Catalan
Contributed by Tatiana Repnina (ResearchGate profile). The data were gathered in 2021.
How to cite
Repnina, Tatiana. 2022. Nominal causal constructions in Catalan. In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on December 1, 2022; last revised on December 1, 2022). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: de
| El | mocador | es | va | amar-ar | de | llàgrim-es. |
| def . sg . m | handkerchief( m ). sg | refl | go. prs .3 sg | soak- inf | from | tear( f )- pl |
| The handkerchief got wet from tears. | ||||||
2
Status: main; causal marker: per
| La | branc-a | es | va | trenc-ar | pel | pes. |
| def . sg . f | branch( f )- sg | refl | go. prs .3 sg | break- inf | for. def . sg . m | weight( m ). sg |
| The branch broke because of the weight. | ||||||
3
Status: main; causal marker: a causa de
| La | don-a | estosseg-a | a | caus-a | del | fum. |
| def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | cough- prs .3 sg | to | cause( f )- sg | from. def . sg . m | smoke( m ). sg |
| The woman coughs because of the smoke. | ||||||
4
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| La | foscor | no | ens | deix-a | veure | la | cost-a. |
| def . sg . f | darkness( f ). sg | neg | 1 pl . do | leave- prs .3 sg | see. inf | def . sg . f | coast( f )- sg |
| The darkness doesn't let us see the coast. | |||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||||||
5
Status: main; causal marker: per
| Van | deten-ir | l' | home | per | error. |
| go. prs .3 pl | detain- inf | def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | for | mistake( m ). sg |
| The man was arrested by mistake. | |||||
6
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| El | vent | va | fer | caure | l' | arbre. |
| def . sg . m | wind( m ). sg | go. prs .3 sg | do. inf | fall. inf | def . sg . m | tree( m ). sg |
| The wind made the tree fall. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||||||
7
Status: main; causal marker: de
| L' | home | va | mor-ir | d' | un | curtcircuit. |
| def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | go. prs .3 sg | die- inf | from | indf . sg . m | short_circuit( m ). sg |
| The man died from electric shock. | ||||||
8
Status: main; causal marker: per
| La | don-a | es | va | llev-ar | pel | soroll. |
| def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | refl | go. prs .3 sg | get_up- inf | for. def . sg . m | noise( m ). sg |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | ||||||
9
Status: main; causal marker: degut a
| L' | home | té | mal | de | cap | degut | a | la | cerves-a. |
| def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | have. prs .3 sg | pain( m ). sg | from | head( m ). sg | be_due. ptcp . sg . m | to | def . sg . f | beer( f )- sg |
| The man has a headache because of the beer. | |||||||||
10
Status: main; causal marker: de
| La | don-a | re-ia | del | gos. |
| def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | laugh- ipfv .3 sg | from. def . sg . m | dog( m ). sg |
| The woman was laughing because of the puppy. | ||||
11
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| L' | home | va | mor-ir | enverin-at | per | un | peix | verinós. |
| def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | go. prs .3 sg | die- inf | poison- ptcp . sg . m | for | indf . sg . m | fish( m ). sg | poisonous. sg . m |
| The man died poisoned by a venomous fish. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||
12
Status: main; causal marker: amb
| La | noi-a | està | satisf-et-a | amb | la | seva | not-a. |
| def . sg . f | girl( f )- sg | be. prs .3 sg | satisfy- ptcp . sg - f | with | def . sg . f | 3 sg . poss . sg . f | note( f )- sg |
| The girl is satisfied with her grade. | |||||||
13
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Les | paraul-es | del | seu | marit | la | van | fer | enfad-ar. |
| def . pl . f | word( f )- pl | from. def . sg . m | 3 sg . poss . sg . m | husband( m ). sg | 3 sg . f . do | go. prs .3 pl | do. inf | anger- inf |
| Her husband's words made her angry. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||||||||
14
Status: main; causal marker: amb
| El | noi | est-ava | entusiasm-at | amb | la | ide-a. |
| def . sg . m | boy( m ). sg | be- ipfv .3 sg | enthuse- ptcp . sg . m | with | def . sg . f | idea( f )- sg |
