Lezgian
Contributed by Ramazan Mamedshakhov. The data were gathered in 2021.
How to cite
Mamedshakhov, Ramazan. 2022. Nominal causal constructions in Lezgian. In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on December 1, 2022; last revised on December 1, 2022). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: INEL
| jajluχ-∅ | naqw-ar-aj | qʔeʒe-na |
| handkerchief. s - abs | tear- pl - inel | get_wet- aor |
| The handerchief got soaked from tears. | ||
1
Status: alternate; causal marker: ADESS
| jajluχ-∅ | naqw-ar-iw | qʔeʒe-na |
| handkerchief. s - abs | tear- pl - adess | get_wet- aor |
| The handerchief got soaked from tears. | ||
2
Status: main; causal marker: SREL
| zalanwil-elaj | tarts-in | χel-∅ | χa-na |
| weight- srel | tree. s - gen | branch. s - abs | break- aor |
| The branch broke from the weight. | |||
3
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| gum-∅ | galuqʔ-aj | diʃehli-di | yhy-∅ | ja-zawa |
| smoke. s - abs | get_into- aop | woman. s - erg | cough. s - abs | beat- impf |
| The woman, who felt the smoke, is coughing. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
4
Status: main; causal marker: INEL
| tʃ-az | mitʃʔiwil-aj | qereχ-∅ | ʔakwa-zwa-fʃ |
| 1 pl - dat | darkness- inel | shore. s - abs | see- impf - neg |
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. | |||
5
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| ɣalatʔ-∅ | xa-na | ʔitim-∅ | dustaɣ | ʔawu-na |
| mistake. s - abs | become- aoc | man. s - abs | prison | make- aor |
| There was a mistake and a man went to prison. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | ||||
5
Status: alternate; causal marker: SRDIR
| ɣalatʔd-aldi | ʔitim-∅ | dustaɣ | ʔawu-na |
| mistake. s - srdir | man. s - abs | prison | make- aor |
| The man was arrested by mistake. | |||
6
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| qaj-u | tar-∅ | jarχar-na |
| wind. s - erg | tree. s - abs | lay- aor |
| The wind brought the tree down. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
7
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| tok-di | ja-na | ʔitim-∅ | qʔe-na |
| electricity. s - erg | beat- aoc | man. s - abs | die- aor |
| (The man) got electrocuted and the man died. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | |||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| tok-di | ʔitim-∅ | qʔe-na |
| electricity. s - erg | man. s - abs | kill- aor |
| Electricity killed the man. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
8
Status: main; causal marker: SRDIR
| haraj-ʔewerd-in | sesin-aldi | diʃehli-∅ | ʔaχwar-aj | ʔawat-na |
| noise. s - gen | sound. s - srdir | woman. s - abs | sleep. s - inel | fall- aor |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | ||||
9
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| piwo-∅ | qhwajiwil-aj | ʔitimd-in | qʔil-∅ | tʔar-zawa |
| bear. s - abs | drink- inel man. s - gen | head. s - abs | hurt- impf | |
| The man has a headache from drinking beer. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: SBDIR
| piwod-ikdi | ʔitimd-in | qʔil-∅ | tʔar-zawa |
| bear. s - sbdir | man. s - gen | head. s - abs | hurt- impf |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | |||
10
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| qurtsuld-in | qʔilin-pats-ar-aldi | diʃehli-diz | qhwer-∅ | ʔata-na |
| puppy. s - gen | roll- pl - srdir | woman. s - dat | laugh. s - abs | come- aor |
| The woman laughed at the rolling of the puppy. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||
11
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| zeherlu | baluɣ-dilaj | ʔitim-∅ | qʔwe | jiq-alaj | ʔaɣulamif | xa-na | qʔe-na |
| poisonous | fish. s - abs | eat- aop | man. s - abs | two | day. s - srel | poisoning | become- aoc die- aor |
| The man who ate a poisonous fish died after two days being poisoned. | |||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||
11
