Guro
Contributed by Olga Kuznetsova (Academia.edu profile). The data were gathered in 2021.
How to cite
Kuznetsova, Olga. 2022. Nominal causal constructions in Guro. In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on December 1, 2022; last revised on December 1, 2022). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: nya
| sɔ | bɛ'nɛ́ | vʋ̌ | dɔ̀lɔ́lɔ̌ | yuɛí | nya |
| clothes | piece | leave\ pfv | fresh | tears | with |
| The handerchief soaked from tears. | |||||
2
Status: main; causal marker: lee
| yílí | bana | yelí | é | bɛ̌n | léè |
| tree | branch | fracture\ pfv | 3 sg . refl | heaviness | at |
| The tree branch fractured from the weight. | |||||
3
Status: main; causal marker: lee
| lɩ | zàn | à | kɔɔ̀lú | bhʋ-nâ | cɛ́ | gòí | léè |
| woman | resp | cop | cough | knock- prog | hot | smoke | at |
| The woman is coughing because of the smoke. | |||||||
4
Status: main; causal marker: lee
| wò | ká | yí | bha | jì | yè | fɛ | nâ | gùnù | lèè | lo |
| 3 pl | neg | water | bank | inside | see. ipfv \ ipfv . neg | thing | at | darkness | at | neg |
| We can’t see the bank because of the darkness. | ||||||||||
5
Status: main; causal marker: wii
| wò | saán | ye | wò | gɔnɛ | zàn | kún | à | tɔ́ | wíǐ |
| 3 pl | lose\ pfv | then | 3 pl | male | resp | grab\ pfv | 3 sg . nsbj | name | because |
| They made a mistake and arrested a man because of his name. | |||||||||
6
Status: main; causal marker: wii
| yílí | zàná | fuùlɔ́ | wíǐ |
| tree | overturn\ pfv | wind | because |
| The tree overturned because of the wind. | |||
7
Status: main; causal marker: pa ji nya
| gɔnɛ | zàn | gǎ | kuu'nâ | pá | jì | nya |
| male | resp | die\ pfv | electricity | track | inside | with |
| The man died from electrisity. | ||||||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: nya
| wò | gɔnɛ | zàn | jɛ̌ | lɛì | nya |
| 3 pl | male | resp | hit\ pfv | bullet | with |
| The man died from bullet. | |||||
8
Status: main; causal marker: lee
| lɩ | zàn | vùò | fɛ | vun | leè |
| woman | resp | wake\ pfv | thing | noise | at |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | |||||
9
Status: main; causal marker: pa ji nya
| gɔnɛ | zàn | wuo | à | yaa-nâ | nwɛ | pɛ́ì | nya |
| male | resp | head | cop | hurt- prog | wine | track | inside with |
| A man's head hurts from the wine. | |||||||
10
Status: main; causal marker: ma
| lɩ | zàn | yélí | sí | bɛnɛnɛ́ | le | bhulùlá-lɩ | ma |
| woman | resp | laughter | leave\ pfv | puppy | poss | roll- ger | on |
| The woman laughed at the puppy's tumbling. | |||||||
11
Status: main; causal marker: zuo
| gɔnɛ | zàn | gǎ | lálɩ́ | zɛ̀mà | pɔ | bhɩlɩ̀-lɩ | zuo |
| male | resp | die\ pfv | poison | put | 3 sg . nsbj | on | fish eat- ger behind |
| The man died from eating a poisonous fish. | |||||||
12
Status: main; causal marker: ma
| bɛ̀nɛ́ | zàn | jì-naná | sɛ́bhɛ̂ | le | wà | nɔ́ | à | lɛ̀ | bhɛ | à | mà |
| girl | resp | inside-be.satisfied\ pfv | paper | compl | 3 pl >3 sg . nsbj | give\ pfv | 3 sg . nsbj | for | art | 3 sg . nsbj | on |
| The girl is satisfied with the paper she was given. | |||||||||||