| The boy was thrilled by this suggestion. | ||||||
15
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| La | gan-a | va | afebl-ir | l' | home. |
| def . sg . f | hunger( f )- sg | go. prs .3 sg | weaken- inf | def . sg . m | man( m ). sg |
| The hunger weakened the man. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||||
16
Status: main; causal marker: de
| L' | home | va | mor-ir | de | gan-a. |
| def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | go. prs .3 sg | die- inf | from | hunger( f )- sg |
| The man died of starvation. | |||||
17
Status: main; causal marker: de
| L' | home | crid-ava | del | mal. |
| def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | cry- ipfv .3 sg | from. def . sg . m | pain( m ). sg |
| The man was screaming from the pain. | ||||
18
Status: main; causal marker: de
| La | don-a | tremol-a | de | fred. |
| def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | tremble- prs .3 sg | from | cold( m ). sg |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | ||||
19
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| El | nen | va | començ-ar | a | crid-ar | espant-at. |
| def . sg . m | child( m ). sg | go. prs .3 sg | start- inf | to | cry- inf | scare- ptcp . sg . m |
| The child began to cry frightened. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
20
Status: main; causal marker: de
| El | nen | re-ia | d' | alegri-a. |
| def . sg . m | child( m ). sg | laugh- ipfv .3 sg | from | happiness( f )- sg |
| The child was laughing out of joy. | ||||
21
Status: main; causal marker: per
| El | nen | es | va | amag-ar | al | graner | per | por. |
| def . sg . m | child( m ). sg | refl | go. prs .3 sg | hide- inf | to. def . sg . m | granary( m ). sg | for | fear( f ). sg |
| The child hid in the barn because of fear. | ||||||||
22
Status: main; causal marker: per
| L' | home | es | va | call-ar | per | modesti-a. |
| def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | refl | go. prs .3 sg | shut_up- inf | for | modesty( f )- sg |
| The man was silent because of modesty. | ||||||
23
Status: main; causal marker: amb
| La | don-a | va | agaf-ar | la | mà | del | seu | germà | amb | por. |
| def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | go. prs .3 sg | grab- inf | def . sg . f | hand( f ). sg | from. def . sg . m | 3 sg . poss . sg . m | brother( m ). sg | with | fear( f ). sg |
| The woman held onto her elder brother’s arm in fear. | ||||||||||
24
Status: main; causal marker: de
| La | don-a | està | cans-ad-a | de | treball-ar. |
| def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | be. prs .3 sg | wear_out- ptcp . sg - f | from | work- inf |
| The woman was tired from work. | |||||
25
Status: main; causal marker: per culpa de
| La | dona | no | es | pot | adorm-ir | per | culp-a | dels | mosquit-s. |
| def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | neg | refl | be_able. prs .3 sg | get_off_to_sleep- inf | for | blame( f )- sg | from. def . pl . m | mosquito( m )- pl |
| The woman can’t fall asleep because of the mosquitoes. | |||||||||
26
Status: main; causal marker: degut a
| L' | aigu-a | brill-a | degut | a | la | llun-a. |
| def . sg . f | water( f )- sg | shine- prs .3 sg | be_due. ptcp . sg . m | to | def . sg . f | moon( f )- sg |
| The water looks bright because of the moon. | ||||||
27
Status: main; causal marker: gracies a
| L' | home | ha | caç-at | molt | gràci-es | al | seu | gos. |
| def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | have. prs .3 sg | hunt- ptcp . sg . m | a_lot | grace( f )- pl | to. def . sg . m | 3 sg . poss . sg . m | dog( m ). sg |
| The man had a successful hunt thanks to his dog. | ||||||||
28
Status: main; causal marker: amb
| La | don-a | s' | hav-ia | enfad-at | amb | ell. |
| def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | refl | have- ipfv .3 sg | anger- ptcp . sg . m | with | 3 sg . m |
| The wife got angry at him. | ||||||
29
Status: main; causal marker: per culpa de
| La | don-a | fe-ia | tard | per | culp-a | del | seu | marit. |
| def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | do- ipfv .3 sg | late | for | blame( f )- sg | from. def . sg . m | 3 sg . poss . sg . m | husband( m ). sg |
| The woman was late for work because of her husband. | ||||||||
30
Status: main; causal marker: a causa de
| La | gent | ha | mor-t | a | caus-a | del | terratrèmol. |
