Erzya
Contributed by Sophia Shumilova. The data were gathered in 2023.
How to cite
Sophia Shumilova. 2023. Nominal causal constructions in Erzya. In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on August 12, 2023; last revised on August 12, 2023). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| pacja-sʲ | načk-sʲ | selʲvedʲ-te |
| handkerchief- nom . def | get_wet- pst .3 sg | tear- abl |
| The handkerchief was wet with tears. | ||
2
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| tarado-sʲ | siv-sʲ | stalmo-do |
| branch- nom . def | break- pst .3 sg | weight- abl |
| The branch broke from the weight. | ||
3
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| ava-sʲ | koz-ɨ | kačamo-do |
| woman- nom . def | cough- prs .3 sg | smoke- abl |
| The woman coughs from the smoke. | ||
4
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| minʲ | a | ne-sɨnek | vedʲ-čire-ntʲ | čopoda pelʲks-tè |
| we | not | see- npst .1 pl .3 sg | water-shore- gen . def | darkness- abl |
| We can't see the shore because of the darkness. | ||||
5
Status: main; causal marker: vidga GEN
| cera-stʲ | ozavt-ɨ-zʲ | ilʲvedevksè-nʲ | vidʲga |
| man- nom . def | arrest- prs .3 sg - ptcp . pst | error- gen | on |
| The man was arrested by mistake. | |||
6
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| čuvto-sʲ | pra-sʲ | varma-do. |
| tree- nom . def | fall- pst .3 sg | wind- abl |
| The tree fell from the wind. | ||
7
Status: main; causal marker: mejle ABL
| cera-sʲ | čavo-v-sʲ | seske | toko-nʲ | vačkodema-do | mejle |
| man- nom . def | kill- pass - pst .3 sg | straightaway | flow- gen | blow- abl | after |
| The man died from electric shock immediately. | |||||
8
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| ava-sʲ | sɨrgoj-sʲ | lašto-do |
| woman- nom . def | wake_up- pst .3 sg | noise- abl |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | ||
9
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| cera-stʲ | prja-zo | sèred-i | piva-do |
| man- gen . def | head-3 sg . poss . sg | get_sick- prs .3 sg | beer- abl |
| A man has a headache from beer. | |||
10
Status: main; causal marker: lagso GEN
| ava-sʲ | peede-v-sʲ | kiska-levks-èntʲ | lagso. |
| woman- nom . def | laugh- inch - pst .3 sg | dog-cub- gen . def | over |
| The woman laughed at the puppy. | |||
11
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| cera-sʲ | kulo-sʲ | morja-zʲ | kal-do |
| man- nom . def | die- pst .3 sg | poison- ptcp | fish- abl |
| The man died from poisonous fish. | |||
12
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| tejterʲka-sʲ | ašt-ɨ | melʲsparo-so | sonci-nʲzja | ocenka-dostʲ |
| girl- nom . def | be- prs .3 sg | joy- iness | he-3 sg . poss . f | evaluation- abl . def |
| The girl is satisfied with her grade. | ||||
13
Status: main; causal marker: langs GEN
| cёra-sʲ | mer-sʲ | meze-buti | berjanʲ. | ni-sʲ | keždja-sʲ | mirde-nzè | val-tnè-nʲ | langs. |
| man- nom . def | say- pst .3 sg | what | bad | woman- def | to_be_angry- pst .3 sg | husband-3 sg . poss .3 sg | word- pl . def - gen | the |
| The man said something bad. The wife was angry at her husband's words. | ||||||||
14
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| cerɨne-sʲ | pek | raduva-sʲ | te | tev-stenʲ |
| boy- nom . def | very | rejoice- pst .3 sg | this | case- dat . def |
| The boy is delighted with this idea. | ||||
15
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| cёra-sʲ | vij-teme-v-sʲ | vačoči-de |
| man- nom . def | force- abess - pass - pst .3 sg | famine- abl |
| The man was weak from hunger. | ||
16