Status: alternate; causal marker: SREL
| zeherlu | baluɣ-∅ | tʔy-r | ʔitim-∅ | qʔwe | jiq-alaj | ʔaɣulamiʃ | xa-na qʔe-na |
| poisonous | fish. s - srel | man. s - abs | two | day. s - srel | poisoning | become- aoc | died- aor |
| Being poisoned, the man died from a poisonous fish after two days. | |||||||
12
Status: main; causal marker: SRESS
| witʃ-i | qatʃu-r | qimetd-al | ruʃ-∅ | razi | ja |
| himself- erg | take- aop | cost. s - sress | girl. s - abs | satisfied | be. prs . cop |
| The girl is satisfied with her grade. | |||||
13
Status: main; causal marker: SRESS
| ʔitim-di | laha-j | gaf-ar-al | pab-∅ | qhil-ez | ʔaqat-na |
| man. s - erg | tell- aop | word- pl - sress | wife. s - abs | anger. s - dat | go_out- aor |
| The wife was angered by words spoken by her husband. | |||||
14
Status: main; causal marker: SRDIR
| daχd-in | teklifd-aldi | gada-dik | jeke | ʃadwal-∅ | ʔakat-na |
| father. s - gen | offer. s - srdir | boy. s - sbess | big | joy- abs | be_added- aor |
| Because of the fathers proposal the boy felt great joy. | |||||
14
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| ʔi | fikir-di | gada-dik | jeke | ʃadwal-∅ | kutu-na |
| this | idea. s - erg | boy. s - sbess | big | joy- abs | be_added- aor |
| This idea brought a big joy to the boy. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||||
15
Status: main; causal marker: INEL
| giʃinwil-aj | ʔitim-∅ | zajif | xa-na |
| hunger- inel | man. s - abs | weak | become- aor |
| The man was weakened by hunger. | |||
16
Status: main; causal marker: INEL
| giʃinwil-aj | ʔitim-∅ | qʔe-na |
| hunger- inel | man. s - abs | die- aor |
| The man died of starvation. | ||
17
Status: main; causal marker: INEL
| tʔarwil-aj | ʔitim-di | haraj-zawa |
| pain- inel | man. s - erg | scream- impf |
| The man screams from the pain. | ||
18
Status: main; causal marker: INEL
| meqʔiwil-aj | diʃehli-∅ | zurza-zwa |
| cold- inel | woman. s - abs | shiver- impf |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | ||
19
Status: main; causal marker: INEL
| kitʃʔewil-aj | ʔajal-∅ | ʃex-na |
| fear- inel | child. s - abs | cry- aor |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | ||
20
Status: main; causal marker: INEL
| ʃadwil-aj | ʔajal-∅ | qhyre-na |
| joy- inel | child. s - abs | laugh- aor |
| The child laughed with joy. | ||
21
Status: main; causal marker: INEL
| kitʃʔewil-aj | ʔajal-∅ | tsura | tʃynyx | xa-na |
| fear- inel | child. s - abs | barn. s | hidden | become- aor |
| The child hid in the barn out of fear. | ||||
22
Status: main; causal marker: SREL
| lawɣasuzwil-elaj | ʔitim-di | sa | tʃyqʔ-∅=ni | ʔawu-na-tʃ |
| modesty- srel | man. s - erg | one | sound. s - abs =and | make- aor - neg |
| The man didn't tell a word out of modesty. | ||||
23
Status: main; causal marker: INEL
| kitʃʔewil-aj | diʃehli-di | stχadin | ɣil-∅ | qʔu-na |
| fear- inel | woman. s - erg | brother. s | hand. s - abs | grab- aor |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | ||||
24
Status: main; causal marker: SBEL
| kʔwalaχd-ikaj | diʃehli-∅ | galat-na |
| work. s - sbel | woman. s - abs | get_tired- aor |
| The woman is tired from work. | ||
25
Status: main; causal marker: gilaj GEN
| vetʔ-er-in | ɣil-aj | diʃehli-∅ | ʔaχwar-iz | fi-zwa-fʃ |
| mosquito- pl - gen | hand. s - inel | woman. s - abs | sleep. s - dat | go- impf - neg |
| The woman can’t fall asleep because of the mosquitoes. | ||||
26
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| warz-∅ | ʔaw-aj-wil-aj | jad-∅ | ʔekyz | ʔakwa-zwa |
| moon. s - abs | be- aop - abst - inel | water. s - abs | light | be_seen- impf |
| The water looks light because of the presence of the moon. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||
27
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| ɣyrtʃ-ez | fe-ji | ʔitimd-in | kar-∅ | kitsʔ-iz | kilig-na | tykʔe-na |
| hunt. s - dat | go- aop | man. s - gen | bussines. s - abs | dog. s - dat | watch- aoc | work_out- aor |
