Moksha
Contributed by Svetlana Toldova. The data were gathered in 2022.
How to cite
Svetlana Toldova. 2022. Nominal causal constructions in Moksha. In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on March 19, 2025; last revised on March 19, 2025). (Available online at https://nocacoda.github.io. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: ezda GEN
| ruс'ɛ-s' | načk-s' | s'el'məvet'-t'n'ə-n' | ezdə |
| handkerchief- def . sg | get_wet- pst .3[ sg ] | tear- def . pl - gen | in. abl |
| The handkerchief got wet from tears. | |||
1
Status: alternate; causal marker: EL
| ruс'ɛ-s' | načk-s' | sel'məvectə |
| handkerchief- def . sg | get_wet- pst .3[ sg ] | tear. el |
| The handkerchief got wet from tears. | ||
1
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| s'el'məvet'-t'n'ə | nač-ft-əz'ə | ruc'ɛ-t' |
| tear- def . pl | get_wet- caus - pst .3 sg . o .3 sg . s | handkerchief- def . sg . gen |
| The tears wet the handkerchief. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
2
Status: main; causal marker: ezda GEN
| tarac' | s'in'd'-əv-s' | staka-t' | ezdə |
| branch | break- pass - pst .3[ sg ] | weight- def . sg . gen | in. abl |
| The branch broke under the weight. | |||
2
Status: alternate; causal marker: inksa GEN
| tarac' | s'in'd'-əv-s' | staka-t' | inksə |
| branch | break- pass - pst .3[ sg ] | weight- def . sg . gen | because_of |
| The branch broke under the weight. | |||
2
Status: alternate; causal marker: DAT
| staka-t'i | s'in'd'-əv-s' | tarac' |
| weight- def . sg . dat | break- pass - pst .3[ sg ] | branch. def . sg |
| The branch broke due to the weight. | ||
2
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| vederka | moda-s' | povfta-l' | tarat-t'I | i | t'ɛ | staka-s' | s'in'd'-əz’ə | tarat-t' |
| bucket | earth- def . sg | hang- impf [3 sg ] | branch- dat | and | this | weight- def . sg | break- pst .3 sg . o .3 sg . s | branch- def . sg . gen |
| The bucket was hung on a branch, and the weight broke the branch. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||||||||
3
Status: main; causal marker: ezda GEN
| ava-s' | koz-i | kačam-t' | ezdə |
| woman- def . sg | cough- npst .3[ sg ] | smoke- def . sg . gen | in. abl |
| The woman is coughing because of the smoke. | |||
3
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| kačam-s' | koz-ft-əz'ə | ava-t' |
| smoke- def . sg . nom | cough- caus - pst .3 sg . o .3 sg . s | woman- def . sg . gen |
| The smoke made the woman cough. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
3
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| koz-ft-əz'ə | ava-t' | kačam-s' |
| cough- caus - pst .3 sg . o .3 sg . s | woman- def . sg . gen | smoke- def . sg . nom |
| The smoke made the woman cough. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
4
Status: main; causal marker: ezda GEN
| šopəda-t' | ezdə | af | n'ɛj-sas'k | berɛg-t' |
| darkness- def . sg . gen | darkness | in. abl | see- npst .3. o .1 pl . s | shore- def . sg . gen |
| Because of the darkness, we can’t see the shore. | ||||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: EL
| berəg-s' | šopəda-stə | af | n'ɛj-əv-i |
| shore- def . sg | darkness- el | darkness- el | see- pass - npst .3[ sg ] |
| The shore is not visible in the darkness. | |||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: inksa GEN
| t'ej-nək | bereg-s' | af | n'ɛj-əv-i | šopəda-t' | inksə |
