Norwegian (Bokmål)
Contributed by Olga Kuznetsova (Academia.edu profile). The data were gathered in 2022.
How to cite
Kuznetsova, Olga. 2023. Nominal causal constructions in Norwegian (Bokmål). In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on February 1, 2023; last revised on February 13, 2023). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Lommetørkle-et | ble | våt-t | av | tår-er. |
| handkerchief- def . sg | stay. pst | wet- def . sg . n | from | tear- indf . pl |
| The handkerchief was wet from tears. | ||||
2
Status: main; causal marker: pa grunn av
| Grein-a | brakk | på | grunn | av | vekt-a. |
| branch- def . sg | break. pst | on | soil | from | weight- def . sg |
| The branch broke from the weight. | |||||
3
Status: main; causal marker: pa grunn av
| Kvinn-en | hoste-r | på | grunn | av | røyk-en. |
| woman- def . sg | cough- prs | on | soil | from | smoke- def . sg |
| The woman coughs because of the smoke. | |||||
4
Status: main; causal marker: pa grunn av
| Vi | se-r | ikke | land | på | grunn | av mørk-et. |
| we | see- prs | land | on | soil | from | darkness- def . sg |
| We can't see the shore because of the darkness. | ||||||
5
Status: main; causal marker: ved
| Mann-en | ble | arrester-t | ved | en | feil. |
| man- def . sg | be | arrest- pst . ptcp | from | indf . sg . m | mistake |
| The man was arrested by mistake. | |||||
6
Status: main; causal marker: pa grunn av
| Tre-et | falt | ned | på | grunn | av vind-en. |
| tree- def . sg | fall. pst . ptcp | on | soil | from | wind- def . sg |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | |||||
7
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Mann-en | døde | av | elektrisk | støt. |
| man- def . sg | die. pst | from | electric | blow |
| The man died from electric shock. | ||||
8
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Kvinn-en | våkne-t | av | bråk-et. |
| woman- def . sg | wake_up- pst | from | noise- def . sg |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | |||
9
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Mannen | fikk | vond-t | i | hod-et | av | øl-et. |
| man- def . sg | receive. pst | sick- indf . n | in | head- def . sg | from | beer- def . sg |
| A man had a headache from beer. | ||||||
10
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Kvinn-en | begyn-te | å | le | av valp-en. |
| woman- def . sg | start- pst | laugh | from | puppy- def . sg |
| The woman started laughing at the puppy. | ||||
11
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Mann-en | døde | av | den | giftig-e | fisk-en. |
| man- def . sg | die. pst | from | def . sg . m | poisonous- def . sg | fish- def . sg |
| The man died from poisonous fish. | |||||
12
Status: main; causal marker: med
| Jent-a | er | fornøyd | med | karakter-en | sin. |
| young_woman- def . sg | be. prs | pleased | with | mark- def . sg | own |
| The girl is happy with her grade. | |||||
13
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Kvinn-en | ble | sint | på | grunn | av | det | mann-en | sa. |
| woman- def . sg | stay. pst | angry | on | soil | from | def . sg . n | man- def . sg | say. pst |
| The wife was angry at her husband's words. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||
14
Status: main; causal marker: over
| Gutt-en | er | henryk-t | over | dette | forslag-et. |
| boy- def . sg | be. prs | inspire- pst . ptcp | by | this. sg . n | proposal- def . sg |
| The boy was delighted with this idea. | |||||
15
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Mann-en | er | svekke-t | av | sult. |
| man- def . sg | be. prs | weaken- pst . ptcp | from | famine |
| The man was weak from hunger. | ||||
16
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Mann-en | døde | av | sult. |
| man- def . sg | die. pst | from | famine |
| The man died of starvation. | |||
17
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Mann-en | skrike-r | av | smerte. |
| man- def . sg | shout- prs | from | pain |
| The man screams in pain. | |||
18
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Kvinn-en | skjelve-r | av | kulde. |
| woman- def . sg | tremble- prs | from | cold |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||
19
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Barn-et | begyn-te | å | gråte | av redsel. |
| child- def . sg | start- pst | cry | from | fear |
| The child started crying in fear. | ||||
20
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Barn-et | begyn-te | å | le | av glede. |
| child- def . sg | start- pst | laugh | from | joy |
| The child laughed with joy. | ||||
21
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Barn-et | gjem-te | seg | i | uthus-et | av redsel. |
| child- def . sg | hide- pst | refl | barn- def . sg | from | fear |
| The child hid in the barn out of fear. | |||||
22
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Mann-en | tidde | beskjeden-t. |