| def . sg . f | people( f ). sg | have. prs .3 sg | die- ptcp . sg . m | to | cause( f )- sg | from. art . def . sg . m | earthquake( m ). sg |
| People died because of the earthquake. | |||||||
31
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Tot-es | les | desgràci-es | succeeixen | per | l' | acció | human-a. |
| all- pl . f | def . pl . f | misfortune( f )- pl | happen. prs .3 pl | for | def . sg . f | action( f ). sg | human- sg . f |
| All misfortunes happen because of human actions. | |||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence | |||||||
32
Status: main; causal marker: gracies a
| L' | home | veu | millor | gràci-es | a | la | intervenció. |
| def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | see. prs .3 sg | better | grace( f )- pl | to | def . sg . f | intervention( f ). sg |
| The man sees better thanks to the operation. | |||||||
33
Status: main; causal marker: gracies a
| La | don-a | està | viv-a | gràci-es | a | aquell | home. |
| def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | be. prs .3 sg | alive- sg . f | grace( f )- pl | to | that. sg . m | man( m ). sg |
| The woman is alive thanks to that man. | |||||||
34
Status: main; causal marker: per
| L' | home | li | ho | va | dir | a | la | seva | don-a | per | estupides-a. |
| def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | 3 sg . io | 3 sg . n . do | go. prs .3 sg | say. inf | to | def . sg . f | 3 sg . poss . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | for | stupidity( f )- sg |
| The man told his wife about it out of stupidity. | |||||||||||
35
Status: main; causal marker: per
| La | don-a | va | rellisc-ar | per | imprudenci-a. |
| def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | go. prs .3 sg | slip- inf | for | recklessness( f )- sg |
| The woman slipped because of carelessness. | |||||
36
Status: main; causal marker: gracies a
| El | pilot | ha | aconsegu-it | aterr-ar | l' | avió | gràci-es | a | la | seva | experienci-a. |
| def . sg . m | pilot( m ). sg | have. prs .3 sg | achieve- ptcp . sg . m | land- inf | def . sg . m | plane( m ). sg | grace( f )- pl | to | def . sg . f | 3 sg . poss . sg . f | experience( f )- sg |
| The pilot was able to land the plane thanks to his solid experience. | |||||||||||
37
Status: main; causal marker: degut a
| El | pilot | no | ha | po-gut | aterr-ar | l' | avió | degut | a | la | seva | inexperienci-a. |
| def . sg . m | pilot( m ). sg | neg | have. prs .3 sg | be_able- ptcp . sg . m | land- inf | def . sg . m | plane( m ). sg | be_due. ptcp . sg . m . | to | def . sg . f | 3 sg . poss . sg . f | inexperience( f )- sg |
| The pilot couldn’t land the plane due to his inexperience. | ||||||||||||
38
Status: main; causal marker: de
| A | la | guerr-a | la | gent | menj-ava | herb-a | de | tant-a | gan-a | que | teni-a. |
| to | def . sg . f | war( f )- sg | def . sg . f | people( f ). sg | eat- ipfv .3 sg | grass( f )- sg | from | so_much- sg . f | hunger( f )- sg | that | have- ipfv .3 sg |
| During the war, people ate grass because of so much hunger that they had. | |||||||||||
39
Status: main; causal marker: per
| La | don-a | va | entr-ar | hi | per | curiositat. |
| def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | go. prs .3 sg | enter- inf | there | for | curiosity( f ). sg |
| The woman entered there out of curiosity. | ||||||
40
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| La | gelosi-a | va | fer | que | l' | home | mat-és | la | seva | don-a. |
| def . sg . f | jealousy( f )- sg | go. prs .3 sg | do. inf | that | def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | kill- ipfv . conj .3 sg | def . sg . f | 3 sg . poss . sg . f | woman( f )- sg |
| The jealousy made the man kill his wife. | ||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||||||||||
41
Status: main; causal marker: per
| L' | home | ho | va | dir | a | tothom | per | vanitat. |
| def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | 3 sg . n . do | go. prs .3 sg | say. inf | to | everybody | for | vanity( f ). sg |
| The man told this to everyone out of vanity. | ||||||||
42
Status: main; causal marker: amb
| La | don-a | va | trenc-ar | tot-s | els | plat-s | amb | ira. |