13
Status: main; causal marker: ma
| lɩ | zàn | bhílí | filí | é | zàná | le | wɩ́ | fɩ̂-lɩ | ma |
| woman | resp | liver | boil\ pfv | 3 sg . refl | husband | poss | affair | speak- ger | on |
| The wife was angry because of what her husband has said. | |||||||||
14
Status: main; causal marker: ma
| nɛ́ | gɔnɛ | nɛ́ | jì | naná | wɩ́ | kʋ́ | ma |
| child | male | dim | inside | be.satisfied\ pfv | affair | this | on |
| A boy was exсited about it. | |||||||
15
Status: main; causal marker: lee
| gɔnɛ | zàn | vʋ̌ | tɔɔ́lɔ̌ | lɔlɔ́ | léè |
| male | resp | leave\ pfv | soft | hunger | at |
| The man felt bad bacause of hunger. | |||||
16
Status: main; causal marker: lee
| gɔnɛ | zàn | gǎ | lɔlɔ́ | léè |
| male | resp | die\ pfv | hunger | at |
| The man died of starvation. | ||||
17
Status: main; causal marker: lee
| gɔnɛ | zàn | siaá | kɔ́lɛ́ | tɔ́nɔ́ | léè |
| male | resp | cry\ pfv | skin | painful | at |
| The man screamed from the pain. | |||||
18
Status: main; causal marker: lee
| lɩ | zàn | à | nyɔ̀ɔ̀-nà | dùnù | lèè |
| woman | resp | cop | shake- prog | cold | at |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||||
19
Status: main; causal marker: le wi ma
| nɛ́ | à | wúɔ-nâ | káná | zɛ̀-nɛ | à | jì | le | wɩ́ | ma |
| child | cop | cry | sow- prog | fear | put- ger | 3 sg . nsbj | inside | poss | affair on |
| The child began to cry because he was frightened. | |||||||||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: lee
| nɛ́ | à | wúɔ-nâ | káná | lèè |
| child | cop | cry | sow- prog | fear at |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | ||||
20
Status: main; causal marker: le wi ma
| nɛ́ | à | yélí | sí-nâ | à | jì | nànà-lɩ | le | wɩ́ | ma |
| child | cop | laughter | leave- prog | 3 sg . nsbj | inside | be.satisfied- ger | poss | affair | on |
| The child laughed out of satisfaction. | |||||||||
21
Status: main; causal marker: le wi ma
| nɛ́ | yɔʋ́ | kɔ́n | pɩ-lɩ | jǐ | káná | zɛ̀nɛ | à | jì | le | wɩ́ | ma |
| dim | hide\ pfv | house | spoilt | in | fear | put- ger | 3 sg . nsbj | inside | poss | affair | on |
| A boy hid in a destroyed house out of fear. | |||||||||||
22
Status: main; causal marker: le wi ma
| gɔnɛ | zàn | ká | wɩ́ | dʋ | fɩ | lɛ | lo | bò | cɔ́ɛ̀nɛ́ | le | wɩ́ | jǐ |
| male | resp | neg | affair | indf | speak | pfv . neg | neg | self | small | poss | affair | in |
| The man kept silent because of modesty. | ||||||||||||
23
Status: main; causal marker: le wi ma
| lɩ | zàn, | káná-lɩ | le | wɩ́ | ma, | ye | é | bhʋɩ | kún | é | bɛ | ma |
| woman | resp | be.afraid- ger | poss | affair | on | then | 3 sg . refl | elder.brother | grab\ pfv | 3 sg . refl | arm | on |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand because she was afraid. | ||||||||||||
24
Status: main; causal marker: wii
| lɩ | zàn | wɛ́lɛ́ì | nyaá | nyáná | gɔ̀lɔ̀lɔ́ɔ́ | dʋ | pá-lɩ | wiǐ |
| woman | resp | bone | inside | finish\ pfv | work | long | indf | put.into- ger because |
| The woman got tired because she was working long. | ||||||||
25
Status: main; causal marker: lee