| Thanks to his dog, the man who went hunting, was successful. | ||||||
28
Status: main; causal marker: SBEL
| pap-az | ɣyl-ykaj | qhel-∅ | ʔata-na |
| wife. s - dat | husband. s - sbel | anger. s - abs | come- aor |
| The wife was angry at her husband. | |||
29
Status: main; causal marker: kiligna DAT
| ɣyl-yz | kilig-na | diʃehli-∅ | kʔwalaχal | geʒ | xa-na |
| husband. s - dat | watch- aoc | woman. s - abs | work. s | late | become- aor |
| The woman was late for work because of her husband. | |||||
30
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| zarzala-∅ | xu-n-iz | kilig-na | ʔinsan-ar-∅ | telef | xa-na |
| earthquake. s - abs | become- msd - dat | see- aoc | man- pl - abs | destroyed | become- aor |
| People died because there was an earthquake. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | |||||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: SBDIR
| zarzalad-ikdi | ʔinsan-ar-∅ | telef | xa-na |
| earthquake. s - sbdir | man- pl - abs | destroyed | become- aor |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | |||
31
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| wiri | bedbaχtwil-er-∅ | ʔinsan-r-iz | kilig-na | ʔaradal | qwe-zwa |
| all | trouble- pl - abs | man- pl - dat | watch- aoc | place. s | come- impf |
| All misfortunes happen because of humans. | |||||
32
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| operatsija-∅ | ʔawu-r-wil-aj | ʔitim-diz | qhsan | diz ʔakwa-zwa |
| operation. s - abs | make- aop - abst - inel | man. s - dat | well | see- impf |
| The man can see better now because he had a surgery. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||
32
Status: alternate; causal marker: SBDIR
| operatsijad-ikdi | ʔitim-diz | qhsan | diz ʔakwa-zwa |
| operation. s - sbdir | man. s - dat | well | see- impf |
| The man can see better now because of the syrgery. | |||
33
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| ʔi | ʔitim-diz | kilig-na | diʃehlididal | tʃan-∅ | ʔala-ma |
| this | man. s - dat | see- aoc | woman. s | life. s - abs | be_on- cont |
| The woman is alive thanks to that man. | |||||
34
Status: main; causal marker: INEL
| ʔid-akaj | ʔitim-di | witʃ-in | pap-az | ʔaχmaqʔwil-aj | ʔaqhaj-na |
| this- sbel | man. s - erg | himself- gen | wife. s - dat | stupidity- inel | discover- aor |
| The man told his wife about it out of stupidity. | |||||
35
Status: main; causal marker: INEL
| muqajatsuzwil-aj | diʃehli-∅ | tsʔydɣyn-na |
| negligence- inel | woman. s - abs | slip- aor |
| The woman slipped because of carelessness. | ||
36
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| jeke | teʒriba-∅ | ʔawa-j-wil-aj | pilotd-iwaj | samalot-∅ | ʔatsuqʔariz | xa-na |
| big | experience. s - abs | be- aop - abst - inel | pilot. s - adel | aircraft. s - abs | land | become- aor |
| Because he had a lot of experience, the pilot was able to land the aircraft. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||||
37
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| teʒriba-∅ | ʔawa-tʃ-ir-wil-aj | pilotd-iwaj | samaljot-∅ | ʔatsuqʔariz | xa-na-tʃ |
| experience. s - abs | be- neg - aop - abst - inel | pilot. s - adel | aircraft. s - abs | land | become- aor - neg |
| Because he did not have a lot of experience, the pilot was able to land the aircraft. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | |||||
38
Status: main; causal marker: INEL
| djawe-din | waχt-ar-a | giʃinwil-aj | ʔinsan-r-i | weqʔ-er-∅ | ne-zwaj |
| war. s - gen | time- pl | hunger- inel | man- pl - erg | grass- pl - abs | eat- pstimpf |
| In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger. | |||||
39
Status: main; causal marker: INEL
| hewesluwil-aj | diʃehli-∅ | qeniz | hax-na |
| enthusiasm- inel | woman. s - abs | inside | enter- aor |
| The man killed his wife out of jealousy. | |||
40
Status: main; causal marker: INEL
| ʔiχtibarsuzwil-aj | ʔitim-di | pab-∅ | qʔe-na |
