Russian
Contributed by Sergey Say (Academia.edu profile). The data were gathered in 2021.
How to cite
Say, Sergey. 2022. Nominal causal constructions in Russian. In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on December 1, 2022; last revised on December 1, 2022). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: ot GEN
| Nosov-oj | platok | promok | ot | slёz. |
| nose. adj - m . nom . sg | handkerchief( m )[ nom . sg ] | get.soaked( pfv ). pst [ m . sg ] | from | tear( f )[ gen . pl ] |
| The handkerchief got soaked from tears. | ||||
2
Status: main; causal marker: ot GEN
| Vetk-a | sloma-l-a-sʹ | ot | tjažest-i. |
| branch( f )- nom . sg | break( pfv )- pst - f . sg - refl | from | weight( f )- gen . sg |
| The branch broke from the weight. | |||
2
Status: alternate; causal marker: pod INS
| Vetk-a | sloma-l-a-sʹ | pod | ves-om. |
| branch( f )- nom . sg | break( pfv )- pst - f . sg - refl | under | weight( m )- ins . sg |
| The branch broke under the weight. | |||
3
Status: main; causal marker: iz-za GEN
| Ženščin-a | kašlja-et | iz-za | dym-a. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | cough( ipfv )- prs .3 sg | out.of-behind | smoke( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman is coughing because of the smoke. | |||
3
Status: alternate; causal marker: ot GEN
| Ženščin-a | kašlja-et | ot | dym-a. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | cough( ipfv )- prs .3 sg | from | smoke( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman is coughing because of the smoke. | |||
4
Status: main; causal marker: iz-za GEN
| My | ne | vid-im | bereg | iz-za | temnot-y. |
| we. nom | not | see( ipfv )- prs .1 pl | shore( m )[ nom . sg ] | out.of-behind | darkness( f )- gen . sg |
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. | |||||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: v LOC
| Bereg | ne | razgljade-tʹ | vo | tʹm-e. |
| shore( m )[ acc . sg ] | not | discern( pfv )- inf | in | darkness( f )- loc . sg |
| We can’t see the shore in the darkness. | ||||
5
Status: main; causal marker: po DAT
| Mužčin-a | by-l | arestova-n | po | ošibk-e. |
| man( m )- nom . sg | be- pst [ m . sg ] | arrest( pfv )- ptcp . pst . pass [ pred . m . sg ] | by | mistake( f )- dat . sg |
| The man was arrested by mistake. | ||||
6
Status: main; causal marker: iz-za GEN
| Derev-o | upa-l-o | iz-za | vetr-a. |
| tree( n )- nom . sg | fall( pfv )- pst - n . sg | out.of-behind | wind( m )- gen . sg |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | |||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: ot GEN
| Derev-o | upa-l-o | ot | vetr-a. |
| tree( n )- nom . sg | fall( pfv )- pst - n . sg | from | wind( m )- gen . sg |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | |||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: INS
| Derev-o | povali-l-o | vetr-om. |
| tree( n )- acc . sg | bring.down( pfv )- pst - n . sg | wind( m )- ins . sg |
| This tree was brought down by the wind. | ||
7
Status: main; causal marker: ot GEN
| Mužčin-a | umer | ot | udar-a | tok-om. |
| man( m )- nom . sg | die( pfv ). pst [ m . sg ] | from | strike( m )- gen . sg | current( m )- ins . sg |
| The man died from electric shock. | ||||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: INS
| Mužčin-u | ubi-l-o | tok-om. |
| man( m )- acc . sg | kill( pfv )- pst - n . sg | current( m )- ins . sg |
| The man was electrocuted. | ||
8
Status: main; causal marker: ot GEN
| Ženščin-a | prosnu-l-a-sʹ | ot | šum-a. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | wake.up- pst - f . sg - refl | from | noise( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | |||
8
Status: alternate; causal marker: iz-za GEN
| Ženščin-a | prosnu-l-a-sʹ | iz-za | šum-a. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | wake.up( pfv )- pst - f . sg - refl | out.of-behind | noise( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman woke up because of the noise. | |||
9
Status: main; causal marker: ot GEN
| U | mužčin-y | bol-it | golov-a | ot | piv-a. |
