English
Contributed by Natalia Logvinova (Academia.edu profile, GoogleScholar profile). The data were gathered in 2021.
How to cite
Logvinova, Natalia. 2022. Nominal causal constructions in English. In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on December 1, 2022; last revised on December 1, 2022). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: from
| The handerchief got soaked from tears. |
| The handerchief got soaked from tears. |
2
Status: main; causal marker: from
| The branch broke from the weight. |
| The branch broke from the weight. |
3
Status: main; causal marker: because of
| The woman is coughing because of the smoke. |
| The woman is coughing because of the smoke. |
4
Status: main; causal marker: because of
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. |
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. |
5
Status: main; causal marker: by
| The man was arrested by mistake. |
| The man was arrested by mistake. |
6
Status: main; causal marker: because of
| The tree fell because of the wind. |
| The tree fell because of the wind. |
| Note: This option is preferred over the alternative with due to by the transtator. |
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: due to
| The tree fell due to the wind. |
| The tree fell due to the wind. |
| Note: This option is less preferable than the translation with because of. |
7
Status: main; causal marker: from
| The man died from electric shock. |
| The man died from electric shock. |
8
Status: main; causal marker: from
| The woman woke up from the noise. |
| The woman woke up from the noise. |
| Note: This translation is rated the same as the alternative. |
8
Status: alternate; causal marker: by
| The woman was woken up by the noise. |
| The woman was woken up by the noise. |
| Note: This translation is rated the same as the alternative. |
9
Status: main; causal marker: from
| The man has a headache from the beer. |
| The man has a headache from the beer. |
10
Status: main; causal marker: at
| The woman laughed at the puppy. |
| The woman laughed at the puppy. |
11
Status: main; causal marker: from
| The man died from a poisonous fish. |
| The man died from a poisonous fish. |
12
Status: main; causal marker: with
| The girl is satisfied with her grade. |
| The girl is satisfied with her grade. |
13
Status: main; causal marker: by
| The wife was angered by her husband’s words. |
| The wife was angered by her husband’s words. |
14
Status: main; causal marker: by
| The boy was thrilled by this idea. |
| The boy was thrilled by this idea. |
15
Status: main; causal marker: by
| The man was weakened by hunger. |
| The man was weakened by hunger. |
16
Status: main; causal marker: of
| The man died of starvation. |
| The man died of starvation. |
17
Status: main; causal marker: from
| The man screamed from the pain. |
| The man screamed from the pain. |
18
Status: main; causal marker: from
| The woman is shivering from the cold. |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. |
19
Status: main; causal marker: out of
| The child began to cry out of fear. |
| The child began to cry out of fear. |
20
Status: main; causal marker: with
| The child laughed with joy. |
| The child laughed with joy. |
21
Status: main; causal marker: out of
| The child hid in the barn out of fear. |
| The child hid in the barn out of fear. |
22
Status: main; causal marker: out of
| The man kept silent out of modesty. |
| The man kept silent out of modesty. |
23
Status: main; causal marker: in
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. |
23
Status: alternate; causal marker: out of
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand out of fear. |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand out of fear. |
24
Status: main; causal marker: from
| The woman is tired from work. |
| The woman is tired from work. |
25
Status: main; causal marker: because of
| The woman can’t fall asleep because of the mosquitoes. |
| The woman can’t fall asleep because of the mosquitoes. |
26
Status: main; causal marker: because of
| The water looks bright because of the moon. |
| The water looks bright because of the moon. |
27
Status: main; causal marker: thanks to
| Thanks to his dog, the man had a successful hunt. |
| Thanks to his dog, the man had a successful hunt. |
28
Status: main; causal marker: at
| The wife was angry at her husband. |
| The wife was angry at her husband. |
29
Status: main; causal marker: because of
| The woman was late for work because of her husband. |
| The woman was late for work because of her husband. |
30
Status: main; causal marker: because of
| The people died because of the earthquake. |
| The people died because of the earthquake. |
31
Status: main; causal marker: because of
| All misfortunes happen because of humans/people. |
| All misfortunes happen because of humans/people. |
32
Status: main; causal marker: thanks to
| The man can see better now thanks to the operation. |
| The man can see better now thanks to the operation. |
33
Status: main; causal marker: thanks to
| The woman is alive thanks to that man. |
| The woman is alive thanks to that man. |
34
Status: main; causal marker: out of
| The man told his wife about it out of stupidity. |
| The man told his wife about it out of stupidity. |
35
Status: main; causal marker: because of
| The woman slipped because of carelessness. |
| The woman slipped because of carelessness. |
36
Status: main; causal marker: thanks to
| The pilot was able to land the plane thanks to his experience. |
| The pilot was able to land the plane thanks to his experience. |
37
Status: main; causal marker: due to
| The pilot couldn’t land the plane due to inexperience. |
| The pilot couldn’t land the plane due to inexperience. |
38
Status: main; causal marker: out of
| In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger. |
| In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger. |
38
Status: alternate; causal marker: due to
| In wartime, people ate grass due to hunger. |
| In wartime, people ate grass due to hunger. |
39
Status: main; causal marker: out of
| The woman went inside out of curiosity. |
| The woman went inside out of curiosity. |
40
Status: main; causal marker: out of
| The man killed his wife out of jealousy. |
| The man killed his wife out of jealousy. |
41
Status: main; causal marker: out of
| The man told everyone about it out of vanity. |
| The man told everyone about it out of vanity. |
42
Status: main; causal marker: out of
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. |
43
Status: main; causal marker: because of
| The woman went to sleep clothed because of the cold. |
| The woman went to sleep clothed because of the cold. |
| Note: This translation is less formal than the one with due to. |
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: due to
| The woman went to sleep clothed due to the cold. |
| The woman went to sleep clothed due to the cold. |
| Note: This translation is more formal than the one with because of. |
44
Status: main; causal marker: for
| The teacher commended the student for his suit. |
| The teacher commended the student for his suit. |
45
Status: main; causal marker: because of
| The man killed his neighbor because of his words. |
| The man killed his neighbor because of his words. |
46
Status: main; causal marker: over
| The children fought over the ball. |
| The children fought over the ball. |
47
Status: main; causal marker: over
| The man argued with his brother over the inheritance. |
| The man argued with his brother over the inheritance. |
48
Status: main; causal marker: because of
| The woman bought the book because of the pictures. |
| The woman bought the book because of the pictures. |
49
Status: main; causal marker: because of
| The woman canceled plans with her friend because of her bad mood. |
| The woman canceled plans with her friend because of her bad mood. |
50
Status: main; causal marker: judging by
| Judging by the puddles, it rained last night. |
| Judging by the puddles, it rained last night. |
51
Status: main; causal marker: judging by
| Judging by the bubbles, the water is boiling. |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water is boiling. |
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Note: The intended meaning cannot be expressed in a single sentence. |
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Note: The intended meaning cannot be expressed in a single sentence. |
54
Status: main; causal marker: per
| Per mathematical law, this number cannot be less than one. |
| Per mathematical law, this number cannot be less than one. |