Kumyk
Contributed by Natalia Logvinova (Academia.edu profile, GoogleScholar profile). The data were gathered in 2021.
How to cite
Logvinova, Natalia. 2023. Nominal causal constructions in Kumyk. In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on August 12, 2023; last revised on August 12, 2023). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| jawluqʼ | gʲoz'jaš-lar-dan | suw | bol-d-u |
| handkerchief | tear- pl - abl | wet | become- pst -3 |
| The handkerchief was wet with tears. | |||
1
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
| jawluqʼ | gʲoz'jaš-lar | učun | suw | bol-d-u |
| handkerchief | tear- pl | because_of | wet | become- pst -3 |
| The handkerchief was wet with tears. | ||||
2
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| butaqʼ | awurluk-tan | syn-n-y |
| branch | heaviness- abl | break- pst -3 |
| The branch broke from the weight. | ||
2
Status: alternate; causal marker: sebepli
| butaqʼ | awurluk | sebepli | syn-n-y |
| branch | heaviness | for_the_reason | of break- pst -3 |
| The branch broke from the weight. | |||
3
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| qʼatyn | tjutjun-nen | χaχ | edi |
| woman | smoke- abl | cough | be. pst .3 sg |
| The woman coughs from the smoke. | |||
3
Status: alternate; causal marker: sebepli
| qʼatyn | tjutjun | sebepli | χaχ | edi |
| woman | smoke | for_the_reason_of | cough | be. pst .3 sg |
| The woman coughs from the smoke. | ||||
4
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| qʼarangylyqʼ-tan | o'zen-ni | bo-'u | gʲor-jun-me-j |
| darkness- abl | river- gen | end- p _3 | see- refl - neg - npst .3 sg |
| We can't see the shore because of the darkness. | |||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
| qʼarangylyqʼ | učun | o'zen-ni | bo-'u | gʲor-jun-me-j |
| darkness | because_of | river- gen | end- p _3 | see- refl - neg - npst .3 sg |
| We can't see the shore because of the darkness. | ||||
5
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| er1 | giši-ni2 | bilmejli tut-up-lar |
| man- gen 1,2 | blindly | take- cv _ perf - pl |
| The man was arrested by mistake. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adverb, not a nominal phrase. | ||
6
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| terek | el-den | tjuš-t-u' |
| tree | wind- abl | fall- pst -3 sg |
| The tree fell from the wind. | ||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: sebepli
| terek | el | sebepli | tjuš-t-u' |
| tree | wind | for_the_reason_of | fall- pst -3 sg |
| The tree fell from the wind. | |||
7
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| er1 | giši2 | tok | ur-ʁan-nan gečin-e |
| man1,2 | electricity | beat- pc _ pst - abl | die- npst .3 sg |
| The man died from the fact that (he) was struck by an electric current. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
8
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| qʼatyn | qʼawaʁa-dan | ajyqʼ-t-y |
| woman1,2 | noise- abl | wake_up- pst -3 sg |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | ||
9
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
| er1 | giši-ne2 | piwo | učun | baš-y awru-j |
| man- gen 1,2 | beer | because_of | head- p _3 | get_sick- npst .3 sg |
| A man has a headache because of beer. | ||||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: abl
| er1 | giši-ne2 | piwo-dan | baš-y awru-j |
| man- gen 1,2 | beer- abl | head- p _3 | get_sick- npst .3 sg |
| A man has a headache from beer. | |||
10
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| qʼatyn | it-ni | ojnaqʼlaj-ʁan-nan | kʲule-d-i |
| woman | dog- gen | play- pc _ prs - abl | laugh- pst -3 sg |
| The woman laughed at the way the dog was playing. | |||
10
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
| qʼatyn | it | učun | kʲule-d-i |
| woman | dog | because_of | laugh- pst -3 sg |
| The woman laughed at the dog. | |||
11
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| er1 | giši2 | aʁulu | balyqʼ-tan | o'l-d-ju | eki | gʲun-nen sonʁ |
| man1,2 | poisonous | fish- abl | die- pst -3 sg | two | day- abl | after |
| The man died from poisonous fish two days later. | ||||||
11
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
| er1 | giši2 | aʁulu | balyqʼ | učun | o'l-d-ju | eki | gʲun-nen sonʁ |
