Khmer
Contributed by Sergey Dmitrenko. The data were gathered in 2021.
How to cite
Dmitrenko, Sergey. 2022. Nominal causal constructions in Khmer. In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on December 1, 2022; last revised on December 1, 2022). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| kɒnsaeŋ | nih | tɔtɯk | cọk | daoj1 | saː2 | tɯk3 | phnɛ:k4 rɔbɒh niəŋ |
| handkerchief | this | be_wet | drench | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | tear3,4 | poss | young_girl |
| This handkerchief got soaked from her tears. | |||||||
2
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| mɛ:k | chɤ: | bak | daoj1 | saː2 | tumŋʊən | phlae | rɔbɒh viə |
| branch | tree | break | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | weight | fruit | poss | 3 |
| The branch broke from the weight of its fruit. | |||||||
2
Status: alternate; causal marker: maok pi
| mɛ:k | chɤ: | bak | maok1 | pi:2 | tumŋʊən | phlae | rɔbɒh viə |
| branch | tree | break | maok _ pi ː1,2 | weight | fruit | poss | 3 |
| The branch broke from the weight of its fruit. | |||||||
2
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh tae
| mɛ:k | chɤ: | bak | prʊəh1 | tae2 | tumŋʊən | phlae | rɔbɒh viə |
| branch | tree | break | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 1,2 | weight | fruit | poss | 3 |
| The branch broke from the weight of its fruit. | |||||||
3
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| niəŋ | srɒk | tɯk1 | phnɛ:k2 | daoj3 | saː4 | phsaeŋ | coul | knoŋ | phnɛ:k rɔbɒh niəŋ |
| young_girl | drip | tear1,2 | daoj _ sa ː3,4 | smoke | enter | in | eye | poss | girl |
| She was crying because the smoke made her eyes tear. | |||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||
3
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| niəŋ | srɒk | tɯk1 | phnɛ:k2 | prʊəh3 | tae4 | phsaeŋ | coul | knoŋ | phnɛ:k rɔbɒh niəŋ |
| young_girl | drip | tear1,2 | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 3,4 | smoke | enter | in | eye | poss | girl |
| She was crying because the smoke made her eyes tear. | |||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||
3
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| niəŋ | srɒk | tɯk1 | phnɛ:k2 | maok3 | pi:4 | phsaeŋ | coul | knoŋ | phnɛ:k rɔbɒh niəŋ |
| young_girl | drip | tear1,2 | maok _ pi ː3,4 | smoke | enter | in | eye | poss | girl |
| She was crying because the smoke made her eyes tear. | |||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||
3
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| niəŋ | srɒk | tɯk1 | phnɛ:k2 | daoj3 | saː4 miən phsaeŋ |
| young_girl | drip | tear1,2 | daoj _ sa ː3.4 | have | smoke |
| She was crying because there was smoke. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
3
Status: alternate; causal marker: daoj sa
| niəŋ | srɒk | tɯk1 | phnɛ:k2 | daoj3 saː4 phsaeŋ |
| young_girl | drip | tear1,2 | daoj _ sa ː3,4 | smoke |
| She was crying because of the smoke. | ||||
4
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| jɤːŋ | mɤːl | mɯn | khɤːɲ | mɔat | tɔnle: | daoj1 | saː2 | coh Ɂap |
| 1 pl | look | neg | see | bank | river | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | get_down | fog |
| We cannot see the river bank because the fog has settled. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| jɤːŋ | mɤːl | mɯn | khɤːɲ | mɔat | tɔnle: | prʊəh1 | tae2 | coh Ɂap |
| 1 pl | look | neg | see | bank | river | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 1,2 | get_down | fog |
| We cannot see the river bank because the fog has settled. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| jɤːŋ | mɤːl | mɯn | khɤːɲ | mɔat | tɔnle: | maok1 | pi:2 | coh Ɂap |
| 1 pl | look | neg | see | bank | river | maok _ pi ː1,2 | get_down | fog |
| We cannot see the river bank because the fog has settled. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: daoj sa
| jɤːŋ | mɤːl | mɯn | khɤːɲ | mɔat | tɔnle: | daoj1 | saː2 Ɂap |
| 1 pl | look | neg | see | bank | river | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | fog |
| We cannot see the river bank because of the fog. | |||||||
5
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| boʔrɒh | nih | trəw | coap1 | kuk2 | daoj3 | saː4 | kɒmhoh rɔbɒh poulih |
| man | this | pass | put_in_prison1,2 | daoj _ sa ː3,4 | mistake | poss | police |
| The man was put in prison by the mistake of the police. | |||||||
6
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| daəm1 | chɤ:2 | nih | rɔlʊm | daoj3 | saː4 khjɒl kɒntrak |
| tree1,2 | this | fall | daoj _ sa ː3,4 | wind | pull_out |
| This tree fell because it was pulled out by the wind. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: daoj sa
| daəm1 | chɤ:2 | nih | rɔlʊm | daoj3 | saː4 khjɒl pjuh |
| tree1,2 | this | fall | daoj _ sa ː3,4 | wind | tornado |
| This tree fell because of the wind storm. | |||||
7
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| kɔat | slap | daoj1 | saː2 krɔap3 pruəɲ4 |
| 3 | die | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | arrow3,4 |
| He died from an arrow. | |||
8
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| niəŋ | phɲeak | piː | deːk | daoj1 | saː2 | lɯː | sou | sɒmleːŋ khlaŋ |
| young_girl | wake_up | prep | sleep | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | hear | sound | sound | strong |
| She woke up from the loud noise. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||
8
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| niəŋ | phɲeak | piː | deːk | prʊəh1 | tae2 | lɯː | sou | sɒmleːŋ khlaŋ |
| young_girl | wake_up | prep | sleep | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 1,2 | hear | sound | sound | strong |
