Khwarshi
Contributed by Irene Gorbunova, Grigorij Sibiljof. The data were gathered in 2022.
How to cite
Irene Gorbunova, Grigorij Sibiljof. 2022. Nominal causal constructions in Khwarshi. In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on September 18, 2024; last revised on September 18, 2024). (Available online at https://nocacoda.github.io. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: POSS ABL
| q’emqosa | l-eq-qa | at’amu | muq’u-qo-žo |
| handkerchief | iv -become- aor | wet | tear- poss - abl |
| The handkerchief got wet from tears. | |||
2
Status: main; causal marker: POSS ABL
| ala | l-ic-сa | lut’-eł-nu-qo-žo |
| branch | iv -break- aor | heavy- vblz - msd - poss - abl |
| The branch broke from the weight. | ||
2
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| ala | l-ic-сa | lut’-eł-na |
| branch | iv -break- aor | heavy- vblz - cnv |
| The branch broke, being heavy. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||
3
Status: main; causal marker: POSS ABL
| ʁini | iʁiƛƛaχ-χo | papruz-lo | gujt’o-qo-žo |
| woman | cough- prs | cigarette- gen 2 | smoke. o - poss - abl |
| A woman coughs from cigarette smoke. | |||
4
Status: main; causal marker: POSS ABL
| illu | b-akʷa-te | iχu | sasda-ł-nu-qo-žo |
| smoke. o - poss - abl | hpl -see- neg . prs | river | dark- vblz - msd - poss - abl |
| We can't see the river because of the darkness | |||
5
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| žu | ak’-aχ-na | ʕajib | gobič’u |
| dark- vblz - msd - poss - abl | go- caus - evd | guilt | without |
| He was taken away without guilt. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | |||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: POSS TRNS
| ʁʷan | n-iž-ža | łac’-qo-jža |
| tree | iv -fell- aor | wind- poss - trns |
| The tree fell from the wind. | ||
6
Status: main; causal marker: POSS ABL
| ʁʷan | n-iža-na | łac’-qo-žo |
| tree | iv -fell- evd | wind- poss - abl |
| The tree fell from the wind. | ||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| žiqʷa | iš-ša | tok-na | b-eq-na |
| human | [ i ]die- aor | electricity- add | iii -happen- cnv |
| The man died because there was a current. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| žiqʷa | iš-ša | tok | b-eq-nu-qo-jža |
| human | [ i ]die- aor | electricity | iii -happen- msd - poss - trns |
| The man died because there was a current. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | |||
7
Status: main; causal marker: POSS ABL
| žiqʷa | ih-ana | tok-qo-žo |
| human | [ i ]die- evd | electricity- poss - abl |
| The man died due to the current. | ||
8
Status: alternate; causal marker: POSS TRNS
| ʁini | j-ič’-a | quj-qo-jža |
| woman | ii -wake_up- aor | noise- poss - trns |
| The woman woke up because of the noise. | ||
8
Status: main; causal marker: POSS ABL
| ʁini | j-ič’-na | šaršale-qo-žo |
| woman | ii -wake_up- evd | rustling- poss - abl |
| The woman woke up because of the rustling. | ||
8
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| ʁini | j-ič’-a | quj | b-eča-na |
| woman | ii -wake_up- aor | noise | iii -be- cnv |
| The woman woke up because there was noise. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: POSS TRNS
| χol-es | araqa-qo-jža | q’em | l-eƛ-ƛo |
| husband- gen 1 | vodka- poss - trns | head | iv -hurt- prs |
| My husband has a headache from araka. | |||
9
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| žiqʷa-s | ʁiƛ-o | hibana-qo-žo | q’em | l-eƛ-ƛa |
| man- gen 1 | drink- ptcp | thing- poss - abl | head | iv -hurt- aor |
| The man had a headache from what he has drunk. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||
10
Status: alternate; causal marker: POSS ATR
| kad | qʷaqʷa-ƛa-ha | k’it’-lo | hih-qo-la |
| girl | haha- quot - prs | cat- gen 2 | chick- poss - lat |
| The girl laughed at the kitten. | |||
10
Status: main; causal marker: SUPER ABL
| ʁini | qʷaqʷa-ƛa-ha | ʁʷe-ƛ’o-žo |
| woman | haha- quot - prs | dog- super - abl |
| The woman laughed at the dog. | ||
11
Status: main; causal marker: POSS ABL
| žiqʷa | iha-na | zahrujab | čuʕa-qo-žo |