| pron . dat -1 pl . poss | shore- def . sg | neg | see- pass - npst .3[ sg ] | darkness- def . sg . gen | in. abl |
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. | |||||
5
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| al'ɛ-t' | pɛksta-z' | ɛl'bɛd'-əm-ga |
| man- def . sg . gen | close- pst .3. o .3 pl . s | make_mistakes- inf - prol |
| The man was arrested by mistake. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||
6
Status: main; causal marker: ezda GEN
| šufc' | pra-s' | varma-t' | ezdə |
| tree | fell- pst .3[ sg ] | wind- def . sg . gen | in. abl |
| The tree fell from the wind. | |||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: inksa GEN
| šufc' | pra-s' | varma-t' | inksə |
| tree | fell- pst .3[ sg ] | wind- def . sg . gen | because_of |
| The tree fell from the wind. | |||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| šuft | praft-əz'ə | varma-s' |
| tree | fell- caus - pst .3 sg . o .3 sg . s | wind- def . sg |
| The wind knocked down the tree. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: EL
| varma-stə | šufc' | vajɛ j |
| wind- el | tree. def . sg | be_falling- npst .3[ sg ] |
| The tree falls from the wind. | ||
7
Status: main; causal marker: ezda GEN
| al'ɛ-s' | kulə-s' | tok-t' | ezdə |
| man- def . sg | die- pst .3[ sg ] | current- def . sg . gen | in. abl |
| The man died due to electric shock. | |||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| al'ɛ-t' | šav-əz'ə | tok-s' | srazu |
| man- def . sg . gen | kill- pst .3 sg . o .3 sg . s | current- def . sg | immediately |
| The man was killed by electric shock immediately. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: inksa GEN
| al'ɛ-s' | kulə-s' | tok-t' | inksə |
| man- def . sg | die- pst .3[ sg ] | current- def . sg . gen | because_of |
| The man died due to electric shock. | |||
8
Status: main; causal marker: ezda GEN
| ava-s' | sərgəz'-s' | krik-t' | ezdə |
| woman- def . sg . gen | wake_up- pst .3[ sg ] | scream- def . sg . gen | in. abl |
| The woman woke up from a scream. | |||
8
Status: alternate; causal marker: inksa GEN
| ava-s' | sərgəz'-s' | krik-t' | inksə |
| woman- def . sg . gen | wake_up- pst .3[ sg ] | scream- def . sg . gen | because_of |
| The woman woke up from a scream. | |||
8
Status: alternate; causal marker: CSL
| krik-ənksə | son | sərgəz'-s' |
| scream- cls | he | wake_up- pst .3[ sg ] |
| He woke up because of the scream. | ||
8
Status: alternate; causal marker: DAT
| ava-s' | krik-ti | sərgəz'-s' |
| woman- def . sg | scream- dat | wake_up- pst .3[ sg ] |
| The woman woke up from a scream. | ||
9
Status: main; causal marker: ezda GEN
| al'ɛ-t' | poza-t' | ezdə | s'ɛr'ɛd'-i | pr'a-c |
| man- def . sg . gen | beer- def . sg . gen | in. abl | get_sick- npst .3[ sg ] | head-3 sg . poss . sg |
| The man has a headache from beer. | ||||
10
Status: main; causal marker: inksa GEN
| ava-s' | raka-s' | pin'ə | l'efks-t' | inksə |
| woman- def . sg | laugh- pst .3[ sg ] | dog | young- def . sg . gen | because_of |
| The woman laughed because of the puppy. | ||||
11
Status: main; causal marker: ezda GEN
| al'ɛ-s' | kulə-s' | jadəvaj | kal-t' | ezdə | kal-t' | ezdə | kaftə častə mel'ə |
| man- def . sg | die- pst .3[ sg ] | poisonous | fish- def . sg . gen | because_of | two | time. el | after. loc |
| The man died from poisonous fish two hours later. | |||||||
12
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| st'ər'-n'ɛ-s' | god'a-v-s' | es' | otmetka-ncti |