| man- def . sg | keep_silent. pst | shy- indf . n |
| The man spoke modestly. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adverb, not a nominal phrase. | ||
23
Status: main; causal marker: i
| Kvinnen | grep | i | redsel | bror-en | i | armen. |
| woman- def . sg | grab. pst | in | fear | brother- def . sg | in | hand- def . sg |
| The woman grabbed her brother's hand in fear. | ||||||
24
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Kvinn-en | er | trett | av | alt | arbeid-et. |
| woman- def . sg | be. prs | tired | from | all. sg . n | work- def . sg |
| The woman is tired from work. | |||||
25
Status: main; causal marker: pa grunn av
| Kvinn-en | klare-r | ikke | å | sovne | på | grunn | av mygg-en. |
| woman- def . sg | cope- prs | neg | fall_asleep | on | soil | from | mosquito- def . sg |
| The woman cannot sleep because of the mosquitoes. | |||||||
26
Status: main; causal marker: pa grunn av
| Vann-et | virke-r | lys-t | på | grunn | av | måne-n. |
| water- def . sg | seem- prs | light- indf . n | on | soil | from | moon- def . sg |
| The water appears bright because of the moon. | ||||||
27
Status: main; causal marker: takket vare
| Mann-en | hadde | hell | med | jakt-a | takke-t | være | hund-en. |
| man- def . sg | have. pst | luck | with | hunting- def . sg | thank- pst . ptcp | be | dog- def . sg . |
| The man was lucky in hunting thanks to the dog. | |||||||
28
Status: main; causal marker: pa
| Kon-a | ble | sint | på | mann-en. |
| woman- def . sg | stay. pst | angry | on | man- def . sg |
| The wife is angry with her husband. | ||||
29
Status: main; causal marker: pa grunn av
| Kvinn-en | kom | for | sent | til | jobb-en | på | grunn | av | mannen. |
| woman- def . sg | go. pst | too | late | to | work- def . sg | on | soil | from | man- def . sg |
| The woman was late for work because of her husband. | |||||||||
30
Status: main; causal marker: pa grunn av
| Mennesk-ene | døde | på | grunn | av | jordskjelv-et. |
| human- def . pl | die. pst | on | soil | from | earthquake- def . sg |
| People died because of the earthquake. | |||||
31
Status: main; causal marker: pa grunn av
| Alt | vond-t | skje-r | på | grunn | av | mennesk-er. |
| all. sg . n | bad- indf . n | take_place- prs | on | soil | from | human- indf . pl |
| All misfortunes are due to people. | ||||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Alt | vond-t | skyldes | mennesker. |
| all. sg . n | bad- indf . n | appear. prs | human- indf . pl |
| All misfortunes are caused by people. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||
32
Status: main; causal marker: takket vare
| Mann-en | fikk | bedre | syn | takke-t | være | operasjon-en. |
| man- def . sg | receive. pst | good. comp | vision | thank- pst . ptcp | be | surgery- def . sg |
| The man sees better thanks to the operation. | ||||||
33
Status: main; causal marker: takket vare
| Kvinn-en | er | i | liv-e | takket | være | denne | mann-en. |
| woman- def . sg | be. prs | in | life- dat | thank- pst . ptcp | be | this. sg . m | man- def . sg |
| The woman is alive thanks to this man. | |||||||
34
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Mann-en | var | så | dum | å | fortelle | dette | til | kon-a. |
| man- def . sg | be. pst | so | silly | tell | inf | this. sg . n | to | woman- def . sg |
| The man was so stupid that he told his wife everything. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causative meaning is expressed in the predicate. | ||||||||
35
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Kvinn-en | var | uforsiktig | og | sklei | på | is-en. |
| woman- def . sg | be. pst | careless | and | slide. pst | on | ice- def . sg |
| The woman was careless and slipped on the ice. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | ||||||
36
Status: main; causal marker: takket vare
| Pilot-en | klar-te | å | lande | fly-et | takket | være | sin | lang-e | erfaring. |
| pilot- def . sg | cope- pst | inf | land | aircraft- def . sg | thank- pst . ptcp | be | own | long- def . sg | experience |
| The pilot was able to land the plane thanks to his great experience. | |||||||||
37
Status: main; causal marker: pa grunn av
| Pilot-en | klar-te | ikke | å | lande | fly-et | på | grunn | av | sin | uerfarenhet. |
| pilot- def . sg | cope- pst | neg | inf | land | aircraft- def . sg | on | soil | from | own | inexperience |
| The pilot was unable to land the plane due to inexperience. | ||||||||||
38
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Under | krig-en | spis-te | folk | gras, | så | sultn-e | var | de. |
| under | war- def . sg | eat- pst | people | grass | so | hungry- pl | be. pst | they |
| In wartime, people ate grass because they were hungry. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||
39
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Kvinn-en | gikk | inn | i | hus-et | av | nysgjerrighet. |