| She woke up from the loud noise. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||
8
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| niəŋ | phɲeak | piː | deːk | maok1 | pi:2 | lɯː | sou | sɒmleːŋ khlaŋ |
| young_girl | wake_up | prep | sleep | maok _ pi ː1,2 | hear | sound | sound | strong |
| She woke up from the loud noise. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||
9
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| mɯt1 | pheak2 | khɲom | chɯː | kba:l | daoj3 | saː4 sra: biːjɛː |
| friend1,2 | 1 sg | ache | head | daoj _ sa ː3,4 | alcohol | beer |
| My friend has a headache from the beer. | ||||||
10
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| niəŋ | saəc | daoj1 | saː2 | khɤːɲ | koun | chkae lẹːŋ |
| young_girl | laugh | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | see | child | dog | play |
| She laughed as she watched the puppy play. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
11
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| jaːŋ1 | təc2 | mɔnuh | 27 | neak | baːn | slap | daoj3 saː4 sraː |
| at_least1,2 | person | 27 | clf | prf | die | daoj _ sa ː3,4 | alcohol |
| At least 27 people died because of the alcohol. | |||||||
11
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| pu: | sok | slap | maok1 | pi:2 | pul phsət |
| uncle | pn | die | maok _ pi ː1,2 | poison | mushroom |
| Uncle Sok died because of the toxic mushroom. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | |||||
11
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| mɔnuh | 2 | neak | slap | prʊəh | pul | trəj1 krɒpɔːt2 |
| person | 2 | clf | die | pr ƱƏ h | poison | toadfish1,2 |
| Two people died because of the poisonous toadfish. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||||
12
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| koˀmarɛj | nih | treːk1 | ɒ:2 | nah | daoj3 | saː4 | niəŋ | baːn pintuˀ lˀɒː |
| girl | this | be_delighted1,2 | very | daoj _ sa ː3,4 | young_girl | receive | grade | good |
| The girl was happy to receive a good grade. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||
12
Status: alternate; causal marker: daoj sa
| koˀmarɛj | nih | treːk1 | ɒ:2 | nah | daoj3 | saː4 pintuˀ lˀɒː |
| girl | this | be_delighted1,2 | very | daoj _ sa ː3,4 | grade | good |
| The girl was happy with her good grade. | ||||||
13
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| prɒpʊən | khəŋ | khlaŋ | daoj1 | saː2 | piək | sɒmdəj | rɔbɒh pdəj |
| wife | anger | strong | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | word | conversation | poss | husband |
| The woman was angered by her husband's words. | |||||||
13
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh tae
| prɒpʊən | khəŋ | khlaŋ | prʊəh1 | tae2 | piək | sɒmdəj | rɔbɒh pdəj |
| wife | anger | strong | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 1,2 | word | conversation | poss | husband |
| The woman was angered by her husband's words. | |||||||
13
Status: alternate; causal marker: maok pi
| prɒpʊən | khəŋ | khlaŋ | maok1 | pi:2 | piək | sɒmdəj | rɔbɒh pdəj |
| wife | anger | strong | maok _ pi ː1,2 | word | conversation | poss | husband |
| The woman was angered by her husband's words. | |||||||
14
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| khɲom | rɔmphɤːp | riːk1 | riəj2 | daoj3 | saː4 | tae | kaː | suə | sok | tuk nuh teː |
| 1 sg | be_excited | rejoice1,2 | daoj _ sa ː3,4 | restr | nmlz | ask | happiness | grief | that | emph |
| I was excited by the mere question on how I was doing. | ||||||||||
15
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| boʔrɒh | nih | ˀɒh1 | kɒmlaŋ2 | daoj3 saː4 kaː5 ˀɒt6 khliən7 |
| man | this | grow_weak1,2 | daoj _ sa ː3,4 | hunger5,6,7 |
| This man grew weak from hunger. | ||||
15
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh tae
| boʔrɒh | nih | ˀɒh1 | kɒmlaŋ2 | prʊəh3 tae4 kaː5 ˀɒt6 khliən7 |
| man | this | grow_weak1,2 | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 3,4 | hunger5,6,7 |
| This man grew weak from hunger. | ||||
15
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh
| boʔrɒh | nih | ˀɒh1 | kɒmlaŋ2 | prʊəh kaː3 ˀɒt4 khliən5 |
| man | this | grow_weak1,2 | pr ƱƏ h | hunger3,4,5 |
| This man grew weak from hunger. | ||||
16
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| koat | slap | daoj1 | saː2 kaː3 Ɂɒt4 khliən5 |
| 3 | die | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | hunger3,4,5 |
| He died from hunger. | |||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh tae
| boʔrɒh | nih | slap | prʊəh1 | tae2 | cɔmŋɯː mɔhaːriːk |
| man | this | die | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 1,2 | disease | cancer |
| This man died from cancer. | |||||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh
| boʔrɒh | nih | slap | prʊəh | cɔmŋɯː | mɔhaːriːk |
| man | this | die | pr ƱƏ h | disease | cancer |
| This man died from cancer. | |||||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| boʔrɒh | nih | slap | maok1 | piː2 | kɔat | miən | cɔmŋɯː mɔhaːriːk |
| man | this | die | maok _ pi ː1,2 | 3 | have | disease | cancer |
| This man died because he had cancer. | |||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||
17
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| koat | sraek | daoj1 | saː2 | kaː chɯː3 сap4 |
| 3 | scream | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | nmlz | feel_pain3,4 |
| He was screaming from pain. | ||||
17
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh tae
| koat | sraek | prʊəh1 | tae2 | kaː chɯː3 сap4 |
| 3 | scream | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 1,2 | nmlz | feel_pain3,4 |
