zajš-l-a | ŭnutr | z | cikaŭnasc-i |
| woman- nom . sg | enter- pst - sg . f | inside | prep | curiosity- gen . sg |
| The woman went inside out of curiosity. | ||||
39
Status: alternate; causal marker: z-za GEN
| žančyn-a | zajš-l-a | ŭnutr | z-za | cikaŭnasc-i |
| woman- nom . sg | enter- pst - sg . f | inside | prep | curiosity- gen . sg |
| The woman went inside out of curiosity. | ||||
39
Status: alternate; causal marker: praz ACC
| žančyn-a | zajš-l-a | ŭnutr | praz | cikaŭnasc' |
| woman- nom . sg | enter- pst - sg . f | inside | prep | curiosity[ acc . sg ] |
| The woman went inside out of curiosity. | ||||
40
Status: main; causal marker: z GEN
| mužčyn-a | zabi-ŭ | žonk-u | z | rèŭnasc-i |
| man- nom . sg | kill- pst [ sg . m ] | wife- acc . sg | prep | jealousy- gen . sg |
| The man killed his wife out of jealousy. | ||||
40
Status: alternate; causal marker: ad GEN
| mužčyn-a | zabi-ŭ | žonk-u | ad | rèŭnasc-i |
| man- nom . sg | kill- pst [ sg . m ] | wife- acc . sg | prep | jealousy- gen . sg |
| The man killed his wife out of jealousy. | ||||
41
Status: main; causal marker: z GEN
| mužčyn-a | ŭs-im | pra | gèt-a | raskaza-ŭ | z | ganarystasc-i |
| man- nom . sg | all- dat . pl | prep | this- nom | tell- pst [ sg . m ] | prep | vanity- gen . sg |
| The man told this to everyone out of vanity. | ||||||
41
Status: alternate; causal marker: z-za GEN
| mužčyn-a | ŭs-im | pra | gèt-a | raskaza-ŭ | z-za | ganarystasc-i |
| man- nom . sg | all- dat . pl | prep | this- nom | tell- pst [ sg . m ] | prep | vanity- gen . sg |
| The man told this to everyone out of vanity. | ||||||
41
Status: alternate; causal marker: praz ACC
| mužčyn-a | ŭs-im | pra | gèt-a | raskaza-ŭ | praz | ganarystasc' |
| man- nom . sg | all- dat . pl | prep | this- nom | tell- pst [ sg . m ] | prep | vanity[ acc . sg ] |
| The man told this to everyone out of vanity. | ||||||
42
Status: main; causal marker: ad GEN
| žančyn-a | pabi-l-a | ŭves' | posud | ad | zlosc-i |
| woman- nom . sg | break- pst - sg . f | all[ nom . sg . m ] | dishes- acc . sg | prep angry- gen . sg | |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | |||||
43
Status: main; causal marker: praz ACC
| žančyn-a | ljag-l-a | spa-c' | apranut-aj | praz | xolad |
| woman- nom . sg | lay- pst - sg . f | sleep- inf | dressed. ins . sg . f | prep | cold[ acc . sg ] |
| The woman went to sleep clothed because of the cold, . | |||||
44
Status: main; causal marker: za ACC
| nastaŭnik | paxvali-ŭ | vučn-ja | za | jagon-y | kascjum |
| teacher[ nom . sg ] | praise | - pst [ sg . m ] | student- acc . sg | prep | his- nom . sg . m clothes[ acc . sg ] |
| The teacher commended the student for his clothes. | |||||
45
Status: main; causal marker: za ACC
| mužčyn-a | pabi-ŭ | sused-a | za | jagon-yja | slov-a |
| man- nom . sg | kill- pst [ sg . m ] | neighbour- acc . sg | prep | his- acc . pl | word- acc . pl |
| The man beat his neighbor because of his words. | |||||
46
Status: main; causal marker: z-za GEN
| dzec-i | pabi-l-i-sja | z-za | mjač-a |
| child- nom . pl | fight- pst - pl - refl | prep | ball- gen . sg |
| The children fought over the ball. | |||
46
Status: alternate; causal marker: praz ACC
| dzec-i | pabi-l-i-sja | praz | mjač |