| at | man( m )- gen . sg | ache( ipfv )- prs .3 sg | head( f )- nom . sg | from | beer( n )- gen . sg |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | |||||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: posle GEN
| U | mužčin-y | bol-it | golov-a | posle | piv-a. |
| at | man( m )- gen . sg | ache( ipfv )- prs .3 sg | head( f )- nom . sg | from | beer( n )- gen . sg |
| The man has a headache after drinking beer. | |||||
10
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Ženščin-u | rassmeši-l | ščenok. |
| woman( f )- acc . sg | make.laugh( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | puppy( m )[ nom . sg ] |
| The puppy made the woman laugh. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
11
Status: main; causal marker: ot GEN
| Mužčin-a | umer | ot | jadovit-oj | ryb-y. |
| man( m )- nom . sg | die( pfv ). pst [ m . sg ] | from | poisonous- f . gen . sg | fish( f )- gen . sg |
| The man died from a poisonous fish. | ||||
11
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Mužčin-a | umer | ot | otravlenij-a | ryb-oj. |
| man( m )- nom . sg | die( pfv ). pst [ m . sg ] | from | poisoning( n )- gen . sg | fish( f )- ins . sg |
| The man died of fish poisoning. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||
12
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| Devočk-a | dovolʹn-a | svo-ej | ocenk-oj. |
| girl( f )- nom . sg | satisfied- pred . f . sg | one’s- f . ins . sg | grade( f )- ins . sg |
| The girl is satisfied with her grade. | |||
13
Status: main; causal marker: iz-za GEN
| Žen-a | razozli-l-a-sʹ | iz-za | slov | muž-a. |
| wife( f )- nom . sg | anger( pfv )- pst - f . sg - refl | out.of-behind | word( n )[ gen . pl ] | husband( m )- gen . sg |
| The wife was angered because of her husband’s words. | ||||
13
Status: alternate; causal marker: na ACC
| Žen-a | rasserdi-l-a-sʹ | na | slov-a | muž-a. |
| wife( f )- nom . sg | get.mad( pfv )- pst - f . sg - refl | on | word( n )- acc . pl | husband( m )- gen . sg |
| The wife was angered by her husband’s words. | ||||
14
Status: main; causal marker: ot GEN
| Malʹčik | by-l | v | vostorg-e | ot | èt-oj | ide-i. |
| boy( m )[ nom . sg ] | be- pst [ m . sg ] | in | delight( m )- loc . sg | from | this- f . gen . sg | idea( f )- gen . sg |
| The boy was thrilled by this idea. | ||||||
15
Status: main; causal marker: ot GEN
| Mužčin-a | oslabe-l | ot | golod-a. |
| man( m )- nom . sg | weaken( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | from | hunger( m )- gen . sg |
| The man was weakened by hunger. | |||
16
Status: main; causal marker: ot GEN
| Mužčin-a | umer | ot | golod-a. |
| man( m )- nom . sg | die( pfv ). pst [ m . sg ] | from | hunger( m )- gen . sg |
| The man died of starvation. | |||
17
Status: main; causal marker: ot GEN
| Mužčin-a | kriča-l | ot | bol-i. |
| man( m )- nom . sg | scream( ipfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | from | pain( f )- gen . sg |
| The man screamed from the pain. | |||
18
Status: main; causal marker: ot GEN
| Ženščin-a | drož-it | ot | xolod-a. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | shiver( ipfv )- prs .3 sg | from | cold( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||
19
Status: main; causal marker: ot GEN
| Rebenok | nača-l | plaka-tʹ | ot | strax-a. |
| child( m )[ nom . sg ] | begin( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | cry( ipfv )- inf | from | fear( m )- gen . sg |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | ||||
20
Status: main; causal marker: ot GEN
| Rebenok | zasmeja-l-sja | ot | radost-i. |
| child( m )[ nom . sg ] | laugh( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl | from | joy( f )- gen . sg |
| The child laughed with joy. | |||
21
Status: main; causal marker: ot GEN
| Rebenok | sprjata-l-sja | v | sara-e | ot | strax-a. |
| child( m )[ nom . sg ] | hide( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl | in | barn( m )- loc . sg | from | fear( m )- gen . sg |
| The child hid in the barn out of fear. | |||||
22