| def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | go. prs .3 sg | break- inf | all- pl . m | def . pl . m | dish( m )- pl | with | anger( f ). sg |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | ||||||||
43
Status: main; causal marker: per
| La | don-a | va | an-ar | a | dorm-ir | tapad-a | pel | fred. |
| def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | go. prs .3 sg | go- inf | to | sleep- inf | covered- sg . f | for. def . sg . m | cold( m ). sg |
| The woman went to sleep dressed because of the cold. | ||||||||
44
Status: main; causal marker: per
| El | professor | va | elogi-ar | l' | estudiant | pel | seu | vestit. |
| def . sg . m | professor( m ). sg | go. prs .3 sg | praise- inf | def . sg . m | student( m ). sg | for. def . sg . m | 3 sg . poss . sg . m | dress( m ). sg |
| The professor complimented the student on his uniform. | ||||||||
45
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| L' | home | va | mat-ar | el | seu | veí | pel | que | va | dir. |
| def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | go. prs .3 sg | kill- inf | def . sg . m | 3 sg . poss . sg . m | neighbour( m ). sg | for. def . sg . m | that | go. prs .3 sg | say. inf |
| The man beat his neighbor because of the words that he said. | ||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||||
46
Status: main; causal marker: per
| Els | nen-s | es | barall-aven | per | la | pilot-a. |
| def . pl . m | child( m )- pl | refl | fight- ipfv .3 pl | for | def . sg . f | ball( f )- sg |
| The children were fighting over a ball. | ||||||
47
Status: main; causal marker: per
| L' | home | discut-ia | amb | el | seu | germà | per | l' | herènci-a. |
| def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | debate- ipfv .3 sg | with | def . sg . m | 3 sg . poss . sg . m | brother( m ). sg | for | def . sg . f | inheritance( f )- sg |
| The man argued with his brother over the inheritance. | |||||||||
48
Status: main; causal marker: per
| La | don-a | va | compr-ar | el | llibre | per | les | imatge-s. |
| def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | go. prs .3 sg | buy- inf | def . sg . m | book( m ). sg | for | def . pl . f | picture( f )- pl |
| The woman bought the book for the drawings. | ||||||||
49
Status: main; causal marker: per culpa de
| La | don-a | ha | cancellat | els | plan-s | amb | el | seu | amic | per | culp-a | del | seu | mal | humor. |
| def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | have. prs .3 sg | cancel- ptcp . sg . m | def . pl . m | plan( m )- pl | with | def . sg . m | 3 sg . poss . sg . m | friend( m ). sg | for | blame( f )- sg | from. def . sg . m | 3 sg . poss . sg . m | bad. sg . m | mood( m ). sg |
| The woman cancelled the plans with her friend because of her bad mood. | |||||||||||||||
50
Status: main; causal marker: amb
| Amb | els | bassal-s, | es | pot | veure | clarament | que | ahir | al | vespre | va | ploure. |
| with | def . pl . m | puddle( m )- pl , | refl | be_able. prs .3 sg | see. inf | clearly | that | yesterday | to. def . sg . m | night( m ) | go. prs .3 sg | rain. inf |
| Because of the puddles, it is possible to see clearly that yesterday night it was raining. | ||||||||||||
51
Status: main; causal marker: tenint en compte
| Ten-int | en | compte | les | bomboll-es, | l' | aigu-a | bull. |
| have- ger | in | account( m ). sg | def . pl . f | bubble( f )- pl , | def . sg . f | water( f )- sg | boil. prs .3 sg |
| Taking into consideration the bubbles, the water is boiling. | |||||||
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Entra | a | dins, | perquè | fa | fred. |
| enter. imp .2 sg | to | inside, | because | do. prs .3 sg | cold( f ). sg |
| Come inside, because it is cold. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| On | és | el | meu | jersei? | Fa | fred. |
| where | be. prs .3 sg | def . sg . m | 1 sg . poss . sg . m | jumper( m ). sg ? | do. prs .3 sg | cold( m ). sg |
| Where is my sweater? It is cold. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | ||||||
54
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Matemàticament, | aquest | número | no | pot | ser | menor | d' | u. |
| mathematically, | this. sg . m | number( m ). sg | neg | be_able. prs .3 sg | be. inf | less | from | one( m ). sg |
| Mathematically this number cannot be less than one. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adverb, not a nominal phrase. | ||||||||