| young_woman- dim - def . sg | to_please- pass - pst .3[ sg ] | own | mark-3 sg . poss . sg . dat |
| The girl is happy with her grade. | |||
12
Status: alternate; causal marker: ezda GEN
| st'ər'-n'ɛ-s' | god'a-v-s' | es' | otmetka-nc | ezdə |
| young_woman- dim - def . sg | to_please- pass - pst .3[ sg ] | own | mark-3 sg . poss . sg . gen | in. abl |
| The girl is happy because of her grade. | ||||
12
Status: alternate; causal marker: inksa GEN
| es' | otmetka-nc | inksə | stern'ɛ-s' | god'a-v-s' |
| own | mark-3 sg . poss . sg . gen | because_of | young_woman- dim - def . sg | please- pass - pst .3[ sg ] |
| The girl is happy because of her grade. | ||||
13
Status: main; causal marker: inksa GEN
| ava-s' | kɛžijɛ-s' | mər'd'-ənc | val-ənc | inksə |
| woman- def . sg | get_angry- pst .3[ sg ] | husband-3 sg . poss . sg . gen | word-3 sg . poss . sg . gen | in. abl |
| The wife got angry because of her husband’s words. | ||||
13
Status: alternate; causal marker: ezda GEN
| ava-s' | kɛžijɛ-s' | mər'd'-ənc | ezdə |
| woman- def . sg | get_angry- pst .3[ sg ] | husband-3 sg . poss . sg . gen | in. abl |
| The wife got angry because of her husband. | |||
13
Status: alternate; causal marker: DAT
| ava-s' | mər'd’-ənc | val-əncti | kɛžijɛ-s’ |
| woman- def . sg | husband-3 sg . poss . sg . gen | word-3 sg . poss . sg . dat | get_angry- pst .3[ sg ] |
| The wife got angry at her husband’s words. | |||
13
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| al'ɛ-t' | val-ənzə | kɛžja-ft-əz'ə | ava-t' |
| woman- def . sg . gen | word-3 sg . poss . pl | get_angry- pst .3[ sg ] | husband-3 sg . poss . sg . gen |
| The husband’s words angered the woman. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||
14
Status: main; causal marker: CSL
| с'ora-n'a-с | t'ɛ-nksə | pɛk | ken'ɛr'c' |
| boy- dim -3 sg . poss . sg | this- csl | very | rejoice. pst .3[ sg ] |
| The boy was very happy because of this. | |||
14
Status: alternate; causal marker: mela ABL
| c'ora-n'a-c | t'ɛ | kor̥ta-ma-də | mel'ə | pɛk | ken'ɛr'tə-s' |
| boy- dim -3 sg . poss . sg | this- csl | speak- nzr - abl | after | very | rejoice. pst .3[ sg ] |
| The boy was happy because of this conversation. | |||||
14
Status: alternate; causal marker: inksa GEN
| c'ora-n'a-c | pɛk | ken'ɛr'с' | tə-s' | kor̥ta-ma-t' | inksə |
| boy- dim -3 sg . poss . sg | very | rejoice. pst .3[ sg ] | this- csl | speak- nzr - def . sg . gen | because_of |
| The boy was happy because of this conversation. | |||||
15
Status: main; causal marker: CSL
| al'ɛ-s' | slabaj-gəc' | vačəši-nksə |
| man- def . sg | weak- incp . pst .3[ sg ] | famine- csl |
| The man weakened from hunger. | ||
15
Status: alternate; causal marker: ezda GEN
| al'ɛ-s' | slabaj-gəc' | vačəši-t' | ezdə |
| man | weak- incp . pst .3[ sg ] | famine- def . sg . gen | in. abl |
| The man weakened from hunger. | |||
16
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| al'ɛ-s' | kulə-s' | vačədə |
| man- def . sg | die- pst .3[ sg ] | hungry |
| The man died hungry. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adverb, not a nominal phrase. | ||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: CSL
| al'ɛ-s' | kulə-s' | vačəši-nksə |
| man- def . sg | die- pst .3[ sg ] | famine- cls |
| The man died from hunger. | ||
17
Status: main; causal marker: ezda GEN
| al'ɛ-s' | ivad'-i | mar'ɛj-t' | ezdə |
