Filipino
Contributed by Ekaterina Baklanova. The data were gathered in 2023.
How to cite
Ekaterina Baklanova. 2022. Nominal causal constructions in Filipino. In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on December 18, 2023; last revised on December 18, 2023). (Available online at https://nocacoda.github.io. Accessed on .)
1
Status: alternate; causal marker: sa
| Babád=na | ang=pányo | sa | lúhaˀ. |
| soaked=already | nom =kerchief | obl | tear |
| The handkerchief got soaked from tears. | |||
1
Status: main; causal marker: GEN
| Na-basáˀ=ng | lúhaˀ | ang=pányo. |
| pv . pfv . mod -wet= gen | tear | nom =kerchief |
| The [hand]kerchief got wet from tears. | ||
2
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Na-báliˀ | ang=sangá | dáhil | sa | bigát. |
| pv . pfv . mod -break | nom =branch | because | obl | weight |
| The branch broke from the weight. | ||||
3
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Na-u~úbo | ang=babáe | dáhil | sa | úsok. |
| pv - ipfv ~cough | nom =woman | because | obl | smoke |
| The woman is coughing because of the smoke. | ||||
4
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Di=nátin | ma-kíta | ang=dalampasígan, | kasí | madilím. |
| neg =1 pl . incl | pv . neut . mod -see | nom =shore | because | dark |
| We cannot see the shore because it is dark. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
5
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| In-arésto | ang=laláki | dáhil | napagka-mál[iˀ]-an. |
| pv . pfv -arrest | nom =man | because | pv . pfv . mod -mistake- recp |
| The man was arrested because [it was] misunderstood. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
6
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Na-tumbá | ang=púno | dáhil | sa | hángin. |
| pfv . mod -fall | nom =tree | because | obl | wind |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | ||||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: dahil sa
| Na-matáy | ang=Mámaˀ | dáhil | sa | kuryénte. |
| pfv . mod . ev -die | nom =mister | because | obl | electricity |
| The mister died from electricity. | ||||
7
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Na-matáy | ang=Mámaˀ | dáhil | na-kuryénte | siyá. |
| pfv . mod . ev -die | nom =mister | because | pfv . mod . ev -electricity | 3 sg |
| The man died because he got electrocuted. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
8
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Na-gísing | ang=babáe | dáhil | sa | íngay. |
| pfv . mod . ev -wake_up | nom =woman | because | obl | noise |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | ||||
8
Status: alternate; causal marker: sa
| Na-gísing | ang=babáe | sa | íngay. |
| pfv . mod . ev -wake_up | nom =woman | obl | noise |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | |||
9
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Masakít | ang=úlo=ng | laláki | dáhil | sa | serbésa. |
| painful | nom =head= gen | man | because | obl | beer |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | |||||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: sa
| S<um>akít | ang=úlo=ng | laláki | sa | serbésa. |
| < av . pfv >pain | nom =head= gen | man | obl | beer |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | ||||
10
Status: main; causal marker: sa
| Na-tawá | ang=babáe | sa | túta. |
| pfv . mod . ev -laugh | nom =woman | obl | puppy |
| The woman laughed at the puppy. | |||
11
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Na-matáy | ang=laláki | dáhil | sa | nakakaláso-ng | isdâ. |
| pfv . mod . ev -die | nom =man | because | obl | poisonous- lk | fish |
| The man died from a poisonous fish. | |||||
12
Status: main; causal marker: sa
| Na-si~siyá | ang=dalága | sa | kaniyá-ng | grádo. |
| mod . ev - ipfv ~satisfied | nom =girl | obl | 3 sg . gen - lk | grade |
| The girl is satisfied with her grade. | ||||
13
Status: main; causal marker: sa
| Na-gálit | ang=mísis | sa | s<in>ábi=ng | míster=niyá. |
| pfv . mod . ev -anger | nom =wife | obl | < pv . pfv >say= gen | husband=3 sg . gen |
| The wife was angered by [what] her husband said. | ||||
13
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Ik<in>a-gálit=ng | mísis | ang=s<in>ábi=ng | míster=niyá. |