| man1,2 | poisonous | fish | because_of | die- pst -3 sg | two | day- abl | after |
| The man died due to poisonous fish two days later. | |||||||
12
Status: main; causal marker: dat
| qʼyz | razi | qʼyjmat-yn-a |
| girl | pleased | note- p _3- dat |
| The girl is satisfied with her grade. | ||
13
Status: main; causal marker: dat
| qʼatyn | er | giši-ne | sёz-ler-i-ne | asːi bol-d-u |
| woman | man- gen 1,2 | word- pl - p _3- dat | irritable | become- pst -3 sg |
| The wife was angry at her husband's words. | ||||
14
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| jaš | šat | šu | ajt-ʁan | zat-dan |
| child | glad | that | say- pc _ prs | case- abl |
| The boy is happy with what his father told him. | ||||
14
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
| jaš | šat | šu | ajt-ʁan | zat | učun |
| child | glad | that | say- pc _ prs | case | because_of |
| The boy is happy because of what his father told him. | |||||
15
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| er1 | giši2 | ačlyqʼ-tan | osal bol-d-u |
| man1,2 | famine- abl | weak | become- pst -3 sg |
| The man was weak from hunger. | |||
15
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
| er1 | giši2 | ačlyqʼ | učun | osal bol-d-u |
| man1,2 | famine | because_of | weak | become- pst -3 sg |
| The man was weakened by hunger. | ||||
16
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| er1 | giši2 | ačlyqʼ-tan o'l-d-ju |
| man1,2 | famine- abl | smell- pst -3 sg |
| The man died of starvation. | ||
17
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| er1 | giši2 | awruw-dan qʼyčyr-a |
| man1,2 | pain- abl | scream- npst .3 sg |
| The man screams in pain. | ||
17
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
| er1 | giši2 | awruw | učun qʼyčyr-a |
| man1,2 | pain | because_of | scream- npst .3 sg |
| The man screams because of the pain. | |||
18
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| qʼatyn | suwuqʼ-tan | qʼartylla-j |
| woman | cold- abl | tremble- npst .3 sg |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | ||
19
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| jaš | qʼorqʼ-up | jyla-d-y |
| child | be_afraid- cv _ perf | cry- pst -3 sg |
| The child, frightened, began to cry. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: abl
| jaš | qʼorqʼuw-dan | jyla-d-y |
| child | fear- abl | cry- pst -3 sg |
| The child was crying out of fear. | ||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
| jaš | qʼorqʼuw | učun | jyla-d-y |
| child | fear | because_of | cry- pst -3 sg |
| The child cried out in fear. | |||
20
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| jaš | šatlyqʼ-tan | kʲule-d-i |
| child | joy- abl | laugh- pst -3 sg |
| The child laughed with joy. | ||
21
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| jaš | qʼorqʼ-up | aran-ny | jašyn-d-y |
| child | be_afraid- cv _ perf | khlev- gen | hide- pst -3 sg |
| The child, frightened, hid in the barn. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
22
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| er1 | giši2 | salamatlyqʼ-tan | sёz ajt-ma-d-y |
| man1,2 | modesty- abl | word | speak- neg - pst -3 sg |
| The man humbly remained silent. | |||
22
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
| er1 | giši2 | salamatlyqʼ | učun | sёz ajt-ma-d-y |
| man1,2 | modesty | because_of | word | speak- neg - pst -3 sg |
| The man remained silent out of modesty. | ||||
23
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| qʼatyn | qʼorqʼ-up | qʼardaš-yn-y | qʼol-u-n | tut-t-u |
| woman | be_afraid- cv _ perf | brother- p _3- gen | hand- p _3- gen | grab- pst -3 sg |
| The woman, frightened, grabbed her brother's hand. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
24
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| qʼatyn | iš-ten | boša-d-y |
| woman | work- abl | weaken- pst -3 sg |
| The woman is tired from work. | ||
25
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| qʼatyn | žibin-ler-den | juχla-p | bol-ma-d-y |
| woman | fly- pl - abl | sleep- cv _ perf | become- neg - pst -3 sg |
| The woman cannot sleep because of the flies. | |||
25
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
| qʼatyn | žibin-ler | učun | juχla-p | bol-ma-d-y |