| He was screaming from pain. | ||||
18
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| niəŋ | rɔŋiə | ɲɔa | khluən | daoj1 | saː2 | ɁaːkaːsəɁthiət trɒceak |
| young_girl | be_cold | shiver | refl | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | weather | cold |
| She was shivering because of the cold weather. | ||||||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh tae
| niəŋ | rɔŋiə | ɲɔa | khluən | prʊəh1 | tae2 | ɁaːkaːsəɁthiət trɒceak |
| young_girl | be_cold | shiver | refl | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 12 | weather | cold |
| She was shivering because of the cold weather. | ||||||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh
| niəŋ | rɔŋiə | ɲɔa | khluən | prʊəh | ɁaːkaːsəɁthiət | trɒceak |
| young_girl | be_cold | shiver | refl | pr ƱƏ h | weather | cold |
| She was shivering because of the cold weather. | ||||||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: maok pi
| niəŋ | rɔŋiə | ɲɔa | khluən | maok1 | piː2 | ɁaːkaːsəɁthiət trɒceak |
| young_girl | be_cold | shiver | refl | maok _ pi ː1,2 | weather | cold |
| She was shivering because of the cold weather. | ||||||
19
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| niəŋ | jʊm | daoj1 | saː2 | səckdəj | phit phej |
| young_girl | cry | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | nmlz | fear | be_afraid |
| She cried from fear. | |||||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh tae
| niəŋ | jʊm | prʊəh1 | tae2 | səckdəj | phit phej |
| young_girl | cry | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 1,2 | nmlz | fear | be_afraid |
| She cried from fear. | |||||
20
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| koun | saəc | sɒpbaːj | daoj1 | saː2 | səckdəj | riːk3 | riəj4 | knoŋ | cət rəbɒh viə |
| child | laugh | cheer | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | nmlz | rejoice3,4 | in | heart | poss | 3 |
| The child laughed with joy. | |||||||||
21
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| daoj1 | saː2 | səckdəj | Ɂiən | kmah | koun | leak3 | khluən4 | knoŋ | phteah | mɯn | ceːɲ | maok | cuəp phɲiəw teː |
| daoj _ sa ː1,2 | nmlz | be_shy | be_ashamed | child | hide3,4 | in | house | neg | leave | approach | meet | guest | neg |
| As the child was ashamed, he hid in the house and didn't get out to meet the guests. | |||||||||||||
21
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh
| prʊəh | səckdəj | Ɂiən | kmah | koun | leak1 | khluən2 | knoŋ | phteah | mɯn | ceːɲ | maok | cuəp | phɲiəw teː |
| pr ƱƏ h | nmlz | be_shy | be_ashamed | child | hide1,2 | in | house | neg | leave | approach | meet | guest | neg |
| As the child was ashamed, he hid in the house and didn't get out to meet the guests. | |||||||||||||
21
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh tae
| prʊəh1 | tae2 | səckdəj | Ɂiən | kmah | koun | leak3 | khluən4 | knoŋ | phteah | mɯn | ceːɲ | maok | cuəp phɲiəw teː |
| pr ƱƏ h _ tae 1,2 | nmlz | be_shy | be_ashamed | child | hide3,4 | in | house | neg | leave | approach | meet | guest | neg |
| As the child was ashamed, he hid in the house and didn't get out to meet the guests. | |||||||||||||
21
Status: alternate; causal marker: maok pi
| maok1 | piː2 | səckdəj | Ɂiən | kmah | koun | leak3 | khluən4 | knoŋ | phteah | mɯn | ceːɲ | maok | cuəp phɲiəw teː |
| maok _ pi ː1,2 | nmlz | be_shy | be_ashamed | child | hide3,4 | in | house | neg | leave | approach | meet | guest | neg |
| As the child was ashamed, he hid in the house and didn't get out to meet the guests. | |||||||||||||
22
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| kɔat | mɯn | chlaɯj | nɯŋ | sɒmnuə | nih | tẹː | daoj1 | saː2 | səckdəj | khlaːc | rɔbɒh kẹː |
| 3 | neg | answer | prep | question | this | neg | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | nmlz | be_afraid | poss | 3 |
| He didn't answer the question out of fear. | |||||||||||
23
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| daoj1 | saː2 | ˀaːrɒːm | ɒh | sɒŋkhɯm | khlaŋ | pẹːk | niəŋ | cap | crɒbac | daj | rɔbɒh | pdɛj | jaːŋ khlaŋ |
| daoj _ sa ː1,2 | feeling | drain | hope | strong | too_much | young_girl | grasp | fasten | hand | poss | husband | appearance | strong |
| Ouf of desperation the woman clasped her husband's hand tightly. | |||||||||||||
24
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| prɒpʊən | khɲom | Ɂɒh1 | kɒmlaŋ2 | daoj3 | saː4 | niəŋ | thvɤː kəc5 kaː6 ŋiə7 ciə8 craən9 |
| wife | 1 sg | get_tired1,2 | daoj _ sa ː3,4 | young_girl | do | work5,6,7 | a_lot8,9 |
| My wife is tired with much work to do. | |||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||
24
Status: alternate; causal marker: daoj sa
| prɒpʊən | khɲom | Ɂɒh1 | kɒmlaŋ2 | daoj3 | saː4 kəc5 kaː6 ŋiə7 ciə8 craən9 |
| wife | 1 sg | get_tired1,2 | daoj _ sa ː3,4 | work5,6,7 | a_lot8,9 |
| My wife is tired with much work to do. | |||||
24
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh tae
| prɒpʊən | khɲom | Ɂɒh1 | kɒmlaŋ2 | prʊəh3 | tae4 kəc5 kaː6 ŋiə7 ciə8 craən9 |
| wife | 1 sg | get_tired1,2 | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 3,4 | work5,6,7 | a_lot8,9 |
| My wife is tired with much work to do. | |||||
25
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| koat | deːk | mɯn | lʊək | daoj1 | saː2 | muːh kham |
| 3 | lie_down | neg | sleep | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | mosquito | bite |
| He lied down without sleeping because mosquitoes bit him. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
25
Status: alternate; causal marker: daoj sa
| koat | deːk | mɯn | lʊək | daoj1 | saː2 muːh |