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| cёra-sʲ | kulo-sʲ | vačoči-de . |
| man- nom . def | die- pst .3 sg | famine- abl |
| The man died of starvation. | ||
17
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| cera-sʲ | pižn-i | sèredʲks-tè |
| man- nom . def | scream- prs .3 sg | pain- abl |
| The man screams in pain. | ||
18
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| ava-sʲ | sorn-ɨ | jakšamo-do |
| woman- nom . def | tremble- prs .3 sg | cold- abl |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | ||
19
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| èjkakšo-sʲ | avarʲgad-sʲ | pele-ma-dontʲ |
| child- nom . def | cry- pst .3 sg | be_afraid- nmlz - abl . def |
| The child cried out in fear. | ||
20
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| èjkakšo-sʲ | raka-zev-sʲ | kenjardo-ma-dontʲ èjstè |
| child- nom . def | laugh- inch - pst .3 sg | rejoice- nmlz - abl . def |
| The child laughed with joy. | ||
21
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| èjkakšо-sʲ | tandav-mо-dоstʲ | kekš-sʲ | kardaj-s |
| child- nom . def | be_scared- nmlz - abl . def | hide- pst .3 sg | palace- ill |
| The child hid in the shed out of fear. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase | |||
22
Status: main; causal marker: kise GEN
| cёra-sʲ | čatmen-sʲ | vizdev-ma-stʲ | kisè |
| man- nom . def | keep_silence- pst .3 sg | be_shy- nmlz - gen . def | out |
| The man humbly remained silent. | |||
23
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| ava-sʲ | pele-zʲ | kundɨ-ze | kedʲ-te | jalakso-nzo |
| woman- nom . def | be_afraid- cv | grab- pst .3 sg . o .3 sg . s | hand- abl | brother-3 sg . poss .3 sg |
| The woman grabbed her brother's hand in fear. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase | ||||
24
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| ava-sʲ | size-sʲ | rabota-do |
| woman- nom . def | get_tired- pst .3 sg | work- abl |
| The woman is tired from work. | ||
25
Status: main; causal marker: kuvalma GEN
| ava-sʲ | a | matedev-i | sesʲke-tne-nʲ | kuvalma |
| woman- nom . def | not | fall_asleep- prs .3 sg | mosquito- pl . def - gen | on |
| The woman cannot sleep because of the mosquitoes. | ||||
25
Status: alternate; causal marker: ABL
| ava-sʲ | a | уdу-v-i | maraka-tne-de |
| woman- nom . def | not | sleep- inch - prs .3 sg | mosquito- pl . def - abl |
| The woman cannot sleep because of the mosquitoes. | |||
26
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| vedesʲ | nejavi | valdo-ks | kov-dontʲ |
| water- nom . def | seems | light- trans | moon- abl . def |
| The water appears bright because of the moon. | |||
26
Status: alternate; causal marker: kise GEN
| vedʲ-sʲ | marjav-i | valdo | kov-o-nʲ | svetè-nʲ | kisè |
| water- nom . def | seem- prs .3 sg | light | moon- inf - gen | light- gen | because_of |
| The water appears bright because of the moon. | |||||
27
Status: main; causal marker: maro GEN
| cёra-sʲ | vadrja-sto | jaka-sʲ | oxota-v | kiska-nʲ | pomoga-mo-stʲ | maro |
| man- nom . def | good- adv | walk- pst .3 sg | hunting- all | dog- gen | help- nmlz - gen . def | thanks_to |
| The man successfully went hunting thanks to the dog. | ||||||
28
Status: main; causal marker: langa GEN
| ni-sʲ | keždja-sʲ | mirde-nzè | langa |
| woman- def | get_angry- pst .3 sg | husband-3 sg . poss .3 sg . gen | on |
| The wife was angry with her husband. | |||
29
Status: main; causal marker: kuvalma GEN
| ava-sʲ | pozdaja-sʲ | važode-ma | tarka-s | mirde-nzè | kuvalma |
| woman- nom . def | late- pst .3 sg | work- nmlz | place- ill | husband-3 sg . poss .3 sg . gen | out |