| man | [ i ]die- evd | poisonous | fish- poss - abl |
| The man died from poisonous fish. | |||
12
Status: alternate; causal marker: POSS TRNS
| kad | razi | gołe | iłi-lo | q’ilmate-za-qo-jža |
| girl | satisfied | be. prs | 3 sg . o - gen 2 | mark- pl . o - poss - trns |
| The girl is satisfied with her grades. | ||||
12
Status: main; causal marker: SUPER
| kad | iłi-lo | q’ilmate-za-ƛ’o | razi | gołe |
| girl | 3 sg . o - gen 2 | mark- pl . o - super | satisfied | be. prs |
| The girl is satisfied with her grades. | ||||
13
Status: alternate; causal marker: POSS TRNS
| χol-lo | ʕadelab-la | lož-za-qo-jža | dija | semi | m-ajk’a |
| husband- gen 2 | silly-? | word- pl . o - poss - trns | 1 sg . gen 1 | anger | iii -go |
| I got angry because of my husband's stupid words | |||||
13
Status: main; causal marker: SUPER
| ʁini | χida-na | χol-lo | lož-za-ƛ’o |
| woman | be_angry(?)- evd | husband- gen 2 | word- pl . o - super |
| The woman was angry at her husband's words. | |||
14
Status: alternate; causal marker: POSS TRNS
| uža | ʁeʁu | ajša | iłi-l | χabaru-qo-jža |
| son | joy | get_up\ aor | 3 sg . o - dat | chat\ o - poss - trns |
| The son rejoiced at his words. | ||||
14
Status: main; causal marker: POSS ABL
| uža | ʁeʁu | ah-na | iłi-l | pikru-qo-žo |
| son | joy | get_up- evd | 3 sg . o - dat | idea- poss - abl |
| The son was delighted with his idea. | ||||
15
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| žikʷa | miq-qo | di-žo | toχł-ana |
| man | starve- prs | ?- abl | weaken- evd |
| The man is starving, and this makes him weak. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
15
Status: main; causal marker: POSS ABL
| žikʷa | taba-ła-na | miqʷa-nu-qo-žo |
| man | soft- vblz - evd | starve- msd - poss - abl |
| The man fainted from hunger. | ||
16
Status: main; causal marker: POSS ABL
| žikʷa | iha-na | miqwa-nu-qo-žo |
| man | die- evd | starve- msd - poss - abl |
| The man died due to starvation. | ||
17
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| uža | q’aƛ’ozaha | ah-na | l-e:ƛ-ƛo | di-žo |
| boy | shouting | achieve- evd | iv -hurt- prs | ?- abl |
| The boy screamed in pain. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
17
Status: main; causal marker: POSS ABL
| žikwa | q’aƛ’ozaha | ajšo | leƛƛa-qo-žo |
| man | shouting | get_up\ prs | pain(?)- abl |
| The man screams in pain. | |||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: POSS TRNS
| ʁini | luc’o-qo-jža | beberało | j-ił-ana |
| woman | cold- poss - trns | shiver | ii -go- prs |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||
18
Status: main; causal marker: POSS ABL
| ʁini | beberało | j-ił-ana | luc’o-qo-žo |
| woman | shiver | ii -go- evd | cold- poss - abl |
| The woman has started to tremble because she is cold. | |||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| uža | ij-ja | ujƛa | uƛ-zal |
| son | cry- aor | be_afraid\ aor | be_afraid- tmp |
| The son cried out in fear. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: POSS TRNS
| uža | ij-ja | ujƛa | uƛ-nu-qo-jža |
| son | cry- aor | be_afraid\ aor | be_afraid- msd - poss - trns |
| The son cried out in fear. | |||
19
Status: main; causal marker: POSS ABL
| b-uƛa-nu-qo-žo | ija-na | q’ale |
| vi -be_afraid- msd - poss - abl | cry- evd | child |
| The child cried out in fear. | ||
20
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| ʁeʁu-n | ah-na | uža | qwaqwa-jƛa |
| joy- add | get_up- cnv | son | haha- quot . aor |
| The son, delighted, laughed. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
20
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| q’ale | qwaqwa-ƛa-na | ʁeʁu | b-ah-nu-qo-žo |
| child | haha- quot - evd | joy | vi -get_up- msd - poss - abl |
| The child laughed with joy. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | |||
21
Status: main; causal marker: POSS TRNS
| uža | gʷangʷa-na | uƛ-nu-qo-jža | beƛe-l |
| son | hide- evd | be_afraid- msd - poss - trns | barn- lat |
| The son hid in the barn out of fear. | |||
22