| 3 | lie_down | neg | sleep | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | mosquito |
| He lied down without sleeping because of the mosquitoes. | |||||
25
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| koat | deːk | mɯn | lʊək | prʊəh1 | tae2 | muːh kham |
| 3 | lie_down | neg | sleep | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 1,2 | mosquito | bite |
| He lied down without sleeping because mosquitoes bit him. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
25
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| koat | deːk | mɯn | lʊək | maok1 | pi2ː | muːh kham |
| 3 | lie_down | neg | sleep | maok _ pi ː1,2 | mosquito | bite |
| He lied down without sleeping because mosquitoes bit him. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
26
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| nəw | pẹːl | nih | tɯk | tɔnlẹː | miən | poa | prak | daoj1 | saː2 | caŋ | pɔnlɯː preah3 can4 |
| in | time | this | water | river | have | colour | silver | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | reflect | light | moon3,4 |
| The water in river is silver now because it reflects the moonlight. | |||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||||
26
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| nəw | pẹːl | nih | tɯk | tɔnlẹː | miən | poa | prak | daoj1 | saː2 | miən | pɔnlɯː preah3 can4 |
| in | time | this | water | river | have | colour | silver | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | have | light | moon3,4 |
| The water in river is silver now because of the moonlight. | |||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||||
26
Status: alternate; causal marker: daoj sa
| nəw | pẹːl | nih | tɯk | tɔnlẹː | miən | poa | prak | daoj1 | saː2 | pɔnlɯː preah3 can4 |
| in | time | this | water | river | have | colour | silver | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | light | moon3,4 |
| The water in river is silver now because of the moonlight. | ||||||||||
27
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| neak1 | prɒmaɲ2 | cap | sat | baːn | craən | daoj3 | saː4 | chkae | rɔbɒh kɔat svak |
| hunter1,2 | catch | animal | receive | a_lot | daoj _ sa ː3,4 | dog | poss | 3 | successful |
| The hunter caught many animals due to his prosperous dog. | |||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||
27
Status: alternate; causal marker: daoj sa
| neak1 | prɒmaɲ2 | cap | sat | baːn | craən | daoj3 | saː4 | chkae rɔbɒh kɔat |
| hunter1,2 | catch | animal | receive | a_lot | daoj _ sa ː3,4 | dog | poss | 3 |
| The hunter caught many animals due to his dog. | ||||||||
27
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh tae
| neak1 | prɒmaɲ2 | cap | sat | baːn | craən | prʊəh3 | tae4 | chkae rɔbɒh kɔat |
| hunter1,2 | catch | animal | receive | a_lot | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 3,4 | dog | poss | 3 |
| The hunter caught many animals due to his dog. | ||||||||
27
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| neak1 | prɒmaɲ2 | cap | sat | baːn | craən | prʊəh | chkae | rɔbɒh | kɔat svak |
| hunter1,2 | catch | animal | receive | a_lot | pr ƱƏ h | dog | poss | 3 | successful |
| The hunter caught many animals due to his prosperous dog. | |||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||
28
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. |
29
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| sətrəj | nih | maok1 | jɯːt2 | daoj3 | saː4 | pdəj rɔbɒh kɔat |
| woman | this | be_late1,2 | daoj _ sa ː3,4 | husband | poss | 3 |
| This woman was late for work because of her husband. | ||||||
30
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| puək | neak1 | ne:sa:t2 | trəj3 | slap | daoj4 saː5 tɯk6 cʊmnʊən7 khlaŋ |
| pl | fisherman1,2,3 | die | daoj _ sa ː4,5 | flooding6,7 | strong |
| Fishermen died because of a flooding. | |||||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh tae
| puək | neak1 | ne:sa:t2 | trəj3 | slap | prʊəh4 tae5 tɯk6 cʊmnʊən7 khlaŋ |
| pl | fisherman1,2,3 | die | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 4,5 | flooding6,7 | strong |
| Fishermen died because of a flooding. | |||||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| puək | neak1 | ne:sa:t2 | trəj3 | slap | maok4 | piː5 miən tɯk6 cʊmnʊən7 khlaŋ |
| pl | fisherman1,2,3 | die | maok _ pi ː4,5 | have | flooding6,7 | strong |
| Fishermen died because of a flooding. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
31
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| ɁaːkaːsəɁthiət | knoŋ | piɁphɔp1 | lọk2 | kan3 | tae4 | kdaw | khlaŋ | daoj5 | saː6 | sakammaphiəp rɔbɒh mɔnuh jɤːŋ |
| weather | in | world1,2 | more_and_more3,4 | hot | strong | daoj _ sa ː5,6 | activity | poss | person | 1 pl |
| The climate is getting hotter because of the human activities. | ||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||||||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| ɁaːkaːsəɁthiət | knoŋ | piɁphɔp1 | lọk2 | kan3 | tae4 | kdaw | khlaŋ | prʊəh5 | tae6 | sakammaphiəp rɔbɒh mɔnuh jɤːŋ |
| weather | in | world1,2 | more_and_more3,4 | hot | strong | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 5,6 | activity | poss | person | 1 pl |
| The climate is getting hotter because of the human activities. | ||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||||||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| ɁaːkaːsəɁthiət | knoŋ | piɁphɔp1 | lọk2 | kan3 | tae4 | kdaw | khlaŋ | prʊəh | sakammaphiəp | rɔbɒh mɔnuh jɤːŋ |
| weather | in | world1,2 | more_and_more3,4 | hot | strong | pr ƱƏ h | activity | poss | person | 1 pl |