| lɩ | zàn | ká | sɔ́à | yiɛ̀-lɩ | nya | kɛnɛnɛ | nû | leè | lo |
| woman | resp | neg | be.liked\ ipfv . neg - ipfv | sleep- ger | with | mosquito | pl | at | neg |
| The woman can’t fall asleep because of the mosquitoes. | |||||||||
26
Status: main; causal marker: le wi ma
| yí | yuɛ́ | kɛlɛ́ | sese | mɔnɛ | le | wɩ́ | ma |
| water | eye | make\ pfv | clear | lune | poss | affair | on |
| The water looks clear because of the moon. | |||||||
27
Status: main; causal marker: wii
| gɔnɛ | zàn | le | dɔ̌n | lɛ́-sɔɔ́ | à | le | bɛnɛ | wiǐ |
| male | resp | poss | hunting | reach\ pfv | 3 sg . nsbj | poss | dog | because |
| The man had a successful hunt because of his dog. | ||||||||
28
Status: main; causal marker: va
| lɩ | zàn | bhílí | filí | é | zàná | và |
| woman | resp | liver | boil\ pfv | 3 sg . refl | husband | at |
| The wife was angry at her husband. | ||||||
29
Status: main; causal marker: pa ji nya
| lɩ | zàn | dǎ | é | vòèlà | é | le | nyáná | la, | à | zàná | páì | nya |
| woman | resp | come\ pfv | adv | last | 3 sg . refl | poss | work | on | 3 sg . nsbj | husband | track.inside | with |
| The woman was late for work because of her husband. | ||||||||||||
30
Status: main; causal marker: pa ji nya
| munû | gǎ | tɛ́lɛ́mânyɔ̀ɔ̀nɛ | páì | nya |
| man | pl | die\ pfv | earthquake | track.inside with |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | ||||
31
Status: main; causal marker: pai
| mi | páì | lè | wɩ́ | nyanɛ́ | fáá | nya |
| man | track.inside | pcop | affair | bad | all | with |
| It is because of man all the bad things happened. | ||||||
32
Status: main; causal marker: le wi ma
| mi | bhɛ, | à | yuɛ́và | jɛ̌ | dɔ̀ɔ̀lɔ̂ | pá-lɩ | à | mà | le | wɩ́ | ma |
| man | this | 3 sg . nsbj | eyesight | hit\ pfv | medicine | put.into- ger | 3 sg . nsbj | surface | poss | affair | on |
| A man started to see better after an operation on his eye. | |||||||||||
33
Status: main; causal marker: wii
| lɩ | zàn | à | é | yuɛ́ | ma | mi | kʋ́ | à | wìí |
| woman | resp | cop | 3 sg . refl | eye | on | man | this | 3 sg . nsbj | because |
| The woman stay alive because of this man. | |||||||||
34
Status: main; causal marker: nya
| gɔnɛ | zàn | à | fɩ́ | é | na | lɛ | bòà-wɩ̀ | nya |
| male | resp | 3 sg . nsbj | speak\ pfv | 3 sg . refl | wife | for | simple-affair\ nref | with |
| The man told his wife about it out of naivety. | ||||||||
35
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| lɩ | zàn | bhùù | é | mɔɔ̀nɔnɛ́ | và |
| woman | resp | fail\ pfv | 3 sg . refl | surprise | at |
| A woman fell on her own surprise. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adverb, not a nominal phrase. | |||||
35
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| lɩ | zàn | bhílí | ká | à | lɛ̀ | lo, | à | le | wɩ́ | ma | le | è | bhùù |
| woman | resp | liver | neg | 3 sg . nsbj | for | neg | 3 sg . nsbj | poss | affair | on | pcop | 3 sg . sbj | fail\ pfv |
| A woman was not paying attention, this is why she fell. | |||||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing and the caused events are not expressed in a single sentence. | |||||||||||||