| causalv < pv . pfv >-anger= gen | wife | nom =< pv . pfv >say= gen | husband=3 sg . gen |
| The wife got angry at [what] her husband said. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||
14
Status: main; causal marker: sa
| Na-sabík | ang=báta-ng | laláki | sa | idéya-ng | itó. |
| pfv . mod . ev -excite | nom =child- lk | man | obl | idea- lk | prox |
| The boy was thrilled by this idea. | |||||
14
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Ik<in>a-sábik=ng | báta-ng | laláki | ang=idéya-ng | itó. |
| causalv < pv . pfv >-excite= gen | child- lk | man | nom =idea- lk | prox |
| The boy was excited with this idea. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||||
15
Status: alternate; causal marker: dahil sa
| Nang-hínaˀ | ang=laláki | dáhil | sa | gútom. |
| av . pfv -weak | nom =man | because | obl | hunger |
| The man got weakened because of hunger. | ||||
15
Status: main; causal marker: sa
| Nang-hínaˀ | sa | gútom | ang=laláki. |
| av . pfv -weak | obl | hunger | nom =man |
| The man got weakened out of hunger. | |||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: dahil sa
| Na-matáy | ang=laláki | dáhil | sa | matindí-ng | gútom. |
| pfv . mod . ev -die | nom =man | because | obl | intense- lk | hunger |
| The man died because of intense hunger. | |||||
16
Status: main; causal marker: sa
| Na-matáy | sa | gútom | ang=laláki. |
| pfv . mod . ev -die | obl | hunger | nom =man |
| The man died of hunger. | |||
17
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| S<um>i~sigáw | ang=laláki | dáhil | sa | sakít. |
| < av > ipfv ~scream | nom =man | because | obl | pain |
| The man is screaming because of the pain. | ||||
17
Status: alternate; causal marker: sa
| S<um>i~sigáw | sa | sakít | ang=laláki. |
| < av > ipfv ~scream | obl | pain | nom =man |
| The man is screaming from the pain. | |||
18
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Nangi~nginíg | ang=babáe | dáhil | sa | lamíg. |
| av . ipfv ~shiver | nom =woman | because | obl | cold |
| The woman is shivering because of the cold. | ||||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: sa
| Nanga~ngatóg | sa | gínaw | ang=babáe. |
| av . ipfv ~shiver | obl | cold | nom =woman |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||
19
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Um-iyák | ang=bátaˀ | dáhil | sa | tákot. |
| av . pfv -cry | nom =child | because | obl | fear |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | ||||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: sa
| Um-iyák | sa | tákot | ang=bátaˀ. |
| av . pfv -cry | obl | fear | nom =child |
| The child began to cry with fear. | |||
20
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| T<um>áwaˀ | ang=bátaˀ | dáhil | sa | sayá. |
| < av . pfv >laugh | nom =child | because | obl | joy |
| The child laughed because of joy. | ||||
21
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Nag-tágoˀ | sa | kamálig | ang=bátaˀ | dáhil | sa | tákot. |
| av . pfv -hide | obl | barn | nom =child | because | obl | fear |
| The child hid in the barn out of fear. | ||||||
22
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Nan-[s]atíli-ng | tahímik | ang=laláki | dáhil | sa | pangingimíˀ. |
| av . pfv -stay- lk | calm | nom =man | because | obl | modesty |
| The man kept silent out of modesty. | |||||
23
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| H<in>awák-an=ng | babáe | ang=kamáy=ng | kanyá-ng | kapatíd | dáhil | sa | tákot. |
| < pv . pfv >seize- lv = gen | woman | nom =hand= gen | 3 sg . gen - lk | sibling | because | obl | fear |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand because of fear. | |||||||
24
Status: main; causal marker: sa
| Na-págod | ang=babáe | sa | trabáho. |
| pfv . mod . ev -tired | nom =woman | obl | work |
| The woman is tired from work. | |||
25
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Hindíˀ | maka-túlog | ang=babáe | dáhil | sa | mga=lamók. |
| neg | av . neut . mod -sleep | nom =woman | because | obl | pl =mosquito |
| The woman cannot fall asleep because of the mosquitoes. | |||||
26