| The climate is getting hotter because of the human activities. | ||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||||||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| ɁaːkaːsəɁthiət | knoŋ | piɁphɔp1 | lọk2 | kan3 | tae4 | kdaw | khlaŋ | maok5 | piː6 | sakammaphiəp rɔbɒh mɔnuh jɤːŋ |
| weather | in | world1,2 | more_and_more3,4 | hot | strong | maok _ pi ː5,6 | activity | poss | person | 1 pl |
| The climate is getting hotter because of the human activities. | ||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||||||||
32
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Ɂəjlɤw | kɔat | mɤːl | khɤːɲ | teaŋ1 | Ɂɒh2 | lɁɒː3 | ciəŋ4 | mun5 | daoj6 | saː7 | miən | sɒljeaɁkam tʊmnɤːp knoŋ pẹːl paccopbɒn |
| now | 3 | look | see | everything1,2 | better_than_before3,4,5 | daoj _ sa ː6,7 | have | surgery | modern | in | time | present |
| He can see better now thanks to the modern surgery. | ||||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||||||||||
32
Status: alternate; causal marker: daoj sa
| Ɂəjləw | kɔat | mɤːl | khɤːɲ | teaŋ1 | Ɂɒh2 | lɁɒː3 | ciəŋ4 | mun5 | daoj6 | saː7 | sɒljeaɁkam tʊmnɤːp knoŋ pẹːl paccopbɒn |
| now | 3 | look | see | everything1,2 | better_than_before3,4,5 | daoj _ sa ː6,7 | surgery | modern | in | time | present |
| He can see better now thanks to the modern surgery. | |||||||||||
32
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Ɂəjlɤw | kɔat | mɤːl | khɤːɲ | teaŋ1 | Ɂɒh2 | lɁɒː3 | ciəŋ4 | mun5 | prʊəh | miən | sɒljeaɁkam | tʊmnɤːp knoŋ pẹːl paccopbɒn |
| now | 3 | look | see | everything1,2 | better_than_before3,4,5 | pr ƱƏ h | have | surgery | modern | in | time | present |
| He can see better now thanks to the modern surgery. | ||||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||||||||||
32
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Ɂəjlɤw | kɔat | mɤːl | khɤːɲ | teaŋ1 | Ɂɒh2 | lɁɒː3 | ciəŋ4 | mun5 | prʊəh6 | tae7 | miən | sɒljeaɁkam tʊmnɤːp knoŋ pẹːl paccopbɒn |
| now | 3 | look | see | everything1,2 | better_than_before3,4,5 | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 6,7 | have | surgery | modern | in | time | present |
| He can see better now thanks to the modern surgery. | ||||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||||||||||
33
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| sətrəj | nih | nɤw | rʊəh | daoj1 | saː2 | boˀrɒh | mneak | nih | cuəj kɔat |
| woman | this | be_situated | live | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | man | one. clf | this | help | 3 |
| This woman is alive thanks to the man who helped her. | |||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||
33
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| sətrəj | nih | nɤw | rʊəh | prʊəh1 | tae2 | boˀrɒh | mneak | nih | cuəj kɔat |
| woman | this | be_situated | live | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 1,2 | man | one. clf | this | help | 3 |
| This woman is alive thanks to the man who helped her. | |||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||
33
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| sətrəj | nih | nɤw | rʊəh | prʊəh | boˀrɒh | mneak | nih | cuəj | kɔat |
| woman | this | be_situated | live | pr ƱƏ h | man | one. clf | this | help | 3 |
| This woman is alive thanks to the man who helped her. | |||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||
33
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| sətrəj | nih | nɤw | rʊəh | maok1 | piː2 | miən | boˀrɒh | mneak | nih | cuəj kɔat |
| woman | this | be_situated | live | maok _ pi ː1,2 | have | man | one. clf | this | help | 3 |
| This woman is alive because there was man who helped her. | ||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||||
34
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| boˀrɒh | nih | prap | nəw | ˀəvej1 | ˀəvej2 | teaŋ3 | ɒh4 | daoj5 | saː6 | phiəp ləŋʊəŋ khlaw rɔbɒh kɔat |
| man | this | say | prep | everything_that_is1,2,3,4 | daoj _ sa ː5,6 | nmlz | stupid | ignorant | poss | 3 |
| This man said everything because of his stupidity. | ||||||||||
34
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh
| boˀrɒh | nih | prap | nəw | ˀəvej1 | ˀəvej2 | teaŋ3 | ɒh4 | prʊəh | phiəp | ləŋʊəŋ khlaw rɔbɒh kɔat |
| man | this | say | prep | everything_that_is1,2,3,4 | pr ƱƏ h | nmlz | stupid | ignorant | poss | 3 |
| This man said everything because of his stupidity. | ||||||||||
34
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh tae
| boˀrɒh | nih | prap | nəw | ˀəvej1 | ˀəvej2 | teaŋ3 | ɒh4 | prʊəh5 | tae6 | phiəp ləŋʊəŋ khlaw rɔbɒh kɔat |
| man | this | say | prep | everything_that_is1,2,3,4 | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 5,6 | nmlz | stupid | ignorant | poss | 3 |
| This man said everything because of his stupidity. | ||||||||||
34
Status: alternate; causal marker: maok pi
| boˀrɒh | nih | prap | nəw | ˀəvej1 | ˀəvej2 | teaŋ3 | ɒh4 | maok5 | piː6 | phiəp ləŋʊəŋ khlaw rɔbɒh kɔat |
| man | this | say | prep | everything_that_is1,2,3,4 | maok _ pi ː5,6 | nmlz | stupid | ignorant | poss | 3 |
| This man said everything because of his stupidity. | ||||||||||
35
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| khɲom | daɯ | rɔʔəl | duəl | daoj1 | sa:2 | ka: | mɯn | proŋ prɒjat |
| 1 sg | walk | slip | fall | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | nmlz | neg | try | be_careful |
| I slipped because of being careless. | ||||||||
35
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh
| khɲom | daɯ | rɔʔəl | duəl | prʊəh | ka: | mɯn | proŋ | prɒjat |
| 1 sg | walk | slip | fall | pr ƱƏ h | nmlz | neg | try | be_careful |
| I slipped because of being careless. | ||||||||
35
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh tae