| woman- def . sg | walk. pst | inside | the | house- def . sg | from | curiosity |
| The woman went inside out of curiosity. | ||||||
40
Status: main; causal marker: i
| Mann-en | drep-te | kon-a | i | sjalusi. |
| man- def . sg | kill- pst | woman- def . sg | in | jealousy |
| A man killed his wife out of jealousy. | ||||
41
Status: main; causal marker: pa grunn av
| Mannen | fortal-te | det | til | alle | på | grunn | av | sin | ærgjerrighet. |
| man- def . sg | tell- pst | that. sg . n | to | all. pl | on | soil | from | own | ambition |
| The man told everyone about it out of vanity. | |||||||||
42
Status: main; causal marker: i
| Kvinn-en | knus-te | alt | serviset | i | sinne. |
| woman- def . sg | break- pst | all. sg . n | service | in | anger |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | |||||
43
Status: main; causal marker: pa grunn av
| Kvinn-en | la | seg | påkledd | på | grunn | av kuld-en. |
| woman- def . sg | go_to_bed. pst | dressed | on | soil | from | cold- def . sg |
| The woman went to bed dressed because of the cold. | ||||||
44
Status: main; causal marker: for
| Lærer-en | ros-te | eleven | for | klær-ne. |
| teacher- def . sg | praise- pst | pupil- def . sg | for | clothes- def . sg |
| The teacher praised the student for his costume. | ||||
45
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Mann-en | banke-t | opp | nabo-en | på | grunn | av | det | han | hadde | sagt. |
| man- def . sg | knock- pst | up | neighbour- def . sg | on | soil | from | that. sg . n | he | have. pst | speak- pst . ptcp |
| A man beat a neighbor because of what he said. | ||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||||
46
Status: main; causal marker: pa grunn av
| Barn-a | begyn-te | å | slåss | på | grunn | av | ball-en. |
| child- def . pl | start- pst | inf | fight | on | soil | from | ball- def . sg |
| The kids fought over the ball. | |||||||
47
Status: main; causal marker: pa grunn av
| Mannen | ble | uvenn-er | med | bror-en | på | grunn | av | arv-en. |
| man- def . sg | stay. pst | enemy- indf . pl | with | brother- def . sg | on | soil | from | inheritance- def . sg |
| A man quarreled with his brother over an inheritance. | ||||||||
47
Status: alternate; causal marker: over
| Mannen | ble | uvenner | med | broren | over | arv-en. |
| man- def . sg | stay. pst | enemy- indf . pl | with | brother- def . sg | over | inheritance- def . sg |
| A man quarreled with his brother over an inheritance. | ||||||
48
Status: main; causal marker: pa grunn av
| Kvinnen | kjøp-te | bok-a | på | grunn | av | tegning-ene | i | den. |
| woman- def . sg | buy- pst | book- def . sg | on | soil | from | picture- def . pl | on | 3 sg . m |
| The woman bought the book because of the pictures. | ||||||||
49
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Kvinnen | ville | ikke | treffe | venninn-en | på | grunn | av | at | hun | var | i | dårlig humør. |
| woman- def . sg | want. pst | meet | girlfriend- def . sg | on | soil | from | what | she | be. pst | on | bad | mood |
| The woman didn't want to meet her friend because she was in a bad mood. | ||||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||||||
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Vanndamm-ene | tyde-r | på | at | det | regne-t | i natt. |
| puddle- def . pl | mean- prs | on | what | rain- pst | on | night |
| Puddles mean it rained last night. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
50
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Etter | vanndamm-ene | å | dømme, | regne-t | det | i natt. |
| behind | puddle- def . pl | judge | rain- pst | 3 sg . n | on | night |
| Judging by the puddles, it was raining at night. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Etter | luftbobl-ene | å | dømme, | har | vann-et | kokt opp. |
| behind | bubble- def . pl | judge | have. prs | water- def . sg | boil- pst . ptcp | up |
| The bubbles look like the water is boiling. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Kom | inn, | det | er | kald-t | ute. |
| come. imp | inside | 3 sg . n | be. prs | cold- indf . n | outside |
| Come inside, it's cold outside. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | |||||
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Hvor | er | genser-en | min? | Det | er | så kald-t. |
| where | be. prs | sweater- def . sg | my | be. prs | so | cold- indf . n |
| Where is my sweater? It is so cold. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | ||||||
54
Status: main; causal marker: pa grunn av
| Dette | tallet | kan | ikke | være | mindre | enn | 1 | på | grunn | av | matematikk-en-s lover. |
| this. sg . n | number- def . sg | can. prs | be | less. comp | then | 1 | on | soil | from | mathematics- def . sg - gen | law- indf . pl |
| This number cannot be less than one due to mathematical laws. | |||||||||||