| woman | fly- pl | because_of | sleep- cv _ perf | become- neg - pst -3 sg |
| The woman cannot sleep because of the flies. | ||||
26
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
| su | aj | učun | jaryqʼ | gʲor-u'n'-e |
| water | moon | because_of | light | see- refl - npst .3 sg |
| The water appears bright because of the moon. | ||||
27
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
| er1 | giši2 | oχt-ʁa | ariw | bar-d-y | it učun |
| man1,2 | hunting- dat | beautiful | go- pst -3 sg | dog | because_of |
| The man successfully went hunting because of the dog. | |||||
28
Status: main; causal marker: gen
| qʼatyn | er-i-ne | asːi | bol-d-u |
| woman | man1,2 | irritable | become- pst -3 sg |
| The wife was angry with her husband. | |||
29
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
| qʼatyn | iš-ge | geč | bol-d-u | er-i | učun |
| woman | work- dat | late | become- pst -3 sg | man- p _3 | because_of |
| The woman was late for work because of her husband. | |||||
30
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
| adam-lar | terbeniw | učun | 'ol-d-ju |
| man- pl | earthquake | because_of | die- pst -3 sg |
| People died because of the earthquake. | |||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: abl
| adam-lar | terbeniw-den | 'ol-d-ju |
| man- pl | earthquake- abl | die- pst -3 sg |
| People died because of the earthquake. | ||
31
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
| bary | qʼyjynlyqʼ-lar | adam | učun | bol-a |
| all | difficulty- pl | human1,2 | because_of | become- npst .3 sg |
| All troubles are caused by people. | ||||
32
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
| er1 | giši2 | ariw | gʲore-ʁen | bol-d-u | operacija učun |
| man1,2 | beautiful | see- pc _ prs | become- pst -3 sg | surgery | because_of |
| The man began to see better due to the operation. | |||||
33
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
| qʼatyn | saw | qʼal-d-y | er | giši učun |
| woman | alive | stay- pst -3 sg | man1,2 | because_of |
| The woman is alive because of this man. | ||||
34
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
| er1 | giši2 | qʼatyn | qʼaʁlyqʼ | učun ajt-t-y |
| man1,2 | woman | stupidity | because_of | speak- pst -3 sg |
| The man told his wife about this out of stupidity. | ||||
35
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| qʼatyn | χantawluqʼ-tan | syrʁala-d-y |
| woman | heedlessness- abl | slip- pst -3 sg |
| The woman slipped from heedlessness. | ||
35
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
| qʼatyn | χantawluqʼ | učun | syrʁala-d-y |
| woman | heedlessness | because_of | slip- pst -3 sg |
| The woman slipped due to heedlessness. | |||
36
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
| pilot | samolet-nu | oltu-t-t-u | jaχšy | bil-eʁen | učun' |
| pilot | airplane- gen | sit- caus - pst -3 sg | good | know- pc _ prs | because_of |
| The pilot was able to land the plane because he knew (everything) well. | |||||
37
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| pilot | samolet-nu | oltu-t-ma-d-y | bilmejgenlik-ten |
| pilot | airplane- gen | sit- caus - neg - pst -3 sg | ignorance- abl |
| The pilot was unable to land the plane out of ignorance. | |||
37
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
| pilot | samolet-nu | oltu-t-ma-d-y | bilmejgenlik | učun |
| pilot | airplane- gen | sit- caus - neg - pst -3 sg | ignorance | because_of |
| The pilot was unable to land the plane due to ignorance. | ||||
38
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| daw | zaman-na | adam-lar | ačlyqʼ-dan | ot | aša-j | et-d-i |
| war | time- gen | man- pl | famine- abl | grass | eat- npst .3 sg | be. pst .3 sg |
| During the war, people ate grass out of hunger. | ||||||
38
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
| daw | zaman-na | adam-lar | ačlyqʼ | učun | ot | aša-j | et-d-i |
| war | time- gen | man- pl | famine | because_of | grass | eat- npst .3 sg | be. pst .3 sg |
| During the war, people ate grass because of hunger. | |||||||
39
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| qʼatyn | kʲop | bil-meqʼ | sjuegen-in-den | ičge | gir-d-e |
| woman | much | know- inf | loving- p _3- abl | inside | enter- pst -3 sg |
| The woman went inside because she wanted to know a lot. | |||||