| khɲom | daɯ | rɔʔəl | duəl | prʊəh1 | tae2 | ka: | mɯn | proŋ prɒjat |
| 1 sg | walk | slip | fall | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 1,2 | nmlz | neg | try | be_careful |
| I slipped because of being careless. | ||||||||
35
Status: alternate; causal marker: maok pi
| khɲom | daɯ | rɔʔəl | duəl | maok1 | piː2 | ka: | mɯn | proŋ prɒjat |
| 1 sg | walk | slip | fall | maok _ pi ː1,2 | nmlz | neg | try | be_careful |
| I slipped because of being careless. | ||||||||
36
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| neak1 | baɯk2 | bɒː3 | mneak | ruəc | piː | krʊəh4 | thnak5 | cɒːracɒː6 | daoj7 | saː8 | cɒmneh | cʊmniəɲ pacceakaʔteːh nɯŋ bɒt9 piˀsaot10 rɔbɒh kɔat |
| driver1,2,3 | one. clf | prevent | prep | car_crash4,5,6 | daoj _ sa ː7,8 | knowledge | be_proficient | machinery | conj | experience9,10 | poss | 3 |
| The drived prevented a car crash due to his proficiency and experience. | ||||||||||||
36
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh
| neak1 | baɯk2 | bɒː3 | mneak | ruəc | piː | krʊəh4 | thnak5 | cɒːracɒː6 | prʊəh | cɒmneh | cʊmniəɲ | pacceakaʔteːh nɯŋ bɒt7 piˀsaot8 rɔbɒh kɔat |
| driver1,2,3 | one. clf | prevent | prep | car_crash4,5,6 | pr ƱƏ h | knowledge | be_proficient | machinery | conj | experience7,8 | poss | 3 |
| The drived prevented a car crash due to his proficiency and experience. | ||||||||||||
36
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh tae
| neak1 | baɯk2 | bɒː3 | mneak | ruəc | piː | krʊəh4 | thnak5 | cɒːracɒː6 | prʊəh7 | tae8 | cɒmneh | cʊmniəɲ pacceakaʔteːh nɯŋ bɒt9 piˀsaot10 rɔbɒh kɔat |
| driver1,2,3 | one. clf | prevent | prep | car_crash4,5,6 | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 7,8 | knowledge | be_proficient | machinery | conj | experience9,10 | poss | 3 |
| The drived prevented a car crash due to his proficiency and experience. | ||||||||||||
36
Status: alternate; causal marker: maok pi
| neak1 | baɯk2 | bɒː3 | mneak | ruəc | piː | krʊəh4 | thnak5 | cɒːracɒː6 | maok7 | piː8 | cɒmneh | cʊmniəɲ pacceakaʔteːh nɯŋ bɒt9 piˀsaot10 rɔbɒh kɔat |
| driver1,2,3 | one. clf | prevent | prep | car_crash4,5,6 | maok _ pi ː7,8 | knowledge | be_proficient | machinery | conj | experience9,10 | poss | 3 |
| The drived prevented a car crash due to his proficiency and experience. | ||||||||||||
37
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. |
38
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| nɤw | pẹːl | miən | sɒŋkriəm | prɒciəcʊn | houp | smaw | daoj1 | saː2 | phiəp | ˀɒt khliən |
| in | time | have | war | people | eat | grass | daoj _ sa 1,2 | nmlz | neg | hungry |
| During the war people ate grass out of hunger. | ||||||||||
38
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh
| nɤw | pẹːl | miən | sɒŋkriəm | prɒciəcʊn | houp | smaw | prʊəh | phiəp | ˀɒt | khliən |
| in | time | have | war | people | eat | grass | pr ƱƏ h | nmlz | neg | hungry |
| During the war people ate grass out of hunger. | ||||||||||
38
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh tae
| nɤw | pẹːl | miən | sɒŋkriəm | prɒciəcʊn | houp | smaw | prʊəh1 | tae2 | phiəp | ˀɒt khliən |
| in | time | have | war | people | eat | grass | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 1,2 | nmlz | neg | hungry |
| During the war people ate grass out of hunger. | ||||||||||
38
Status: alternate; causal marker: maok pi
| nɤw | pẹːl | miən | sɒŋkriəm | prɒciəcʊn | houp | smaw | maok1 | piː2 | phiəp | ˀɒt khliən |
| in | time | have | war | people | eat | grass | maok _ pi ː1,2 | nmlz | neg | hungry |
| During the war people ate grass out of hunger. | ||||||||||
39
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| kɔat | coul | knoŋ | ruːŋ | phnʊm | nih | daoj1 | saː2 | kɔat | cɒŋ | dəŋ | cɒŋ | khɤːɲ | ˀəvəj3 | ˀəvəj4 | teaŋ5 | ˀɒh6 | nɤw knoŋ ruːŋ phnʊm nih |
| 3 | enter | in | cave | mountain | this | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | 3 | want | know | want | see | everything_that_is3,4,5,6 | be_situated | in | cave | mountain | this |
| He entered into the cave because he wanted to know what is there in the cave. | |||||||||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||||||||||
40
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| pdəj | kap | prɒpʊən | daoj1 | saː2 | kaː prɒcan |
| husband | hack_up | wife | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | nmlz | be_jealous |
| The husband hacked his wife up out of jealousy. | |||||
41
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| boʔrɒh | nuh | riəp1 | rɔap2 | ˀəvəj3 | ˀəvəj4 | teaŋ5 | ˀɒh6 | daoj7 saː8 phiəp ˀɒmnuət rɔbɒh kɔat |
| man | that | tell1,2 | everything_that_is3,4,5,6 | daoj _ sa ː7,8 | nmlz | boast | poss | 3 |
| The man said everything boasting. | ||||||||
41
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh
| boʔrɒh | nuh | riəp1 | rɔap2 | ˀəvəj3 | ˀəvəj4 | teaŋ5 | ˀɒh6 | prʊəh phiəp ˀɒmnuət rɔbɒh kɔat |
| man | that | tell1,2 | everything_that_is3,4,5,6 | pr ƱƏ h | nmlz | boast | poss | 3 |
| The man said everything boasting. | ||||||||
41
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh tae
| boʔrɒh | nuh | riəp1 | rɔap2 | ˀəvəj3 | ˀəvəj4 | teaŋ5 | ˀɒh6 | prʊəh7 tae8 phiəp ˀɒmnuət rɔbɒh kɔat |
| man | that | tell1,2 | everything_that_is3,4,5,6 | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 7,8 | nmlz | boast | poss | 3 |
| The man said everything boasting. | ||||||||
42
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| kɔat | vaːj | bɒmbaek | caːn | teaŋ1 | ˀɒh2 | daoj3 | saː4 | səckdəj | kɒmhəŋ rɔbɒh kɔat |
| 3 | hit | break | plate | all1,2 | daoj _ sa ː3,4 | nmlz | be_angry | poss | 3 |
| She broke all the plates out of anger. | |||||||||
