Chuvash (Maloe Karachkino)
Contributed by Natalia Zaika (Academia.edu profile). The data were gathered in 2021.
How to cite
Zaika, Natalia. 2022. Nominal causal constructions in Chuvash (Maloe Karachkino). In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on December 1, 2022; last revised on December 1, 2022). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| totər | koɕol-ba | jëben-ze |
| handkerchief | tear- ins | get_wet- cv _ sim |
| The handerchief got soaked from tears. | ||
2
Status: main; causal marker: pergi
| torat | jurə | bergi | xoʑ-əl-za |
| branch | weight | post | break- refl - cv _ sim |
| The branch broke from the weight. | |||
3
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| xërarəm | tëdëm-ren | ëzër-et |
| woman | smoke- abl | cough- npst [3 sg ] |
| The woman is coughing because of the smoke. | ||
4
Status: main; causal marker: pergi
| per | tëtëm | bergi | ɕɨran | kor-ma-pər |
| we | darkness | post | shore | see- neg -1 pl |
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. | ||||
5
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| arʑɨn-a | jənəʂ | aristle-ze |
| man- obj | mistake | arrest- cv _ sim |
| The man was arrested mistakenly. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adverb, not a nominal phrase. | ||
6
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| juɕ | ɕil-be | yk-se |
| tree | wind- ins | fall- cv _ sim |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | ||
7
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| arʑɨn | tok-pa | vil-ze |
| man | electricity- ins | die- cv _ sim |
| The man died from electric shock. | ||
8
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| xërarəm | sazə-ba | sis-se |
| woman | sound- ins | feel- cv _ sim |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | ||
9
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| arʑɨn-ən | səra-ran | poɕ | ɨrad-at |
| man- gen | beer- abl | head | hurt- npst [3 sg ] |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | |||
10
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| xërarəm | jɨdə | ɕur-in-ʥen | kol-z=er-ʨ-ë |
| woman | dog | cub- p _3- abl | laugh- cv _ sim =let- pst -3 sg |
| The woman laughed at the puppy. | |||
11
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| arʑɨn | jadovit | polə-ran | vil-ze |
| man | poisonous | fish- abl | die- cv _ sim |
| The man died from a poisonous fish. | |||
12
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| xër | aʨa | xəj-ën | otsenki-be | kilëʂ-se |
| daughter | child | self. p _3- gen | mark- ins | like- cv _ sim |
| The girl is satisfied with her grade. | ||||
13
Status: main; causal marker: cine
| xërarəm | obəʂk-i-n | səmag-ə | ɕi-n-e | ɕillen-ze |
| woman | husband- p _3- gen | word- p _3 | on- p _3- obj | get_angry- cv _ sim |
| The wife was angered by her husband’s words. | ||||
14
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| arʑɨn | aʨa | ku | ʂogəʂ-ran | pet | kilëʂ-rj-ë |
| man | child | this | idea- abl | very | like- pst -3 sg |
| The boy was thrilled by this idea. | |||||
15
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| arʑɨn | vɨʑə-ran | vəj-zər-la-n-nə |
| man | hunger- abl | power- car - vbz - refl - pc _ pst |
| The man was weakened by hunger. | ||
16
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| arʑɨn | vɨɕ-sa | vil-ze |
| man | starve- cv _ sim | die- cv _ sim |
| The man died of starvation. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||
17
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| arʑɨn | ɨrat-n-i-be | kəʂkər-at |
| man | hurt- pc _ pst - p _3- ins | scream- npst [3 sg ] |
| The man screamed from the pain. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||
18
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| xërarəm | sibë-ren | ʨëtr-et |
| woman | cold- abl | shiver- npst [3 sg ] |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | ||
19
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| aʨa | xəra-n-i-be | məgər-z=er-ʨ-ë |
| child | be_afraid- pc _ pst - p _3- ins | cry- cv _ sim =let- pst -3 sg |
| The child began to cry because he was afraid. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||
20