| man- def . sg | scream- npst .3[ sg ] | pain- def . sg . gen | in. abl |
| The man is screaming from pain. | |||
17
Status: alternate; causal marker: inksa GEN
| al'ɛ-s' | ivad'-i | mar'ɛj-t' | inksə |
| man- def . sg | scream- npst .3[ sg ] | pain- def . sg . gen | because_of |
| The man is screaming from pain. | |||
18
Status: main; causal marker: ezda GEN
| ava-s' | kalg-i | jakšam-t' | ezdə |
| woman- def . sg | shake- npst .3[ sg ] | cold- def . sg . gen | in. abl |
| The woman is trembling from the cold. | |||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: inksa GEN
| ava-s' | kalg-i | jakšam-t' | inksə |
| woman- def . sg | shake- npst .3[ sg ] | cold- def . sg . gen | because_of |
| The woman is trembling from the cold. | |||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: EL
| ava-s' | kalg-i | jakšam-stə |
| woman- def . sg | shake- npst .3[ sg ] | cold- el |
| The woman is trembling in the cold. | ||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: CSL
| jakšam-ənksə | ava-s' | af | mol-i | kov-gə |
| cold- cls | woman- def . sg | woman- def . sg | go- npst .3[ sg ] | where- add |
| In the cold, the woman won’t go anywhere. | ||||
19
Status: main; causal marker: ezda GEN
| ic' | avar'-gəc' | stras't'-t' | ezdə |
| child. def . sg | cry- incp . pst .3[ sg ] | fear. def . sg . gen | in. abl |
| The child cried from fear. | |||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: CSL
| ɛvəd'-əma-nksə | it' | avar'c' |
| be_scared- nzr - csl | child | cry. pst .3[ sg ] |
| Because of fright, the child cried. | ||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: DAT
| ɛvad'-əma-ti | it' | avar'd'-i |
| frighten- nzr - def . sg . dat | child | cry- npst .3[ sg ] |
| Because of fright, the child cried. | ||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| stras't'-s' | avar'-ft-əz'ə | it'-t' |
| fear- def . sg | cry- caus - pst .3 sg . o .3 sg . s | child- def . sg . gen |
| Fear made the child cry. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
20
Status: main; causal marker: ezda GEN
| it'-n'ɛ-s' | raka-z'əv-s' | ken'ɛr'd'-əma-t' | ezdə |
| child- dim - def . sg | laugh- inch - pst .3[ sg ] | rejoice- nzr - def . sg . gen | in. abl |
| The child laughed from joy. | |||
20
Status: alternate; causal marker: CSL
| it'-n'ɛ-s' | raka-z'əv-s' | ken'ɛr'd'-əma-nksə |
| child- dim - def . sg | laugh- inch - pst .3[ sg ] | rejoice- nzr - csl |
| The child laughed from joy. | ||
20
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| ken'ɛr'd'-əma-s' | raka-ft-əz'ə | it'-t' |
| rejoice- nzr - def . sg | laugh- caus - pst .3 sg . o .3 sg . s | child- def . sg . gen |
| Joy makes the child laugh. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
21
Status: main; causal marker: ezda GEN
| ic' | stras't'-t' | ezdə | kɛš-s' | latal-u |
| child | fear- def . sg . gen | in. abl | hide- npst .3[ sg ] | hostess- lat |
| The child hid in the barn out of fear. | ||||
22
Status: main; causal marker: CSL
| al'ɛ-s' | istəvajši-nksə | mez'-gə | iz' | kor̥tə |
| man- def . sg | smart- csl | what- add | what- add | speak. cn |
| The man said nothing out of "correctness." | ||||
23
Status: main; causal marker: ezda GEN
| ava-s' | stras't'-t' | ezdə | fat'ɛ-z'ə | brad-ənc | kɛc'tə |
| woman- def . sg | fear- def . sg . gen | in. abl | grab- pst .3 sg . o .3 sg . s | brother-3 sg . poss . sg . gen | hand. el |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | |||||