| child- nom . pl | fight- pst - pl - refl | prep | ball[ acc . sg ] |
| The children fought over the ball. | |||
47
Status: main; causal marker: praz ACC
| mužčyn-a | pasvary-ŭ-sja | z | brat-am | praz | spadčyn-u |
| man- nom . sg | quarrel- pst [ sg . m ]- refl | prep | brother- ins . sg | prep | heritage- acc . sg |
| The man argued with his brother over the heritage. | |||||
47
Status: alternate; causal marker: z-za GEN
| mužčyn-a | pasvary-ŭ-sja | z | brat-am | z-za | spadčyn-y |
| man- nom . sg | quarrel- pst [ sg . m ]- refl | prep | brother- ins . sg | prep | heritage- gen . sg |
| The man argued with his brother over the heritage. | |||||
48
Status: main; causal marker: z-za GEN
| žančyn-a | kupi-l-a | gèt-u-ju | knig-u | z-za | maljunk-aŭ |
| woman- nom . sg | buy- pst - sg . f | this- acc . sg . f | book- acc . sg | prep | picture- gen . pl |
| The woman bought the book because of the pictures. | |||||
48
Status: alternate; causal marker: praz ACC
| žančyn-a | kupi-l-a | gèt-u-ju | knig-u | praz | maljunk-i |
| woman- nom . sg | buy- pst - sg . f | this- acc . sg . f | book- acc . sg | prep | picture- acc . pl |
| The woman bought the book because of the pictures. | |||||
49
Status: main; causal marker: praz ACC
| žančyn-a | ne | sta-l-a | sustraka-cca | z | sjabroŭk-aj | praz | kepsk-i | nastroj |
| woman- nom . sg | neg | become- pst - sg . f | meet- inf . refl | prep | friend- ins . sg | prep | bad- acc . sg . m | mood[ acc . sg ] |
| The woman decided not to meet her friend because of the bad mood. | ||||||||
49
Status: alternate; causal marker: z-za GEN
| žančyn-a | ne | sta-l-a | sustraka-cca | z | sjabroŭk-aj | z-za | kepsk-aga | nastr-oju |
| woman- nom . sg | neg | become- pst - sg . f | meet- inf . refl | prep | friend- ins . sg | prep | bad- acc . sg . m | mood- gen . sg |
| The woman decided not to meet her friend because of the bad mood. | ||||||||
50
Status: main; causal marker: mjarkujucy pa LOC
| mjarku-jučy | pa | lužyn-ax | nočču | išo-ŭ | doždž |
| assume- cvb | prep | puddle- loc . pl | in_the_night | go- pst [ sg . m ] | rain[ nom . sg ] |
| Judging from the puddles, it was raining in the night. | |||||
51
Status: main; causal marker: mjarkujucy pa LOC
| mjarku-jučy | pa | burbalk-ax | vad-a | užo | zakipe-l-a |
| assume- cvb | prep | bubble- loc . pl | water- nom . sg | already | boil- pst - sg . f |
| Judging from the bubbles, the water has boiled already. | |||||
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
54
Status: main; causal marker: z pricyny GEN
| gèt-y | lik | ne | mož-a | by-c' | menšy | za | adzink-y | z | pričyn-y | matèmatyčn-yx | zakon-aŭ |
| this- nom . sg . m | number[ nom . sg ] | neg | be_able- prs .3 sg | be- inf | smaller | prep | one- acc . sg | prep | cause- gen . sg | mathematical- gen . pl | rule- gen . pl |
| This number cannot be less than one per mathematical laws. | |||||||||||
54
Status: alternate; causal marker: pavodle GEN
| gèt-y | lik | ne | mož-a | by-c' | menšy | za | adzink-y | pavodle | matèmatyčn-yx | zakon-aŭ |
| this- nom . sg . m | number[ nom . sg ] | neg | be_able- prs .3 sg | be- inf | smaller | prep | one- acc . sg | according_to | mathematical- gen . pl | rule- gen . pl |
| This number cannot be less than one per mathematical laws. | ||||||||||