| The woman was late for work because of her husband. | |||||
29
Status: alternate; causal marker: kise GEN
| ava-sʲ | pozda-sʲ | robуta-v | mirde-nze | kisè |
| woman- nom . def | late- pst .3 sg | work- all | husband-3 sg . poss . sg . gen | because_of |
| The woman was late for work because of her husband. | ||||
30
Status: main; causal marker: kuvalma GEN
| loman-tne | čavo-v-stʲ | moda-stʲ | sorno-vto-mo-nʲ | kuvalma |
| human- pl . def | kill- pass - pst .3 pl | earth- gen . def | shake- caus - nmlz - gen | out |
| People died because of the earthquake. | ||||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: kise GEN
| loma-tne | čavo-v-stʲ | zemletresenija-stʲ | kisè |
| human- pl . def | kill- pass - pst .3 pl | earthquake- gen . def | because_of |
| People died because of the earthquake. | |||
31
Status: main; causal marker: ejste GEN
| vese | zɨjan-tnè | loman-tne-nʲ | èjstè |
| all | tragedy- pl . def | human- pl . def - gen | from |
| All troubles are caused by people. | |||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: kise GEN
| vese | beda-tne | tee-v-itʲ | loma-tne-nʲ | kisè |
| all | trouble- pl . def | do- pass - prs .3 pl | human- pl . def - gen | because_of |
| All troubles are caused by people. | ||||
32
Status: main; causal marker: ejste GEN
| cёra-sʲ | karma-sʲ | parste | nee-me | operacija-stʲ | èjstè |
| man- nom . def | begin- pst .3 sg | fine | see- inf | surgery- gen . def | from |
| The man began to see better thanks to the operation. | |||||
32
Status: alternate; causal marker: kise GEN
| cёra-sʲ | karma-sʲ | vadrja-sto | neja-mo | operacija-stʲ | kisè |
| man- nom . def | begin- pst .3 sg | good- adv | see- inf | surgery- gen . def | because_of |
| The man began to see better thanks to the operation. | |||||
33
Status: main; causal marker: kuvalma GEN
| ava-sʲ | èr-i | te | cera-stʲ | kuvalma |
| woman- nom . def | live- prs .3 sg | this | man- gen . def | out |
| The woman is alive thanks to this man. | ||||
33
Status: alternate; causal marker: kise GEN
| ava-sʲ | živoj | te | cёra-nʲ | teve-nzè | kisè |
| woman- nom . def | alive | this | man- gen | case-3 sg . poss .3 sg . gen | because_of |
| The woman is alive thanks to this man. | |||||
34
Status: main; causal marker: ejste GEN
| cera-sʲ | evtne-sʲ | ten-de | ni-nzè | turtov | prevtemeči-nʲ | èjstè |
| man- nom . def | tell- pst .3 sg | this- abl | woman-3 sg . poss .3 sg | for | stupidity- gen | from |
| The man told his wife about it out of stupidity. | ||||||
34
Status: alternate; causal marker: kise GEN
| cёra-sʲ | ёvtne-sʲ | te-de | kozika-stenʲ | manjavmo-stʲ | kisè |
| man- nom . def | tell- pst .3 sg | this- abl | woman- dat . def | error- gen . def | because_of |
| The man told his wife about it out of stupidity. | |||||
35
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| ava-sʲ | nolašt-sʲ | èsʲ | prjanʲ avolʲ vansto-vo-zʲ |
| woman- nom . def | slip- pst .3 sg | not | protect- pass - ptcp . pst |
| The woman slipped without taking care. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase | |||
36
Status: main; causal marker: kise GEN
| piloto-sʲ | ozavt-ɨze | menelʲvenče-ntʲ | èsʲ | teve-nzè | parste | soda-zʲ |
| pilot- nom . def | plant- pst .3 sg . poss .3 sg | airplane- gen . def | his | case-3 sg . poss .3 sg | fine | know- pst .3 sg |
| The pilot was able to land the plane thanks to his great experience. | ||||||
37
Status: main; causal marker: kuvalma GEN
| piloto-sʲ | èzʲ | mašt-o | ozavtoms | menelʲvenče-ntʲ | berjanʲ-stè | tave-nzè | sodamoči-ntʲ | kuvalma |
| pilot- nom . def | not | be_able_to- cn | plant | airplane- gen . def | bad- ell | case-3 sg . poss .3 sg | knowledge- gen . def | from |