23
Status: alternate; causal marker: inksa GEN
| ava-s' | stras't'-t' | inksə | fat'ɛ-z'ə | brad-ənc | kɛc'tə |
| woman- def . sg | fear- def . sg . gen | because_of | grab- pst .3 sg . o .3 sg . s | brother-3 sg . poss . sg . gen | hand. el |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | |||||
24
Status: main; causal marker: ezda GEN
| ava-s' | siz'ə-s' | rabota-t' | ezdə |
| woman- def . sg | get_tired- pst .3[ sg ] | work- def . sg . gen | in. abl |
| The woman is tired from work. | |||
24
Status: alternate; causal marker: inksa GEN
| ava-s' | siz'ə-s' | rabota-t' | inksə |
| woman- def . sg | get_tired- pst .3[ sg ] | work- def . sg . gen | because_of |
| The woman is tired from work. | |||
24
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| ava-s' | siz'ə-s' | rabata-m-stə |
| woman- def . sg | get_tired- pst .3[ sg ] | work- inf - el |
| The woman got tired while working. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||
24
Status: alternate; causal marker: CSL
| ava-s' | siz'ə-s' | rabatama-nksə |
| woman- def . sg . gen | get_tired- pst .3[ sg ] | work- nzr - csl |
| The woman is tired from work. | ||
25
Status: main; causal marker: inksa GEN
| avas' | af | matəd-əv-I | s'ɛs'kə-n'ə-n' | inksə |
| woman- def . sg | woman- def . sg | fall_asleep- pass - npst .3[ sg ] | mosquito- def . pl - gen | because_of |
| The woman can’t sleep because of the mosquitoes. | ||||
25
Status: alternate; causal marker: ezda GEN
| avas' | af | matəd-əv-I | s'ɛs'kə-n'ə-n' | ezdə |
| woman- def . sg | woman- def . sg | fall_asleep- pass - npst .3[ sg ] | mosquito- def . pl - gen | in. abl |
| The woman can’t sleep because of the mosquitoes. | ||||
25
Status: alternate; causal marker: CSL
| avas' | af | matəd-əv-I | s'ɛs'kə-nksə |
| woman- def . sg | woman- def . sg | fall_asleep- pass - npst .3[ sg ] | mosquito- cls |
| The woman can’t sleep because of the mosquitoes. | |||
25
Status: alternate; causal marker: DAT
| avas' | af | matəd-əv-i | s'ɛs'kə-n'd'i |
| woman- def . sg | woman- def . sg | fall_asleep- pass - npst .3[ sg ] | mosquito- pl . dat |
| The woman can’t sleep because of the mosquitoes. | |||
26
Status: main; causal marker: inksa GEN
| vec' | n'ɛj-ev-i | valctə | kof-t' | inksə |
| water. def . sg | see- pass - npst .3[ sg ] | light. el | month- def . sg . gen | because_of |
| The water appears bright because of the moon. | ||||
27
Status: main; causal marker: inksa GEN
| al'ɛ-s' | udačnaj | jaka-s' | oxota-s | pin'ə-nc | inksə |
| man- def . sg | successful | walk- pst .3[ sg ] | hunting- ill | dog-3 sg . poss . sg . gen | because_of |
| The man went hunting successfully because of the dog. | |||||
28
Status: main; causal marker: langs GEN
| ava-s' | kɛžijɛ-s' | mər'd'-ənc | langs |
| woman- def . sg | be_angry- pst .3[ sg ] | husband-3 sg . poss . sg . gen | top- ill |
| The wife got angry at her husband. | |||
29
Status: main; causal marker: inksa GEN
| ava-s' | pozdanda-z'ə | rabota-mə | mər'd'-ənc | inksə |
| woman- def . sg | late- pst .3 sg . o .3 sg . s | work- inf | husband-3 sg . poss . sg . gen | because_of |
| The woman was late for work because of her husband. | ||||
30
Status: main; causal marker: inksa GEN
| lomat'-t'n'ə | kulə-s'-t' | moda-t' | šer̥'k-əma-nc | inksə |
| human- def . pl | die- pst .3- pl | earth- def . sg . gen | shake- nzr -3 sg . poss . sg . gen | because_of |
| People died because of the earthquake. | ||||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: CSL