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| iłi-lo | č’uħi-ƛ’o | sabałana | žu | una-bč’u | j-ejča |
| 3 sg . o - gen 2 | pride- super | because_of | 3 sg . abs | talk- neg . cvb | ii -be\ aor |
| (The woman) did not talk (to men) because of being proud. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | |||||
23
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| ʁin-na | j-uƛ-na | este-s | leƛ’a | l-aqaχ-χa |
| woman- add | ii -be_afraid- cnv | brother- gen 1 | hand | iv -take- aor |
| The woman, afraid, took her brother's hand. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
23
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| ʁini | j-ujƛo | idi-žo | este-s | leƛ’a | l-aqaχ-χa |
| woman | ii -be_afraid\ prss | dem - abl | brother- gen 1 | hand | iv -take- aor |
| The woman is afraid and because of this she took her brother's hand. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
23
Status: main; causal marker: POSS ABL
| ʁini | j-uƛ-nu-qo-žo | este-s | leƛ’a | l-aqaχ-χa |
| woman- add | ii -be_afraid- msd - poss - abl | brother- gen 1 | hand | iv -take- aor |
| The woman took her brother's hand because in fear. | ||||
24
Status: main; causal marker: POSS ABL
| ʁini | akejła | ħalt’i-qo-žo |
| woman | get_tired\ aor | work- poss - abl |
| The woman is tired from work. | ||
25
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| žikʷa | ƛes-ł-ate | k’ara-za | hajn-o | idi-žo |
| man | fall_asleep- pot - neg . prs | mosquito- pl . o | bite\ prs | ?- abl |
| A man cannot sleep because mosquitoes bite. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
25
Status: main; causal marker: SUPER ATR
| ʁini | ƛes-a | j-eqw-ate | k’ara-za-ƛo-sa |
| woman | fall_asleep- inf | ii -be_able- neg . prs | mosquito- pl - super - atr |
| The woman cannot sleep because of the mosquitoes. | |||
26
Status: alternate; causal marker: gossal
| ła | žejla | l-eq’e-he | buca | gossal |
| water | light | iv -become- prs | moon | be- tmp |
| The water became clear because of the moon. | ||||
26
Status: main; causal marker: POSS ABL
| ła | žejla | l-eq’e-he | buca-qo-žo |
| water | light | iv -become- prs | moon- poss - abl |
| The water became clear because of the moon. | |||
27
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| žikʷa | beła | b-iha-χ-χa | ʁoj-lo | kumak-ƛ’o-jža |
| man | deer | iii -die- caus - aor | dog- gen 2 | help- super - trns |
| A man killed a deer with the help of a dog. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||
27
Status: main; causal marker: SUPER sabalana
| žikʷa | k’wet’ | ak’-ana | ohota-ƛ’o | ʁoj-ƛ’o | sabałana |
| brace | fine | go- evd | hunting- super | dog- super | because_of |
| The man went hunting well thanks to the dog. | |||||
28
Status: main; causal marker: POSS DAT
| ʁina-s | semi | majk’a | žikʷa-qo-l |
| woman- gen 1 | anger | go\ aor | man- poss - dat |
| The woman was angry with the man. | |||
28
Status: alternate; causal marker: SUPER ATR
| ʁini | j-oχ-χa | χol-ƛ’o-sa |
| woman | ii -be_angry- aor | husband- super - atr |
| The woman was angry with her husband. | ||
29
Status: main; causal marker: SUPER sabalana
| ʁini | kʷat’it-ta | ħalt’i- | ƛ’o-l | χol- ƛ’o sabałana |
| woman | be_late- aor | work- super - dat | husband- super | because_of |
| The woman was late for work because of her husband. | ||||
29
Status: alternate; causal marker: SUPER ATR
| ʁini | kʷat’it-ta | ħalt’i- | ƛ’o-l χol- ƛ’o-sa |
| woman | be_late- aor | work- super - dat | husband- super - atr |
| The woman was late for work because of her husband. | |||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| hadan | b-iš-ša | muk’o-n | k’or-ana |
| human | hpl -die- aor | earth- add | collapse- cnv |
| People died because the earth collapsed. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
30
Status: main; causal marker: POSS TRNS
| hadan | b-iš-ša | muk’o | k’ora-nu-qo-jža |
| human | hpl -die- aor | earth | collapse- msd - poss - trns |
| People died because of the earthquake. | |||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: SUPER ATR
| hadan | b-ih-na | dunijal | žužula-nu-ƛ’o-sa |