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| aʨa | savən-n-i-be | kol-z=er-ʨ-ë |
| child | enjoy- pc _ pst - p _3- ins | laugh- cv _ sim =let- cop _ pst -3 sg |
| The child laughed because he was excited. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||
21
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| aʨa | xəra-n-i-be | saraj-nj-a | bɨdan-ʨ-ə |
| child | be_afraid- pc _ pst - p _3- ins | barn- p _3- obj | hide- pst -3 sg |
| The child hid in the barn because he was afraid. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
22
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| arʑɨn | skomnɨ | pol-n-i-be | nim=de | kalaɕ-ma-rʲ-ə |
| man | modest | be- pc _ pst - p _3- ins | nothing= add | tell- neg - pst -3 sg |
| The man kept silent because he was modest. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
23
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| xërarəm | xəra-n-i-be | piʨë-ʂ-ne | alə-ran | jar-z=il-ʨ-ë |
| woman | be_afraid- pc _ pst - p _3- ins | elder_brother- p _3- obj | hand- abl | let- cv _ sim =take- pst -3 sg |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand because she was afraid. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
24
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| xërarəm | ëɕle-ze | jələn-ʨ-ə |
| woman | work- cv _ sim | get_tired- pst -3 sg |
| The woman is tired working. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||
25
Status: main; causal marker: pergi
| xërarəm | vərəmdonə-zam | bergi | ɕur-za | kaj-i-mes |
| woman | mosquito- pl | post | sleep- cv _ sim | go- pot - neg . npst [3 sg ] |
| The woman can’t fall asleep because of the mosquitoes. | ||||
26
Status: main; causal marker: pergi
| ʂu | ojək | pergi | ɕudə | tojən-at |
| water | moon | post | light | seem- npst [3 sg ] |
| The water looks bright because of the moon. | ||||
27
Status: main; causal marker: pergi
| arʑɨn | oxota-ja | jɨdə | bergi | lajək | kaj-za | gilʲ-ʨ-ë |
| man | hunt- obj | dog | post | good | go- cv _ sim | come- pst -3 sg |
| The man had a successful hunt because of his dog | ||||||
28
Status: main; causal marker: cine
| arəm-ə | obəʂk-i | ɕine | ɕillen-ʨ-ë |
| wife- p _3 | husband- p _3 | post | angry- pst -3 sg |
| The wife was angry at her husband. | |||
29
Status: main; causal marker: pergi
| xërarəm | obəʂk-i | bergi | ëʑ-e | kaja | jol-za |
| woman | husband- p _3 | post | work- obj | back | stay- cv _ sim |
| The woman was late for work because of her husband. | |||||
30
Status: main; causal marker: pergi
| ɕɨn-zam | vil-ze | zemletresene | bergi |
| human- pl | die- cv _ sim | earthquake | post |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | |||
31
Status: main; causal marker: pergi
| mënbor | xojgə | ɕɨn-zam | bergi | pol-at |
| all | trouble | human- pl | post | be- npst [3 sg ] |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | ||||
32
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| arʑɨn | operaci | tu-nə | bergi | lajək-rak | kor-at |
| man | operation | do- pc _ pst | post | good- comp | see- npst [3 sg ] |
| The man can see better now because (he) has done operation. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
33
Status: main; causal marker: bola OBJ
| xërarəm | ʨërë | ɕa | arʑɨn-a | bola |
| woman | alive | this | man- obj | post |
| The woman is alive thanks to that man. | ||||
34
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| arʑɨn | ɕa | ɕinʥen | arəm-nj-a | xəj-ën | okmag-ə-ba | kala-za | bar-zа |
| man | this | post | wife- p _3- obj | self. p _3- gen | stupidity- p _3- ins | tell- cv _ sim | give- cv _ sim |
| The man told his wife about it out of stupidity. | |||||||
35
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| xërarəm | jənəʂ | ɕu-za | yk-rj-ë |
| woman | mistake | fall- cv _ sim | fall- pst -3 sg |
| The woman fell mistakenly. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adverb, not a nominal phrase. | |||
36
Status: main; causal marker: pergi
| pɨzək | opɨt | pergi | pilot | xəj-ën | samolot-nj-a | lajək | lart-sa |
| big | experience | post | pilot | self. p _3- gen | aircraft- p _3- obj | good | land- cv _ sim |
| The pilot landed the plane well thanks to his experience. | |||||||
37