| The pilot was unable to land the plane due to poor knowledge of the matter. | ||||||||
37
Status: alternate; causal marker: kise GEN
| piloto-sʲ | èz-mašt-o | ozavtoms | samolёto-sʲ | alamo | opɨte-nze | kisè |
| pilot- nom . def | neg -be_able- cn | plant | airplane- nom . def | little[ adj . m ] | experience-3 sg . poss . sg . gen | because_of |
| The pilot was unable to land the plane due to little knowledge of the matter. | ||||||
38
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| vojna | ie-tne-stè | loma-tne | vačo-sto | jarca-stʲ | tikše-de |
| war | year- pl . def - el | human- pl . def | hungry- el | eat- pst .3 pl | grass- abl |
| During the war, people ate grass out of hunger. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adverb, not a nominal phrase | |||||
39
Status: main; causal marker: kise GEN
| ava-sʲ | sova-sʲ | potmo-v | lюbopɨtstvo-stʲ | kisè |
| woman- nom . def | come_in- pst .3 sg | inner- all | curiosity- gen . def | out |
| The woman went inside out of curiosity. | ||||
40
Status: main; causal marker: kise GEN
| cёralomane-sʲ | čav-ize | ni-nzè, | so-nzè | večke-ma-s | a | keme-m-ga |
| man- nom . def | kill- pst .3. o .3 sg . s | woman-3 sg . poss .3 sg | he- gen | be_in_love- nmlz - ill | not | trust- nmlz - prol |
| A man killed his wife out of distrust. | ||||||
41
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| cёra-sʲ | vesem-enʲ | ёvtne-sʲ | te-de | prja-nʲ | šnams | kisè |
| man- nom . def | all- dat | tell- pst .3 sg | this- abl | head- gen | praise | out |
| The man told everyone about it out of vanity. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase | ||||||
42
Status: main; causal marker: pachk GEN
| ava-sʲ | keže-nʲ | pačk | porks-ɨnzè | vese | kedʲge-tne-nʲ |
| woman- nom . def | anger- gen | through | break- prs .3 sg . o .3 sg . s | all | bank- pl . def - gen |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | |||||
43
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| jakšamo-dontʲ | ava-sʲ | mad-sʲ | udo-mo | orša-zʲ | (oršamo-nzo | apak | kajs-e) |
| cold- abl . def | woman- nom . def | lie_down- pst .3 sg | sleep- inf | dress- cv | cloth-3 sg . poss .3 sg | not | undress- prs .3 sg |
| Because of the cold, the woman went to bed dressed (did not take off her clothes). | |||||||
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: kise GEN
| ava-sʲ | ma-cʲ | уdo-mo | orčazʲ | jakšamo-stʲ | kisè |
| woman- nom . def | lie- pst .3 sg | sleep- inf | dressed | cold- gen . def | because_of |
| The woman went to bed dressed because of the cold. | |||||
44
Status: main; causal marker: kuvalma GEN
| tonavtɨcja-sʲ | šnɨ-ze | tonavtnicja-stʲ | oršamo-nzo | kuvalma |
| teacher- nom . def | praise- pst .3. o .3 sg . s | pupil- gen . def | cloth-3 sg . poss .3 sg . gen | out |
| The teacher praised the student for his costume. | ||||
44
Status: alternate; causal marker: kise GEN
| Уčitele-sʲ | šn-ɨzi | уčenike-stʲ | son-zè | kostюmo-nʲ | kisè |
| teacher- nom . def | praise- pst .3. o .3 sg .s | pupil- nom . def | he- gen | suit- gen | because_of |
| The teacher praised the student for his costume. | |||||
45
Status: main; causal marker: kise GEN
| cёra-sʲ | čav-ize | šabra-nzo | valo-nzo | kis |
| man- nom . def | beat- pst .3. o .3 sg . s | neighbour-3 sg . poss .3 sg | word-3 sg . poss .3 sg . gen | for |
| The man beat the neighbor for his words. | ||||
46
Status: main; causal marker: kuvalma GEN
| èjkakš-tne | turgad-stʲ | oska-ntʲ | kuvalma |
| child- pl . def | fight- pst .3 pl | ball- gen . def | from |