| human | hpl -die- evd | world | move- msd - super - atr |
| People died because of the earthquake. | |||
31
Status: main; causal marker: SUPER sabalana
| gojła | qʷahaƛa | l-e:qʷa | hadam | sabałana |
| all | sorrow | iv -appear\ gnt | human | because_of |
| All misfortunes happen because of humans. | ||||
32
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| žikʷa-l | k’ʷet’ | l-akʷ-a | l-eq-qa | ezale-za-l | operacija | b-u-zal |
| man- dat | fine | iv -see- inf | iv -become- aor | eye- pl . o - dat | surgery | vi -do- tmp |
| The man began to see better after undergoing eye surgery. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
32
Status: main; causal marker: SUPER sabalana
| žikʷa-l | k’ʷet’ | l-akʷa | l-eq-qa | ezale-za-l | operacija- | ƛ’o sabałana |
| man- dat | fine | iv -see | iv -become- aor | eyes- pl . o - dat | surgery- super | because_of |
| The man began to see better thanks to eye surgery. | ||||||
33
Status: main; causal marker: SUPER sabalana
| šamil-ƛ’o | sabałana | ʁini | č’ago | łeχ-χa |
| s h.- super | because_of | woman | alive | stay- aor |
| The woman survived thanks to Shamil. | ||||
34
Status: main; causal marker: POSS ABL
| χol-i | ejsa | ʁina-qo-l | isu-lo | ʕadałi-qo-žo |
| husband- erg | tell\ aor | woman\ o - poss | woman\ o - poss - lat | stupidity. o - poss - abl |
| The husband told his wife about it out of stupidity. | ||||
35
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| žu | iž-ža | iłi-s | ħisab | gobič’č’u |
| stupidity\ erg | fell- aor | 3 sg . o - gen 1 | caution | without |
| She fell by accident. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||
36
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| šoper-qo | tormoz | gil-a | l-eq-qa | iso-qo | mašina | k’ʷet’ | miχi-k’-a | b-eq-qo | b-eča-zal |
| driver- poss | brake | put- inf | iv -small- aor | iv -small- aor | machine | fine | drive- caus - inf | vi -be_able- prs | vi -be- tmp |
| The driver was able to apply the brakes because he knows how to drive a car. | |||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||
37
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| šoper-qo | tormoz | gil-a | l-eqʷ-aj | iso-qo | bercin-go | mašina | miχi-k’-a | b-eq-qo | b-eča-bč’u-čo |
| driver- poss | brake | put- inf | iv -small- neg . aor | iv -small- neg . aor | beautiful- adv | machine | drive- caus - inf | vi -be_able- prs | vi -be- neg . cnv - its |
| The driver did not have time to apply the brakes because he did not know how to drive a car. | |||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||
38
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| adʁul | zamana-ł | χadam-i | mikʷa-nu-qo-žo | baχ | l-ac’-o | l-ejča |
| earlier | time- cont | people- erg | starve- msd - poss - abl | grass | iv -eat- prs iv -be\ aor | |
| Previously, people were starving and eating grass because of this. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
39
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| da | iła | mašta-łe-l | di-l | žu | b-akʷ-a | q'uč-ana | b-e:ča |
| iv -be\ aor | come_in\ aor | mosque- cont - lat | 1 sg . o - lat | dem . abs | vi -see- inf | want- evd | vi -be\ aor |
| I went to the mosque, I wanted to see how it was inside. | |||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||
40
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| žikʷa | ʁini | j-ih-aχ-χa | šakła-na |
| man\ erg | woman | ii -die- caus - aor | jealousy- cvb |
| The man got jealous and killed the woman. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
40
Status: main; causal marker: SUPER TRNS
| žikʷa | ʁini | j-ih-aχ-χa | šakł-i-ƛ’o-jža |
| man\ erg | woman | ii -die- caus - aor | jealousy- o - super - trns |
| A man killed a woman out of jealousy. | |||
41
Status: main; causal marker: TRM
| issi | gojło | q’oč | ejsa | č’oχ-i-qqe |
| jealousy- o - super - trns | all | all | tell\ aor | pride- o - trm |
| She told about it everyone out of pride. | ||||
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Fatima | semi-n | mak’-ana | gojła | loq’a | ʁurit’-a |