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| pilot | opɨt | ɕok | pergi | samolot-nj-a | lard-i-me-rj-ë |
| pilot | experience | neg . ex | post | aircraft- p _3- obj | land- pot - neg - pst -3 sg |
| The pilot couldn’t land the plane because he had no experience. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
38
Status: main; causal marker: pergi
| vərʑə | vəgət-ën-ʥe | ɕɨn-zam | vɨʑə | bergi | korək | ɕi-ze |
| war | time- p _3- loc | human- pl | hunger | post | grass | eat- cv _ sim |
| In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger. | ||||||
39
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| lubopɨtni | bergi | xërarəm | ʂala | gër-ze |
| curious | post | woman | insede | war- cv _ sim |
| Because she was curious, the woman went inside. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
40
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| arʑɨn | arəm-nj-a | xoʂ-nə | bergi | vëler-ze |
| man | wife- p _3- obj | be_jealous- pc _ pst | post | kill- cv _ sim |
| The man killed his wife because he was jealous. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
41
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| arʑɨn | muxtan-ʥəg-ə-ba | on | ɕi-n-ʥen | por-n-e=de | kala-za | bar-za |
| man | brag- nmlz 2- p _3- ins | he. gen | on- p _3- abl | every- p _3- obj = add | tell- cv _ sim | give- cv _ sim |
| The man told everyone about it out of vanity. | ||||||
42
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| xërarəm | tarək-n-i-be | mënbor | posudi-n-e | ɕëmër-ze | tək-sa |
| woman | be_angry- pc _ pst - p _3- ins | all | crockery- p _3- obj | break- cv _ sim | pour- cv _ sim |
| The woman broke all the dishes because she was angry. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
43
Status: main; causal marker: pergi
| xërarəm | xun-ma-zər-ak | sivë | bergi | ɕur-ma | vɨrt-sa |
| woman | undress- inf - car - emph | cold | post | sleep- inf | lie_down- cv _ sim |
| The woman went to sleep without undressing because of the cold. | |||||
44
Status: main; causal marker: CSL
| uʨitelʲ | vërenegen-e | onən | kostʲum-ʐən | mokta-za |
| teacher | student- obj | он. gen | costume- csl | compliment- cv _ sim |
| The teacher commended the student for his suit. | ||||
45
Status: main; causal marker: CSL
| arʑɨn | poskil-e | onən | səmag-zam-ʐən | xëne-ze |
| man | neighbour- obj | he. gen | word- pl - csl | beat- cv _ sim |
| The man killed his neighbor because of his words. | ||||
46
Status: main; causal marker: CSL
| aʨa-zam | mʲaʨ-ʂən | ɕabəɕ-sa |
| child- pl | ball- csl | fight- cv _ sim |
| The children fought over the ball. | ||
47
Status: main; causal marker: pergi
| arʑɨn | xəj-ën | piʨë-ʂ-pe | nasledstvo | pergi | vərɕ-sa | gaj-za |
| man | self. p _3- gen | elder_brother- p _3- ins | heritage | post | argue- cv _ sim | go- cv _ sim |
| The man argued with his brother over the inheritance. | ||||||
48
Status: main; causal marker: pergi
| xërarəm | ku | gënege-je | kartinka-zam | bergi | il-ze |
| woman | this | book- obj | drawing- pl | post | take- cv _ sim |
| The woman bought the book because of the pictures. | |||||
49
Status: main; causal marker: pergi
| xërarəm | jabəx | nastrojene | pergi | joldaʐ-ə-ba | tël | bol-ma-n |
| woman | bad | mood | post | friend- p _3- ins | place | be- neg - pc _ res |
| The woman did not meet with her friend because of her bad mood. | ||||||
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| kylenʥëk-senj-e | pək-san | kaɕ-pa | ɕomər | ɕu-za |
| puddle- pl - obj | look- cv _ ant | night- ins | rain | wash- cv _ sim |
| Judging by the puddles, it rained last night. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| xəmbə-zanj-a | pək-san | ʂu | vëre-ze | kaj-za | pol-ma-la |
| bubble- pl - obj | look- cv _ ant | water | boil- cv _ sim | go- cv _ sim | be- inf - attr |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water is boiling. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
54
Status: main; causal marker: pergi
| ku | ʨislo | përe-ren | pëʨëk-rek | pol-i-mes | matematika | zakonʲ-ə-zam | bergi |
| this | number | one- abl | small- comp | be- pot - neg . npst [3 sg ] | mathematics | law- p _3- pl | post |
| This number cannot be less than one, per mathematical law. | |||||||