| The kids fought over the ball. | |||
46
Status: alternate; causal marker: kise GEN
| èjkakš-ne | tуre-zev-stʲ | pуša-stʲ | kisè |
| child- pl | fight- inch - pst .3 pl | ball- gen . def | because_of |
| The kids fought over the ball. | |||
47
Status: main; causal marker: kuvalma GEN
| cera-sʲ | sevno-sʲ | jalakso-nzo | marto | nasledstva-nʲ | kuvalma |
| man- nom . def | scold- pst .3 sg | brother-3 sg . poss .3 sg . gen | with | inheritance- gen | out |
| A man quarreled with his brother over an inheritance. | |||||
47
Status: alternate; causal marker: kise GEN
| cёra-sʲ | rуga-zev-sʲ | brato-nzo | maro | nasledstva-stʲ | kisè |
| man- nom . def | argue- inch - pst .3 sg | brother-3 sg . poss . sg | with | inheritance- gen . def | because_of |
| A man quarreled with his brother over an inheritance. | |||||
48
Status: main; causal marker: kuvalma GEN
| ava-sʲ | ram-ize | te | kniga-ntʲ | artovkso-nʲ | kuvalma |
| woman- nom . def | buy- pst .3. o .3 sg . s | this | book- gen . def | drawing- gen | out |
| The woman bought this book because of the drawings. | |||||
48
Status: alternate; causal marker: kise GEN
| ava-sʲ | ram-izi | te | kinižka-stʲ | risуnka-tne-nʲ | kisè |
| woman- nom . def | buy- pst .3. o .3 sg .s | this | book- gen . def | drawing- pl . def - gen | because_of |
| The woman bought this book because of the drawings. | |||||
49
Status: main; causal marker: kuvalma GEN
| ava-sʲ | èzʲ | karm-a | vasode-kšn-me | jalga-nzo | marto | berjanʲ | ežo-nzo | kuvalma |
| woman- nom . def | not | start_off- cn | meet- iter - inf | other-3 sg . poss .3 sg . gen | with | bad | feeling-3 sg . poss .3 sg . gen | out |
| The woman did not meet with her friend because of a bad mood. | ||||||||
49
Status: alternate; causal marker: kise GEN
| avasʲ | èzʲ | karm-a | vstreča-mo | jalga-stʲ | maro | berjanʲ | nastroenija-stʲ | kisè |
| woman- nom . def | not | start- cn | meet- inf | girlfriend- gen . def | with | bad | mood- gen . def | because_of |
| The woman did not meet with her friend because of a bad mood. | ||||||||
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| vedʲčireks-nè-nʲ | kuvalma | vano-zʲ, | vetʲ | ulʲne-sʲ | pizeme |
| puddle- pl . def - gen | from | look- cv | at_night | be- pst .3 sg | rain |
| Judging by the puddles, it was raining at night. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase | |||||
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| vedʲ | bajge-tne-nʲ | kuvalma | vano-zʲ, | vede-sʲ | laka-zev-sʲ |
| water | bubble- pl . def - gen | from | look- cv | water- nom . def | boil- inch - pst .3 sg |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water has already boiled. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase | |||||
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| sova-k | kudo-v, | seks | što | ušo-so | jakšamo |
| come_in- imp .3 sg . o . sg . s | house- all | because | what | street- iness | cold |
| Come inside, because it's cold outside. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase | |||||
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| koso | monʲ | svitra-m, | seks | što | jakšamo |
| where | my | sweater-1 sg . poss .3 sg | because | what | cold |
| Where is my sweater <?> [cold]? | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase | |||||
54
Status: main; causal marker: kise GEN
| te | čisla-sʲ | a | uli | edinica-dо | višine | matematičeskоj | zakоnо-nʲ | sila-nʲ | kisè |
| this | number- nom . def | not | be- prs .3 sg | one- abl | small | mathematical | law- gen | force- gen | from |
| This number cannot be less than one due to mathematical laws. | |||||||||