| f . | anger- add | go- cvb | all | vessel | break- aor |
| Fatima, angry, broke all the dishes. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
42
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Fatima | semi | mak’a-nu-qo-žo | gojła | loq’a | ʁurit’-a |
| f . | anger | come- msd - poss - abl | all | vessel | break- aor |
| Fatima broke all the dishes in anger. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| j-ujc’o | idi-žo | j-ukuč’i | šiƛ’o | šiƛ’ana | j-aq-qa |
| ii -freeze\ prs | dem - abl | ii -? | cloth | put_on- cvb | ii -go_to_bed- aor |
| The girl lay down wearing a lot of clothes because she was cold. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
43
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| j-uc’a-nu-qo-žo | j-ukuč’i | šiƛ’o | šiƛ’a-na | j-aq-qa |
| ii -freeze- msd - poss - abl | ii -? | cloth | put_on- cvb | ii -go_to_bed- aor |
| The girl lay down wearing a lot of clothes because she was cold. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
44
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| učitel-i | c’aldoqab | ecic-ca | isu-lo | žawab-ƛ’o | sabałana |
| teacher- erg | student-? | [ i ]praise- aor | 3 sg . o - gen 2 | answer- super | because_of |
| The teacher praised the student for the answer. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | |||||
45
Status: alternate; causal marker: SUPER sabalana
| šamil-i | žik’-a | madoʁa-l | isu-lo | lož-za-ƛ’o | sabałana |
| s h.- erg | beat- aor | neighbour- dat | 3 sg . o - gen 2 | word- pl . o - super | because_of |
| Shamil beat the neighbor for his words. | |||||
45
Status: main; causal marker: SUPER ATR
| šamil-i | žik’-a | madoʁa-l | isu-lo | lož-za-ƛ’o-sa |
| s h.- erg | beat- aor | neighbour- dat | 3 sg . o - gen 2 | word- pl . o - super - atr |
| Shamil beat the neighbor for his words. | ||||
46
Status: main; causal marker: SUPER ATR
| q’ale | b-ejša | igruška-ƛ’o-sa |
| children | hpl -fight\ aor | toy- super - atr |
| The children fought over the toy. | ||
47
Status: main; causal marker: SUPER sabalana
| žu | oχ-χa | es-te-ł | ʕakus | maʕišat | sabałana |
| he | [ i ]be_at_loggerheads- aor | brother- o - cont | parents | property | because_of |
| He was at loggerheads with his brother because of the ingeritance. | |||||
48
Status: main; causal marker: SUPER ATR
| ʁina | b-ej-za | abdu | hĩše | surake-za-ƛ’o-sa |
| woman | iii -buy\ aor | dem . prox | book | picture- pl . o - super - atr |
| The woman bought this book because of the pictures. | ||||
48
Status: alternate; causal marker: sabalana
| iłi | ʁina | žu | l-ejza | gange-ba | sabałana |
| dem | woman. erg | dem | iv -buy\ aor | flower- pl - atr | from |
| The woman bought it because of the flowers. | |||||
49
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Fatima | ƛ’ƛ’-aj | hamaʁeʁa-ʁol | iłi-s | lokwa | goƛ’a-ha | l-eč-aj |
| f . | go- neg . aor | girlfriend- dir | 3 sg . f . o - gen 1 | heart | call- prs | iv -be- neg . aor |
| Fatima did not go to her friend, she was not in the mood. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| łi-ƛ’o-sa | buruknaga | l-akwa-zal | leqqa | ła | qerojda |
| water- super - atr | seethe | iv -see- tmp | iv -be_able\ aor | water | boil\ aor |
| The water boils, when you can see it seething. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| idu-ʁol | eq | uc’a-ha-sa |
| here- dir | go_out | ?get_cold- prs - atr |
| Come here, you will get cold! | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| na | di-he | sviter | mada-ha | l-ujc’a gołe |
| where-1 sg - ad | sweater | street- ad | iv -freeze\ aor | be. prs |
| Where is my sweater? It's cold outside. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
54
Status: main; causal marker: SUPER roqana
| aredu | čislo | l-eč-a | behida-te | ak’ej | edinica-ƛ’o-žo | matematika-lo | ħisab-ƛ’o | roq’ana |
| dem . prox | number | iv -be- inf | be_able- neg . prs | small | one- super - trns | mathematics- gen 2 | rule- super | according |
| This number cannot be less than one according to mathematical laws. | ||||||||