Status: main; causal marker: iz GEN
| Mužčin-a | molča-l | iz | skromnost-i. |
| man( m )- nom . sg | keep.silent( ipfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | out.of | modesty( f )- gen . sg |
| The man kept silent out of modesty. | |||
22
Status: alternate; causal marker: iz-za GEN
| Mužčin-a | molča-l | iz-za | zastenčivost-i. |
| man( m )- nom . sg | keep.silent( ipfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | out.of-behind | shyness( f )- gen . sg |
| The man kept silent due to his shyness. | |||
22
Status: alternate; causal marker: po DAT
| Mužčin-a | po | skromnost-i | promolča-l. |
| man( m )- nom . sg | by | modesty( f )- dat . sg | keep.silent( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] |
| The man kept silent out of modesty. | |||
23
Status: main; causal marker: v LOC
| Ženščin-a | v | strax-e | sxvati-l-a | ruk-u | svo-ego | brat-a. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | in | fear( m )- loc . sg | grab( pfv )- pst - f . sg | hand( f )- acc . sg | one’s- m . gen . sg | brother( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | ||||||
23
Status: alternate; causal marker: ot GEN
| Ženščin-a | sxvati-l-a | ruk-u | svo-ego | brat-a | ot | strax-a. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | grab( pfv )- pst - f . sg | hand( f )- acc . sg | one’s- m . gen . sg | brother( m )- gen . sg | from | fear( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand out of fear. | ||||||
23
Status: alternate; causal marker: s GEN
| Ženščin-a | sxvati-l-a | ruk-u | svo-ego | brat-a | so | strax-u. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | grab( pfv )- pst - f . sg | hand( f )- acc . sg | one’s- m . gen . sg | brother( m )- gen . sg | from.top.of | fear( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand out of fear. | ||||||
| Note: In this particular sentence, the so-called "second genitive" is used (cf. regular genitive "straxa"). | ||||||
24
Status: main; causal marker: ot GEN
| Ženščin-a | usta-l-a | ot | rabot-y. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | get.tired( pfv )- pst - f . sg | from | work( f )- gen . sg |
| The woman is tired from work. | |||
25
Status: main; causal marker: iz-za GEN
| Ženščin-a | ne | mož-et | zasnu-tʹ | iz-za | komar-ov. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | not | be.able( ipfv )- prs .3 sg | fall.asleep( pfv )- inf | out.of-behind | mosquito( m )- gen . pl |
| The woman can’t fall asleep because of the mosquitoes. | |||||
26
Status: main; causal marker: iz-za GEN
| Vod-a | kaž-et-sja | svetl-oj | iz-za | lun-y. |
| water( f )- nom . sg | seem( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl | bright- f . ins . sg | out.of-behind | moon( f )- gen . sg |
| The water looks bright because of the moon. | ||||
27
Status: main; causal marker: blagodarja DAT
| Blagodarja | sobak-e | mužčin-a | otlično | pooxoti-l-sja. |
| thanks | dog( f )- dat . sg | man( m )- nom . sg | very.well | hunt( pfv )- pst - refl |
| Thanks to his dog, the man had a successful hunt. | ||||
28
Status: main; causal marker: na ACC
| Ženščin-a | razozli-l-a-sʹ | na | muž-a. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | get.angry( pfv )- pst - f . sg - refl | on | husband( m )- acc . sg |
| The wife was angry at her husband. | |||
29
Status: main; causal marker: iz-za GEN
| Ženščin-a | opozda-l-a | na | rabot-u | iz-za | muž-a. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | be.late( pfv )- pst - f . sg | on | work( f )- acc . sg | out.of-behind | husband( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman was late for work because of her husband. | |||||
29
Status: alternate; causal marker: po vine GEN
| Ženščin-a | opozda-l-a | na | rabot-u | po | vin-e | muž-a. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | be.late( pfv )- pst - f . sg | on | work( f )- acc . sg | by | guilt( f )- dat . sg | husband( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman was late for work because of her husband. | ||||||
30
Status: main; causal marker: iz-za GEN