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh
| kɔat | vaːj | bɒmbaek | caːn | teaŋ1 | ˀɒh2 | prʊəh | səckdəj | kɒmhəŋ | rɔbɒh kɔat |
| 3 | hit | break | plate | all1,2 | pr ƱƏ h | nmlz | be_angry | poss | 3 |
| She broke all the plates out of anger. | |||||||||
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh tae
| kɔat | vaːj | bɒmbaek | caːn | teaŋ1 | ˀɒh2 | prʊəh3 | tae4 | səckdəj | kɒmhəŋ rɔbɒh kɔat |
| 3 | hit | break | plate | all1,2 | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 3,4 | nmlz | be_angry | poss | 3 |
| She broke all the plates out of anger. | |||||||||
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: maok pi
| kɔat | vaːj | bɒmbaek | caːn | teaŋ1 | ˀɒh2 | maok3 | piː4 | səckdəj | kre:w5 kraot6 rɔbɒh kɔat |
| 3 | hit | break | plate | all1,2 | maok _ pi ː3,4 | nmlz | be_furious5,6 | poss | 3 |
| She broke all the plates out of anger. | |||||||||
43
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| kɔat | deːk | ˀɒt | dɒh | khao1 | ˀaːw2 | ceːɲ | tẹː | daoj3 | saː4 | ɁaːkaːsəɁthiət | trɒceak | khlaŋ knoŋ phteah |
| 3 | sleep | neg | take_off | clothes1,2 | leave | neg | daoj _ sa ː3,4 | weather | cold | strong | in | house |
| He slept without taking off his clothes because of the cold in the house. | ||||||||||||
44
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| neak1 | kruː2 | sɒsaɯ | koun | səh | daoj3 | saː4 | aːw | sɒː | dɒː | sˀaːt rɔbɒh viə |
| teacher1,2 | commend | child | student | daoj _ sa ː3,4 | shirt | white | attr | beautiful | poss | 3 |
| The teacher commended the schoolchild for his smart white shirt. | ||||||||||
44
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| neak1 | kruː2 | sɒsaɯ | koun | səh | daoj3 | saː4 | viə | peak | aːw | sɒː dɒː sˀaːt |
| teacher1,2 | commend | child | student | daoj _ sa ː3,4 | 3 | put_on | shirt | white | attr | beautiful |
| The teacher commended the schoolchild for he put on his smart white shirt. | ||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||||
45
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| boʔrɒh | nih | vaːj | neak1 | cit2 | khaːŋ3 | mneak | daoj4 | saː5 | piək | ˀaːkrɒk rɔbɒh neak6 cit7 khaːŋ8 nih |
| man | this | hit | neighbour1,2,3 | one. clf | daoj _ sa ː4,5 | word | bad | poss | neighbour6,7,8 | this |
| The man beat the neighbour for his bad words. | ||||||||||
45
Status: alternate; causal marker: maok pi
| boʔrɒh | nih | vaːj | neak1 | cit2 | khaːŋ3 | mneak | maok4 | piː5 | piək | ˀaːkrɒk rɔbɒh neak6 cit7 khaːŋ8 nih |
| man | this | hit | neighbour1,2,3 | one. clf | maok _ pi ː4,5 | word | bad | poss | neighbour6,7,8 | this |
| The man beat the neighbour for his bad words. | ||||||||||
45
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh tae
| boʔrɒh | nih | vaːj | neak1 | cit2 | khaːŋ3 | mneak | prʊəh4 | tae5 | piək | ˀaːkrɒk rɔbɒh neak6 cit7 khaːŋ8 nih |
| man | this | hit | neighbour1,2,3 | one. clf | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 4,5 | word | bad | poss | neighbour6,7,8 | this |
| The man beat the neighbour for his bad words. | ||||||||||
46
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| koun | kmeːŋ | piː | neak | vaːj | kniə | daoj1 | saː2 | leːŋ bal3 tɔat4 |
| child | little | two | clf | hit | rec | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | play | football3,4 |
| Two boys fought because of playing football. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||||||
47
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| boʔrɒh | nih | chlʊəh1 | prɒkaek2 | ciə3 | muəj4 | bɒːŋ | proh daoj5 saː6 keː7 meaʔreaʔdɒk8 |
| man | this | argue1,2 | com 3,4 | elder_sibling | male | daoj _ sa ː5,6 | inheritance7,8 |
| This man had a fight with his elder brother because of the inheritance. | |||||||
47
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh tae
| boʔrɒh | nih | chlʊəh1 | prɒkaek2 | ciə3 | muəj4 | bɒːŋ | proh prʊəh5 tae6 keː7 meaʔreaʔdɒk8 |
| man | this | argue1,2 | com 3,4 | elder_sibling | male | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 5,6 | inheritance7,8 |
| This man had a fight with his elder brother because of the inheritance. | |||||||
48
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| kɔat | tɯɲ | siəw1 | phɤw2 | nih | daoj3 | saː4 | kʊmnuː lˀɒː lˀɒː |
| 3 | buy | book1,2 | this | daoj _ sa ː3,4 | picture | good | good |
| He bought this book because of beautiful pictures. | |||||||
48
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| kɔat | tɨɲ | siəw1 | phɤw2 | nih | daoj3 | saː4 | miən | kʊmnuː lˀɒː lˀɒː |
| 3 | buy | book1,2 | this | daoj _ sa ː3,4 | have | picture | good | good |
| He bought this book because of beautiful pictures. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||
48
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| kɔat | tɨɲ | siəw1 | phɤw2 | nih | prʊəh3 | tae4 | miən | kʊmnuː lˀɒː lˀɒː |
| 3 | buy | book1,2 | this | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 3,4 | have | picture | good | good |
| He bought this book because of beautiful pictures. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||
48
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| kɔat | tɨɲ | siəw1 | phɤw2 | nih | prʊəh | miən | kʊmnuː | lˀɒː lˀɒː |
| 3 | buy | book1,2 | this | pr ƱƏ h | have | picture | good | good |
| He bought this book because of beautiful pictures. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||
48
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| kɔat | tɨɲ | siəw1 | phɤw2 | nih | maok3 | piː4 | miən | kʊmnuː lˀɒː lˀɒː |
| 3 | buy | book1,2 | this | maok _ pi ː3,4 | have | picture | good | good |
| He bought this book because of beautiful pictures. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||