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Maliwánag | ang=túbig | dáhil | sa | buwán. |
| bright | nom =water | because | obl | moon |
| The water looks bright because of the moon. | ||||
27
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Dáhil | sa | áso, | nag-tagumpáy | ang=laláki | sa | pangangáso=niyá. |
| because | obl | dog | av . pfv -victory | nom =man | obl | hunt=3 sg . gen |
| Thanks to the dog, the man had a successful hunt. | ||||||
28
Status: main; causal marker: sa
| Na-gálit | ang=babáe | sa | asáwa=niyá. |
| pfv . mod . ev -anger | nom =woman | obl | spouse=3 sg . gen |
| The wife was angry at her husband. | |||
29
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Na-hulí | sa | trabáho | ang=babáe | dáhil | sa | kanyá-ng | asáwa. |
| pfv . mod . ev -late | obl | work | nom =woman | because | obl | 3 sg . gen - lk | spouse |
| The woman was late for work because of her spouse. | |||||||
30
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Na-matáy | ang=mga=táo | dáhil | sa | lindól. |
| pfv . mod . ev -die | nom = pl =person | because | obl | earthquake |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | ||||
31
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Ang=lahát=ng | kamalásan | ay | dáhil | sa | táo. |
| nom =all= gen | misfortune | top | because | obl | person |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | |||||
32
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Mas | naka~ka-kíta | nang=maáyos | ang=laláki | dáhil | sa | operasyón. |
| deg . comp | av . mod ~ ipfv -see | lk =orderly | nom =man | because | obl | surgery |
| The man can see better now thanks to the operation. | ||||||
33
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Buháy | ang=babáe | dáhil | sa | laláki. |
| alive | nom =woman | because | obl | man |
| The woman is alive thanks to that man. | ||||
34
Status: main; causal marker: dulot ng
| S<in>ábi | itó=ng | míster | sa | mísis=niyá | dúlot=ng | katangáhan. |
| < pv . pfv >say | prox = gen | husband | obl | wife=3 sg . gen | offering= gen | stupidity |
| The man told his wife about it out of stupidity. | ||||||
35
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Na-dulás | ang=babáe | dáhil | sa | kapabayáan. |
| pfv . mod . ev -slip | nom =woman | because | obl | carelessness |
| The woman slipped because of carelessness. | ||||
36
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Nai-lapág | nang=maáyos=ng | pilóto | ang=eropláno, | dáhil | sa | karanásan=niyá. |
| pv . pfv . mod -placing_down | lk =orderly= gen | pilot | nom =airplane | because | obl | experience=3 sg . gen |
| The pilot was able to land the plane thanks to his experience. | ||||||
37
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Hindíˀ | nai-lapág=ng | pilóto | ang=eropláno | dáhil | sa | kawalán=niyá=ng | karanásan. |
| neg | pv . pfv . mod -placing_down= gen | pilot | nom =airplane | because | obl | absence=3 sg . gen = gen | experience |
| The pilot could not land the plane due to the lack of experience. | |||||||
38
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Noó-ng | digmáan, | k<um>áin=ng | damó | ang=mga=táo | dáhil | sa | gútom. |
| dist . gen - lk | war | < av . pfv >eat= gen | grass | nom = pl =person | because | obl | hunger |
| In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger. | |||||||
39
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| P<um>ások | ang=babáe | dáhil | sa | pangungusísaˀ. |
| < av . pfv >enter | nom =woman | because | obl | curiosity |
| The woman went inside out of curiosity. | ||||
40
Status: alternate; causal marker: gawa ng
| P<in>atáy=ng | míster | ang=mísis=niyá | gawáˀ=ng | sélos. |
| < pv . pfv >kill= gen | husband | nom =wife=3 sg . gen | deed= gen | jealousy |
| The man killed his wife due to jealousy. | ||||
40
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| P<in>atáy=ng | laláki | ang=kaniyá-ng | asáwa | dáhil | sa | sélos. |
| < pv . pfv >kill= gen | man | nom =3 sg . gen - lk | spouse | because | obl | jealousy |
| The man killed his wife out of jealousy. | ||||||
41
Status: alternate; causal marker: dulot ng
| S<in>ábi=ng | laláki | sa | lahát | ang=tungkól | díto | dúlot=ng | kayabángan. |