| lomat'-t'n'ə | kulə-s'-t' | moda-t' | žer'k-əma-nsə |
| human- def . pl | die- pst .3- pl | earth- def . sg . gen | shake- nzr - csl |
| People died because of the earthquake. | |||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| moda-n' | žer̥'k-əma-s' | kulə-ft-əz'n'ə | loma-t'n'ə-n' |
| earth- gen | shake- nzr - def . sg | die- caus - pst .3 pl . o .3 sg . s | human- def . pl - gen |
| The earthquake led to people’s deaths. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||
31
Status: main; causal marker: ezda GEN
| s'embə | beda-t'n'ə | lomat'-n'ə-n' | ezdə |
| all | trouble- def . pl | human- def . pl - gen | in. abl |
| All troubles happen because of humans. | |||
32
Status: main; causal marker: ezda GEN
| operacija-t' | ezdə | al'ɛ-s' | osnava-s' | lac | n'ɛj-əmə |
| surgery- def . sg . gen | in. abl | man- def . sg | begin- pst .3[ sg ] | fine | see- inf |
| The man’s vision improved thanks to the surgery. | |||||
32
Status: alternate; causal marker: inksa GEN
| operacija-t' | inksə | al'ɛ-s' | osnava-s' | lac | n'ɛj-əmə |
| surgery- def . sg . gen | because_of | man- def . sg | begin- pst .3[ sg ] | fine | see- inf |
| The man’s vision improved thanks to the surgery. | |||||
32
Status: alternate; causal marker: mela ABL
| operacija-də | mel'ə | al'ɛ-s' | osnava-s' | lac | n'ɛj-əmə |
| surgery- abl | after | man- def . sg | begin- pst .3[ sg ] | fine | see- inf |
| The man’s vision improved after the surgery. | |||||
33
Status: main; causal marker: inksa GEN
| t'ɛ | al'ɛ-t' | inksə | ava-s' | er'ɛ-j |
| this | man- def . sg . gen | in. abl | woman- def . sg | live- npst 3[ sg ] |
| The woman is alive thanks to this man. | ||||
34
Status: main; causal marker: CSL
| al'ɛ-s' | az-əz'ə | t'ɛ-n' | ava-ncti | glupajši-nksə |
| man- def . sg | say- pst .3 sg . o .3 sg | this- gen | wife-3 sg . poss . sg . dat | stupidity- cls |
| The man told his wife this out of foolishness. | ||||
35
Status: main; causal marker: EL
| ava-s' | gur'ks-t' | af | van-ft-əma-stə |
| woman- def . sg | slip | up- pst .3[ sg ] | neg look- caus - nzr - el |
| The woman slipped due to carelessness. | |||
36
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| letčik-s' | maštəz' | ozaft-əz'e | samolet-t' |
| pilot- def . sg . gen | skillfully | plant- pst .3. o .3 pl . s | airplane- def . sg . gen |
| The pilot skillfully landed the plane. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adverb, not a nominal phrase. | |||
37
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| n.a. |
| n.a. |
| n.a. |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
38
Status: main; causal marker: inksa GEN
| vojna | ping-stə | lomat'-n'ə | vačəši-t' | inksə | jarca-s'-t' | juv-də |
| war | time- el | human- def . pl | famine- def . sg . gen | in. abl | eat- pst .3- pl | chaff- abl |
| During the war, people ate grass out of hunger. | ||||||
38
Status: alternate; causal marker: ezda GEN
| vojna | ping-stə | lomat'-n'ə | vačəši-t' | ezdə | jarca-s'-t' | juv-də |
| war | time- el | human- def . pl | famine- def . sg . gen | because_of | eat- pst .3- pl | chaff- abl |
| During the war, people ate grass out of hunger. | ||||||
39
Status: main; causal marker: EL
| vrednajši-stə-nzə | ava-s' | suva-s' | potm-u |
| trust- el .3 sg . poss | woman- def . sg | enter- def . sg | interior- lat |
| The woman went inside out of spite. | |||
39