36
Status: main; causal marker: le wi ma
| viɔɔ̀n | vɔ-zàn | sɔ́ | à | zùnlɩ | nya | é | le | nyáná | dɔ̀ɔ̀lɩ | le | wɩ́ | ma |
| airplane | sow- ag | be.liked\ pfv | 3 sg . nsbj | go.down- ger | with | 3 sg . refl | poss | work | know- ger | poss | affair | on |
| The pilot was able to land the plane thanks to good knowledge of his job. | ||||||||||||
37
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| viɔɔ̀n | vɔ-zàn | ká | sɔ́ | lɛ | à | zùnlɩ | nya | lo, | naa, | è | ká | é | le | nyáná | dɔ̀ɔ̀à | é | zì'má | lo | à | le | wɩ́ | ma | le |
| airplane | sow- ag | neg | be.liked | pfv . neg | 3 sg . nsbj | go.down- ger | with | neg | so | 3 sg . sbj | neg | 3 sg . refl | poss | work | know. neg | adv | good | neg | 3 sg . nsbj | poss | affair | on | pcop |
| A pilot was not able to land an aircraft because he did not know his work good enough, this is why. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
38
Status: main; causal marker: wii
| guli-dan | bhelèí | và, | munû | é | lu | bhele | lɔlɔ́ | wíǐ |
| war-sell | time | at | man | pl | ipfv | herb | eat- ipfv | hunger because |
| In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger. | ||||||||
39
Status: main; causal marker: wi ma
| lɩ | zàn | wàlà | à | jǐ, | à | nà | wɩ́ | dɔ̀ɔ̀-lɩ́ | wɩ̂ | mà |
| woman | resp | enter\ pfv | 3 sg . nsbj | in | 3 sg . nsbj | at | affair | know- ger | affair- gen | on |
| The woman went inside out of wish to know the deal in detail. | ||||||||||
40
Status: main; causal marker: nya
| gɔnɛ | zàn | é | na | jɛ̌ | maà | wʋ̀-lɩ | nya |
| male | resp | 3 sg . refl | wife | hit\ pfv | envy | carry- ger | with |
| The man killed his wife out of jealousy. | |||||||
41
Status: main; causal marker: nya
| gɔnɛ | zàn | à | fáá | gɩ̀lɩ̀-wʋ́ | bòà | wɩ̀ | nya |
| male | resp | 3 sg . nsbj | all | chat-carry\ pfv | simple | affair\ nref | with |
| The man told everyone about it out of naivety. | |||||||
42
Status: main; causal marker: nya
| lɩ | zàn | kana | pû | fáá | wií | é | bhílí | fílì-lɩ | nya |
| woman | resp | sheet.metal | whole | all | break\ pfv | 3 sg . refl | liver | boil- ger | with |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | |||||||||
43
Status: main; causal marker: le wi ma
| lɩ | zàn | yiá | sɔ | nya | é | ta | dùnù | le | wɩ́ | ma |
| woman | resp | lie\ pfv | clothes | with | 3 sg . refl | on | cold | poss | affair | on |
| The woman went to sleep clothed, because of the cold. | ||||||||||
44
Status: main; causal marker: wii
| lɛɛ́kɔlútí | tɔ́ | nɔ́ | nɛ́ | zàn | lɛ̀ | à | tà | sɔ | wiǐ |
| teacher | name | give\ pfv | child | resp | for | 3 sg . nsbj | on | clothes | because |
| The teacher commended the student for his clothes. | |||||||||
45
Status: main; causal marker: ma
| gɔnɛ | zàn | é | pumazàn | bhalaá | bhɛ́ | lélê | mà |
| male | resp | 3 sg . refl | neighbour | hit\ pfv | that | voice | on |
| The man beat his neighbor because of his words. | |||||||
46
Status: main; causal marker: le wi ma
| nunù | gùlì | dǎn | wó | cɩ | và | bà'nɔ̂ | dʋ | le | wɩ́ | ma |