| < pv . pfv >say= gen | man | obl | all | nom =about | prox . loc | offering= gen | arrogance |
| The man told everyone about it out of arrogance. | |||||||
41
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Ik<in>uwénto | itó=ng | laláki | sa | lahát | dáhil | sa | kayabángan. |
| ev < pv . pfv >story | prox = gen | man | obl | all | because | obl | arrogance |
| The man told everyone about it out of arrogance. | |||||||
42
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| B<in>aság=ng | babáe | ang=lahát=na | pláto | dáhil | sa | gálit. |
| < pv . pfv >break= gen | woman | nom =all= lk | dish | because | obl | anger |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | ||||||
43
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Na-túlog | ng=may | damít | ang=babáe | dáhil | sa | lamíg. |
| pfv . mod . ev -sleep | lk = exist | cloth | nom =woman | because | obl | cold |
| The woman went to sleep clothed because of the cold. | ||||||
44
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| P<in>úri=ng | gúroˀ | ang=estudyánte | dáhil | sa | kanyá-ng | suót. |
| < pv . pfv >praise= gen | teacher | nom =student | because | obl | 3 sg . gen - lk | suit |
| The teacher commended the student because of his suit. | ||||||
45
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| P<in>atáy=ng | laláki | ang=kapitbáhay=niyá | dáhil | sa | mga=s<in>ábi=nitó. |
| < pv . pfv >kill= gen | man | nom =neighbour=3 sg . gen | because | obl | pl =< pv . pfv >say= prox . gen |
| The man killed his neighbor because of what his said. | |||||
46
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Nag-áway | ang=mga=bátaˀ | dáhil | sa | bóla. |
| av . pfv -quarrel | nom = pl =child | because | obl | ball |
| The children quarrelled because of the ball. | ||||
46
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| P<in>ag-awáy-an=ng | mga=bátaˀ | ang=bóla. |
| pv < pfv >-quarrel- recp = gen | pl =child | nom =ball |
| The children quarrelled about the ball. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
47
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Nag-áway | ang=laláki | sa | kapatíd=niyá | dáhil | sa | mána. |
| av . pfv -quarrel | nom =man | obl | sibling=3 sg . gen | because | obl | inheritance |
| The man argued with his brother because of the inheritance. | ||||||
48
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| B<in>ilí=ng | babáe | ang=libró | dáhil | sa | mga=laráwan. |
| < pv . pfv >buy= gen | woman | nom =book | because | obl | pl =picture |
| The woman bought the book because of the pictures. | |||||
49
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| K<in>ánsel=ng | babáe | ang=mga=pláno | kasáma=ng | kaibigan=niyá | dáhil | pángit | ang=mood=niyá. |
| < pv . pfv >cancel= gen | woman | nom = pl =plan | together= gen | friend=3 sg . gen | because | nasty | nom =mood=3 sg . gen |
| The woman canceled plans with her friend, because her mood was nasty. | |||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Um-ulán=yátaˀ | kagabí | kasí | may | ludlód. |
| av . pfv -rain= unc | yesterday | because | exist | puddle |
| Apparently it rained last night, because there are puddles. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Dáhil | may | bulá | [na], | k<um>u~kulóˀ | ang=túbig. |
| because | exist | foam | already, | < av > ipfv ~boil | nom =water |
| Since there is foam [already], the water is boiling. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Tulóy | kayó | sa | báhay | at | malamíg. |
| imp [continue] | 2 pl | obl | house | and | cold |
| Come into the house, as it is cold. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Nasaán | ang=panggináw=ko | at | malamíg? |
| where | nom =sweater=1 sg . gen | and | cold |
| Where is my sweater, as it is cold. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
54
Status: main; causal marker: ayon sa
| Ayon | sa | mathematical | law, | ang=número-ng | itó | ay | di=maári-ng | magíng | mas | mabábaˀ | sa | isá. |
| according | obl | mathematical | law | nom =number- lk | prox | top | neg =able- lk | av . neut [become] | deg . comp | low | obl | one |
| According to the mathematical law, this number cannot become less than one. | ||||||||||||