Status: alternate; causal marker: CSL
| vrednajši-nksə | ava-s' | suva-s' | potm-u |
| harmful- csl | woman- def . sg | enter- def . sg | interior- lat |
| The woman went inside out of spite. | |||
40
Status: main; causal marker: CSL
| al'ɛ-s' | šav-əz'ə | ava-nc | korod-əma-nksə |
| man- def . sg | kill- pst .3 sg . o .3 sg . s | woman-3 sg . poss . sg . gen | be_jealous- nzr - csl |
| The man killed his wife out of jealousy. | |||
40
Status: alternate; causal marker: inksa GEN
| al'ɛ-s' | šav-əz'ə | ava-nc | korod-əma-nc-t' | inksə |
| man- def . sg | kill- pst .3 sg . o .3 sg . s | woman-3 sg . poss . sg . gen | be_jealous- nzr - def . sg . gen | because_of |
| The man killed his wife out of jealousy. | ||||
41
Status: main; causal marker: CSL
| al'ɛ-s' | s'embə-n' | az-əz'n'e | falend-əma-nksə |
| man- def . sg | all- gen | say- pst .3 pl . o .3 sg . s | boast- nzr - csl |
| The man told everyone about it out of boastfulness. | |||
41
Status: alternate; causal marker: inksa GEN
| al'ɛ-s' | s'embə-n' | az-əz'n'e | falend-əma-t' | inksə |
| man- def . sg | all- gen | say- pst .3 pl . o .3 sg . s | boast- nzr - def . sg | because_of |
| The man told everyone about it out of boastfulness. | ||||
42
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| kɛž-də | ava-s' | kola-z'n'ə | s'embə | kɛt'k-n'ə-n' |
| anger- abl | woman- def . sg | break- pst .3 pl . o .3 sg . s | all | vessel- def . pl - gen |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | ||||
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: inksa GEN
| kɛž-t' | inksə | ava-s' | kola-z'n'ə | s'embə | kɛt'k-n'ə-n' |
| anger- def . sg . gen | because_of | woman- def . sg . gen | break- pst .3 pl . o .3 sg . s | all | vessel- def . pl - gen |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | |||||
43
Status: main; causal marker: CSL
| ava-s' | mac' | šča-f-stə | ud-əmə | jakšam-ənksə |
| woman- def . sg | lie. pst .3[ sg ] | put_on- ptcp . res - el | sleep- inf | cold- csl |
| The woman went to sleep dressed because of the cold. | ||||
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: inksa GEN
| ava-s' | mac' | šča-f-stə | ud-əmə | jakšam-t' | inksə |
| woman- def . sg | lie. pst .3[ sg ] | put_on- ptcp . res - el | sleep- inf | cold- def . sg . gen | because_of |
| The woman went to sleep dressed because of the cold. | |||||
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: ezda GEN
| ava-s' | mac' | šča-f-stə | ud-əmə | jakšam-t' | ezdə |
| woman- def . sg | lie | put_on- ptcp . res - el | sleep- inf | cold- def . sg . gen | cold. abl |
| The woman went to sleep dressed because of the cold. | |||||
44
Status: main; causal marker: CSL
| maša | šna-z'ə | daša-n' | dobraj | panar-ənksə |
| Мasha | praise- pst .3 sg . o .3 sg . s | d asha- gen | good | shirt- csl |
| Masha praised Dasha for her beautiful shirt. | ||||
45
Status: main; causal marker: inksa GEN
| maša | šna-z'ə | daša-n' | dobraj | panar-ənc | inksə |
| Мasha | praise- pst .3 sg . o .3 sg . s | d asha- gen | good | shirt-3 sg . poss . sg . gen | because_of |
| Masha praised Dasha for her beautiful shirt. | |||||
46
Status: main; causal marker: CSL
| it'-t'n'ə | t'ur'-s'-t' | top-ənksə |
| child- def . pl | fight- pst .3- pl | ball- csl |
| The children fought over the ball. | ||
46
Status: alternate; causal marker: inksa GEN
| it'-t'n'ə | t'ur'-s'-t'top-t' | inksə |
| child- def . pl | fight- pst .3- pl | ball- def . sg . gen because_of |