49
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| kɔat | ˀɒt | tɤw | cuəp | ciə1 | muəj2 | mɯt3 | pheak4 | tẹː | daoj5 | saː6 | miən | ˀaːrɒːm ˀɒt lˀɒː tẹː |
| 3 | neg | be_off | meet | com 1,2 | friend13,4 | neg | daoj _ sa ː5,6 | have | mood | neg | good | neg |
| She didn't go to meet her friend because of her bad mood. | ||||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||||||
49
Status: alternate; causal marker: daoj sa
| kɔat | ˀɒt | tɤw | cuəp | ciə1 | muəj2 | mɯt3 | pheak4 | tẹː | daoj5 | saː6 | ˀaːrɒːm ˀɒt lˀɒː tẹː |
| 3 | neg | be_off | meet | com 1,2 | friend13,4 | neg | daoj _ sa ː5,6 | mood | neg | good | neg |
| She didn't go to meet her friend because of her bad mood. | |||||||||||
49
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| kɔat | ˀɒt | tɤw | cuəp | ciə1 | muəj2 | mɯt3 | pheak4 | tẹː | prʊəh5 | tae6 | miən | ˀaːrɒːm ˀɒt lˀɒː tẹː |
| 3 | neg | be_off | meet | com 1,2 | friend13,4 | neg | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 5,6 | have | mood | neg | good | neg |
| She didn't go to meet her friend because of her bad mood. | ||||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||||||
49
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| kɔat | ˀɒt | tɤw | cuəp | ciə1 | muəj2 | mɯt3 | pheak4 | tẹː | prʊəh | miən | ˀaːrɒːm | ˀɒt lˀɒː tẹː |
| 3 | neg | be_off | meet | com 1,2 | friend13,4 | neg | pr ƱƏ h | have | mood | neg | good | neg |
| She didn't go to meet her friend because of her bad mood. | ||||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||||||
49
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| kɔat | ˀɒt | tɤw | cuəp | ciə1 | muəj2 | mɯt3 | pheak4 | tẹː | maok5 | piː6 | miən | ˀaːrɒːm ˀɒt lˀɒː tẹː |
| 3 | neg | be_off | meet | com 1,2 | friend13,4 | neg | maok _ pi ː5,6 | have | mood | neg | good | neg |
| She didn't go to meet her friend because of her bad mood. | ||||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||||||
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| khɲom | kɯt | thaː | miən | phliəŋ | khlaŋ | nah | nɤw | pẹːl | jʊp | daoj1 | saː2 | miən | thlok | tɯk | craɯn | nɤw | lɤː dəj |
| 1 sg | think | that | have | rain | strong | very | prep | time | night | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | have | puddle | water | many | be_situated | on | ground |
| I think it was raining heavily at night, because there are many puddles on the ground. | |||||||||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||||||||||
50
Status: alternate; causal marker: daoj sa
| khɲom | kɯt | thaː | miən | phliəŋ | khlaŋ | nah | nɤw | pẹːl | jʊp | daoj1 | saː2 | thlok | tɯk | craɯn | nɤw | lɤː dəj |
| 1 sg | think | that | have | rain | strong | very | prep | time | night | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | puddle | water | many | be_situated | on | ground |
| I think it was raining heavily at night, because there are many puddles on the ground. | ||||||||||||||||
50
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| khɲom | kɯt | thaː | miən | phliəŋ | khlaŋ | nah | nɤw | pẹːl | jʊp | prʊəh | miən | thlok | tɯk | craɯn | nɤw | lɤː | dəj |
| 1 sg | think | that | have | rain | strong | very | prep | time | night | pr ƱƏ h | have | puddle | water | many | be_situated | on | ground |
| I think it was raining heavily at night, because there are many puddles on the ground. | |||||||||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||||||||||
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| daoj1 | saː2 | miən | pɔpuh | craɯn | khɲom | kɯt | thaː | tɯk | nɤw | knoŋ | chnaŋ | nih | dam ruəc3 haɯj4 |
| daoj _ sa ː1,2 | have | bubble | a_lot | 1 sg | think | that | water | in | inside | cooking_pot | this | boil | iam 3,4 |
| Because of numerous bubbles I think that the water in the cooking pot is boiling. | |||||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||||||
51
Status: alternate; causal marker: daoj sa
| daoj1 | saː2 | pɔpuh | craɯn | khɲom | kɯt | thaː | tɯk | nɤw | knoŋ | chnaŋ | nih | dam ruəc3 haɯj4 |
| daoj _ sa ː1,2 | bubble | a_lot | 1 sg | think | that | water | in | inside | cooking_pot | this | boil | iam 3,4 |
| Because of numerous bubbles I think that the water in the cooking pot is boiling. | ||||||||||||
51
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh
| prʊəh | miən | pɔpuh | craɯn | khɲom | kɯt | thaː | tɯk | nɤw | knoŋ | chnaŋ | nih | dam | ruəc1 haɯj2 |
| pr ƱƏ h | have | bubble | a_lot | 1 sg | think | that | water | in | inside | cooking_pot | this | boil | iam 1,2 |
| Because of numerous bubbles I think that the water in the cooking pot is boiling. | |||||||||||||
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| niˀjiəj | ˀaoj | chap | chap | tɤw | prʊəh | khɲom | trəw | caːk | ceːɲ | piː | tiː | nih |
| talk | caus | quick | quick | imp | pr ƱƏ h | 1 sg | be_due | go_out | leave | prep | place | this |
| Say it quickly, because I am leaving! | ||||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||||||
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| nɤw1 | ˀae2 | naː3 | ˀaːw4 | rɔŋiə5 | rɔbɒh | khɲom prʊəh khɲom rɔŋiə |
| where1,2,3 | sweater4,5 | poss | 1 sg | pr ƱƏ h | 1 sg | be_cold |
| Where is my sweater, because I am cold? | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
54
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| phlae | paom | thleak | coh | maok | dəj | ta:m | cbap | ruːpviˀtjiə |
| fruit | apple | fall | get_down | approach | ground | follow | law | physics |
| The apple falls on the ground according to the law of physics. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||