| mistrust- inel | man. s - erg | woman. s - abs | kill- aor |
| The man killed the wife because of mistrust. | |||
41
Status: main; causal marker: INEL
| witʃ-in | qʔuru | takaburwil-aj | ʔitim-di | ʔidakaj | wiri-daz | ʔaqhaj-na |
| himself- gen | dry | arrogance- inel | man. s - erg | this | all- dat | discover- aor |
| The man told everyone about it out of vanity. | ||||||
42
Status: main; causal marker: INEL
| qhil-aj | diʃehli-di | wiri | qap-ar-∅ | χa-na |
| anger- inel | woman. s - erg | all | vessel- pl - abs | break- aor |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | ||||
43
Status: main; causal marker: INEL
| meqʔiwil-aj | diʃehli-∅ | wiri | partal-ar-∅=ni | ʔala-z | ksa-na |
| cold- inel | woman. s - abs | all | clothes- pl - abs =and | beat.on- imc | sleep- aor |
| The woman went to sleep clothed because of the cold. | |||||
44
Status: main; causal marker: kiligna DAT
| ʔadan | kastjum-diz | kilig-na | muallim-di | ʔutʃenik-din | tarif-na |
| 3 s | suit. s - dat | see- aoc | teacher. s - erg | pupil. s - gen | honour- aor |
| The teacher commended the student for his suit. | |||||
45
Status: main; causal marker: kiligna DAT
| ʔadan | gaf-ar-iz | kilig-na | ʔitim-di | qunʃi-∅ | gatha-na |
| 3 s | word- pl - dat | see- aoc | man. s - erg | neighbour. s - abs | beat- aor |
| The man beated his neighbor because of his words. | |||||
46
Status: main; causal marker: kiligna DAT
| tupun-iz | kilig-na | ʔajal-ar-∅ | kkʔa-na |
| ball. s - dat | see- aoc | child- pl - abs | fight- aor |
| The children fought over the ball. | |||
47
Status: main; causal marker: kiligna DAT
| ʔirsin-iz | kilig-na | ʔitim-∅ | stχadiqh | galaz | qhel xa-na |
| herritage. s - dat | see- aoc | man. s - abs | brother. s | with | anger |
| The man argued with his brother over the inheritance. | |||||
48
Status: main; causal marker: kiligna DAT
| diʃehli-di | ʔi | ktab-∅ | ʃikil-r-iz | kilig-na | qatʃu-na |
| woman. s - erg | this | book. s - abs | drawing- pl - dat | see- aoc | take- aor |
| The woman bought the book because of the pictures. | |||||
49
Status: main; causal marker: kiligna DAT
| phis | qyhyl-diz | kilig-na | diʃehli-∅ | witʃ-in | juldaʃdiqh | galaz | gyryʃ | qhxa-na-tʃ |
| bad | mood. s - dat | see- aoc | woman. s - abs | himself- gen | friend. s | with | communication | become- aor - neg |
| The woman decided no to meet her friend because of the bad mood. | ||||||||
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| leɣw-er-aj | ʔakwa-zwaj-wal | jifiz | marf-∅ | qwa-na |
| puddle- pl - inel | see- impfptp - abst | in_the_night | rain. s - abs | fall- aor |
| Since it is possible to see the puddles, (it is possible to concluse that) it was raining last night. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | ||||
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| buɣad-aj | ʔakwa-zwaj-wal | jad-∅ | rugu-nwa |
| steam. s - inel | see- impfptp - abst water. s - abs | boil- prf | |
| Since it is oossible to see the steam, (it can be concluded that) the water is boiling. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | |||
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| ʃa | kʔwal-iz | hawa-∅ | meqʔi | ja |
| go. imp | house. s - dat | weather. s - abs | cold | be |
| Go into the house, the weather is cold. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | ||||
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| zi | perem-∅ | hina wa |
| my | shirt. s - abs | where.be |
| Where is my shirt? | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the caused event is not explicitly expressed. | ||
54
Status: main; causal marker: SRDIR
| matematikad-in | qanun-r-aldi | ʔi | reqem-∅ | sad-alaj | tʔimil | xu-n | mumkin | tuʃ |
| mathematics. s - gen | law- pl - srdir | this | number. s - abs | one- srel | little | become. msd | possible | be. neg |
| Per mathematical law, this number cannot be less than one. | ||||||||