| The children fought over the ball. | ||
47
Status: main; causal marker: CSL
| al'ɛ-s' | kɛz'ija-s' | brad-ənc | mar̥tə | koz'ɛši-nksə |
| man- def . sg | get_angry- pst .3[ sg ] | brother-3 sg . poss . sg . gen | with | wealth- csl |
| The man quarreled with his brother over wealth. | ||||
47
Status: alternate; causal marker: inksa GEN
| al'ɛ-s' | kɛz'ija-s' | brad-ənc | mar̥tə | koz'ɛ-tn'ə-n' inksə |
| man- def . sg | get_angry- pst .3[ sg ] | brother-3 sg . poss . sg . gen | wealth- def . pl - gen | because_of |
| The man quarreled with his brother over wealth. | ||||
48
Status: main; causal marker: inksa GEN
| ava-s' | rama-z'ə | t'ɛ | kniga-t' | risunka-t'n'ə-n' | inksə |
| woman- def . sg | buy- pst .3 sg . o .3 sg . s | this | book- def . sg . gen | drawing- def . pl - gen | because_of |
| The woman bought this book because of the illustrations. | |||||
49
Status: main; causal marker: CSL
| ava-s' | lotka-s' | vasf-n'ə-m-də | jalga-nc | mar̥tə | plox | m'ɛl'-ənksə |
| woman- def . sg | stop- pst .3[ sg ] | meet | friend-3 sg . poss . sg . gen | with | bad | desire- csl |
| The woman didn’t meet her friend because of her bad mood. | ||||||
49
Status: alternate; causal marker: inksa GEN
| ava-s' | iz' | karma-j | vas'əd'-əmə | jalga-nc | mar̥tə | kal'd'av | nasrajenia-nc inksə |
| woman- def . sg | neg | begin- npst .3[ sg ] | meet- inf | other-3 sg . poss . sg . gen | bad | mood-3 sg . poss . sg . gen | because_of |
| The woman didn’t meet her friend because of her bad mood. | |||||||
50
Status: main; causal marker: koras GEN
| ved' | lotk-n'e-n' | kor'as | n'ɛj-əv-I | što | piz'ə-s' |
| water | pit- def . pl - gen | according_to | see- pass - npst .3[ sg ] | what | rain- npst .3[ sg ] |
| Judging by the puddles, it rained last night. | |||||
51
Status: main; causal marker: koras GEN
| puzir̥-n'ə-n' | kor'as | vet' laka-s' |
| bubble- def . pl - gen | water boil- pst .3[ sg ] | |
| According to the bubbles, the water has already boiled. | ||
52
Status: main; causal marker: ezda GEN
| jakšam-t' | ezdə | suva-k | kud-u |
| frost- def . sg . gen | frost. abl | enter- imp .3 sg . o . sg . s | house- lat |
| Because it’s freezing, come into the house. | |||
52
Status: alternate; causal marker: ABL
| jakšam-də | suva-k | kud-u |
| frost- abl | enter- imp .3 sg . o . sg . s | house- lat |
| Because you’re afraid of the cold, come into the house. | ||
52
Status: alternate; causal marker: inksa GEN
| jaksam-t' | inksə | it'-t'n'ə | suva-s'-t' | kud-u |
| frost- def . sg . gen | because_of | child- def . pl | enter- pst .3- pl | house- lat |
| Because you’re afraid of the cold, come into the house. | ||||
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| jakšamə! | Kosa | mon' | svitər-z'ə |
| cold | where | me. gen | sweater-1 sg . poss . sg |
| It’s cold, where is my sweater? | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
53
Status: alternate; causal marker: ezda GEN
| bjakšamə-t' | ezdə | kosi | mon' | svitər-z'ə |
| cold- def . sg . gen | me. abl | where | where. gen | sweater-1 sg . poss . sg |
| It’s cold, where is my sweater? | ||||
54
Status: main; causal marker: koras GEN
| pravila-t' | kor'as | t'ɛ | čisla-s' | fka-də | jomla | af | ul-i |
| rule- def . sg . gen | according_to | this | number- def . sg | one- abl | small | small | be- npst .3[ sg ] |
| According to the rule, this number cannot be less than one. | |||||||