| child. pl | fight | sell\ pfv | 3 pl . refl | recp | at | ball | indf | poss | affair | on |
| The children fought over the ball. | ||||||||||
47
Status: main; causal marker: le wi ta
| gɔnɛ | zàn | zɔ̀ɔ̀ | dɔ̌ | é | bhʋɩ | và | zàlá | le | wɩ́ | ta |
| male | resp | quarrel | stop\ pfv | 3 sg . refl | elder.brother | at | heritage | poss | affair | on |
| The man argued with his elder brother over the heritage. | ||||||||||
48
Status: main; causal marker: wii
| lɩ | zàn | sɛ́bhɛ̂ | pá | kʋ́ | lɔ́ | à | jǐ | nyɔɔ | wiǐ |
| woman | resp | paper | put.into\ pfv | this | buy\ pfv | 3 sg . nsbj | in | pattern | because |
| The woman bought the book because of the pictures. | |||||||||
49
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| lɩ | zàn | à | dɔ̌ | é | jì | le, | é | ká | gʋ-nâ | é | bhɔɛ'nɛ́ | và | lo, | à | fúú | ká | à | tà | lo | à | zàmá |
| woman | resp | 3 sg . nsbj | stop\ pfv | 3 sg . refl | inside | compl | 3 sg . jnt | neg | go- prog | 3 sg . refl | firend | at | neg | 3 sg . nsbj | courage | neg | 3 sg . nsbj | on | neg | 3 sg . nsbj | for |
| A woman decided that she would not go to her friend, because she was in a bad mood. | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||||||||||||||
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| lɛɛ́ | dǎ | beliwʋ́, | à | wìí | le | án | yí | dɔ̀-lɩ | nû | ye |
| rain | come\ pfv | night.this | 3 sg . nsbj | affair | in | pcop | 1 sg . ipfv | water | stop- ger | pl see. ipfv |
| It was raining in the night, that is why I see puddles now. | ||||||||||
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. | ||||||||||
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| yí | à | fili-nâ, | à | tà | buɛ | le | ma | ye, | à | le | wɩ́ | ma | le |
| water | cop | boil- prog | 3 sg . nsbj | surface | foam | rel | 1 sg . ipfv >3 sg . nsbj | see. ipfv | 3 sg . nsbj | poss | affair | surface | pcop |
| The water is boiling, because I can see foam in it. | |||||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | |||||||||||||
52
Status: main; causal marker: le wi ma
| í | wɔala | à | jǐ, | dùnù | le | wɩ́ | ma |
| 2 sg . opt | enter | 3 sg . nsbj | in | cold | poss | affair | on |
| Come inside because of the cold! | |||||||
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| an | le | sɔ | ká? | Naa, | dùnù | à, | à | le | wɩ́ | ma | le |
| 1 sg | poss | clothes | where? | so | cold | cop | 3 sg . nsbj | poss | affair | on | top |
| Where is my clothes? It is cold indeed. | |||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing and the caused events are not expressed in a single sentence. | |||||||||||
54
Status: main; causal marker: yalama
| fɛ | leé | bhɛ, | è | ká | sɔ́à | kɛlɛ̀-lɩ | nya | fɛ | dʋ | wuò | lo, | fɛ | leé | jǐbhɔ̂í | bɛ̀ | le | beli-dɔ | wɩ́ | yalama |
| thing | in.front.of | art | 3 sg . sbj | neg | be.liked. ipfv \ ipfv . neg | make- ger | with | thing | one | under | neg | thing | in.front.of | count | way\ nref | poss | command-stop | affair | in_accordance |
| This number can not be bigger than one under the mathematical rules. | |||||||||||||||||||