40
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| er1 | giši2 | gʲullew-un-an | qʼatyn-yn 'oltjur-d-u' |
| man1,2 | envy- p _3- abl | woman- p _3. gen | kill- pst -3 sg |
| A man killed his wife out of jealousy. | |||
40
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
| er1 | giši2 | gʲullew-un | učun | qʼatyn-yn 'oltjur-d-u' |
| man1,2 | envy- p _3 | because_of | woman- p _3. gen | kill- pst -3 sg |
| A man killed his wife out of jealousy. | ||||
41
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| er1 | giši2 | χoχajlyqʼ-tan | bary-na=da χabarla-d-y |
| man1,2 | arrogance- abl | all- gen = add | tell- pst -3 sg |
| The man told everyone about it out of pride. | |||
42
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| qʼatyn | asːilik-dan | sawut-la-ny | syndyr-d-y |
| woman | anger- abl | vessel- pl - gen | break- pst -3 sg |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | |||
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
| qʼatyn | asːilik | učun | sawut-la-ny | syndyr-d-y |
| woman | anger | because_of | vessel- pl - gen | break- pst -3 sg |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | ||||
43
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| qʼatyn | gijin-ip | juχla-d-y | suwuqʼluqʼ-tan |
| woman | dress- cv _ perf | fall_asleep- pst -3 sg | cold- abl |
| The woman went to bed dressed for the cold. | |||
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
| qʼatyn | gijin-ip | juχla-d-y | suwuqʼluqʼ | učun |
| woman | dress- cv _ perf | fall_asleep- pst -3 sg | cold | because_of |
| The woman went to bed dressed because of the cold. | ||||
44
Status: main; causal marker: gen
| muallim | jaš-ny | maqʼta-d-y | gijin | ustju-ne |
| teacher | child- gen | praise- pst -3 sg | dressed | suit- gen |
| The teacher praised the student for his costume. | ||||
45
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
| er1 | giši2 | χonšu-sun | pakala-d-y | jaman | sёz-ler-i učun |
| man1,2 | neighbour- p _3. gen | beat- pst -3 sg | bad | word- pl - p _3 | because_of |
| A man beat a neighbor for his bad words. | |||||
46
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
| jaš-lar | top | učun' kyryl-d-y |
| child- pl | ball | because_of |
| The kids fought over the ball. | ||
47
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
| er | giši | qʼardaš-i | bulan | eriš-ip | aqʼča učun |
| man1,2 | brother- p _3 | with | argue- cv _ perf | money | because_of |
| A man quarreled with his brother over money. | |||||
48
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
| qʼatyn | kitap-ny | al-dy | curat-la-ny | učun |
| woman1,2 | book- gen | take- pst | drawing- pl - gen | because_of |
| The woman bought this book because of the drawings. | ||||
49
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
| qʼatyn | qʼurdaš | qʼatyn | bulan | gʲorjun-me-d-i | jaman | kep-i učun |
| woman1,2 | girlfriend | with | see- neg - pst -3 sg | badly | mood- p _3 | because_of |
| The woman did not meet with her friend because of a bad mood. | ||||||
50
Status: main; causal marker: gore
| kaw-la-ʁa | gʲore | geče | jangur | edi |
| puddle- pl - dat | according_to | night | rain | be. pst .3 sg |
| Judging by the puddles, it was raining at night. | ||||
51
Status: main; causal marker: gore
| gʲobjuk-le-ge | gʲore | su | qʼajna-d-y |
| bubble- pl - dat | according_to | water | boil- pst -3 sg |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water has already boiled. | |||
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| gir | u'j-ge | jaʁa-da | suwuqʼ-ny |
| go. imp | house- dat | end- loc | cold |
| Come inside, it's cold outside. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | |||
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| qʼajda | meni | žilet-im | maʁa | suwuqʼ |
| where | i . gen | vest- p _1 sg | i . dat | cold |
| Where is my sweater, am I cold. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | ||||
54
Status: main; causal marker: gore
| šu | sanaw | bir-den | az | bol-ma | bol-ma-j | matematika-da-ʁy | zakon-ʁa | gʲore |
| this | number | one- abl | big | become- inf | become- neg - npst .3 sg | mathematics- loc - adj | law- dat | according_to |
| This number cannot be less than one due to mathematical laws. | ||||||||