| Ljud-i | pogib-l-i | iz-za | zemletrjasenij-a. |
| people- nom . pl | perish( pfv )- pst - pl | out.of-behind | earthquake( n )- gen . sg |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | |||
| Note: Other translations have been offered, too. They all failed to meet the inclusion criteria. | |||
31
Status: main; causal marker: iz-za GEN
| Vse | nesčastʹj-a | slučaj-ut-sja | iz-za | ljud-ej. |
| all. nom . pl | misfortune( n )- nom . pl | happen( ipfv )- prs .3 pl - refl | out.of-behind | people- gen . pl |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | ||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: po vine GEN
| Vse | nesčastʹj-a | slučaj-ut-sja | po | vin-e | ljud-ej. |
| all. nom . pl | misfortune( n )- nom . pl | happen( ipfv )- prs .3 pl - refl | by | guilt( f )- dat . sg | people- gen . pl |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | |||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: ot GEN
| Vse | bed-y | ot | ljud-ej. |
| all. nom . pl | distress( f )- nom . pl | from | people- gen . pl |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | |||
| Note: Verbless construction (zero copula). | |||
32
Status: main; causal marker: blagodarja DAT
| Mužčin-a | sta-l | vide-tʹ | lučše | blagodarja | operaci-i. |
| man( m )- nom . sg | set.to( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | see( ipfv )- inf | better | thanks | operation( f )- dat . sg |
| The man can see better thanks to the operation. | |||||
32
Status: alternate; causal marker: posle GEN
| Mužčin-a | vid-it | lučše | posle | operaci-i. |
| man( m )- nom . sg | see( ipfv )- prs .3 sg | better | after | operation( f )- gen . sg |
| The man can see better now after the operation. | ||||
33
Status: main; causal marker: blagodarja DAT
| Ženščin-a | osta-l-a-sʹ | živ-a | blagodarja | èt-omu | mužčin-e. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | remain( pfv )- pst - f . sg - refl | alive- pred . f . sg | thanks | this- m . dat . sg | man( m )- dat . sg |
| The woman is alive thanks to that man. | |||||
34
Status: main; causal marker: po DAT
| Mužčin-a | po | glupost-i | rasskaza-l | ob | èt-om | svo-ej | žen-e. |
| man( m )- nom . sg | by | stupidity( f )- dat . sg | tell( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | about | this- n . loc . sg | one’s- f . dat . sg | wife( f )- dat . sg |
| The man told his wife about it out of stupidity. | |||||||
35
Status: main; causal marker: po DAT
| Ženščin-a | poskolʹznu-l-a-sʹ | po | neostorožnost-i. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | slip( pfv )- pst - f . sg - refl | by | carelessness( f )- dat . sg |
| The woman slipped because of carelessness. | |||
35
Status: alternate; causal marker: iz-za GEN
| Ženščin-a | poskolʹznu-l-a-sʹ | iz-za | nevnimatelʹnost-i. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | slip( pfv )- pst - f . sg - refl | out.of-behind | inattention( f )- dat . sg |
| The woman slipped because of inattention. | |||
36
Status: main; causal marker: blagodarja DAT
| Pilot | smog | posadi-tʹ | samolёt | blagodarja | svo-emu | opyt-u. |
| pilot( m )[ nom . sg ] | manage( pfv ). pst [ m . sg ] | land( pfv )- inf | plane( m )[ acc . sg ] | thanks | one’s- m . dat . sg | experience( m )- dat . sg |
| The pilot was able to land the plane thanks to his experience. | ||||||
37
Status: main; causal marker: po DAT
| Pilot | ne | smog | posadi-tʹ | samolёt | po | neopytnost-i. |
| pilot( m )[ nom . sg ] | not | manage( pfv ). pst [ m . sg ] | land( pfv )- inf | plane( m )[ acc . sg ] | by | inexperience( f )- dat . sg |
| The pilot could not land the plane due to inexperience. | ||||||
37
Status: alternate; causal marker: iz-za GEN
| Pilot | ne | smog | posadi-tʹ | samolёt | iz-za | neopytnost-i. |
| pilot( m )[ nom . sg ] | not | manage( pfv ). pst [ m . sg ] | land( pfv )- inf | plane( m )[ acc . sg ] | out.of-behind | inexperience( f )- gen . sg |
| The pilot could not land the plane due to inexperience. | ||||||
38
Status: main; causal marker: ot GEN
| Ljud-i | e-l-i | trav-u | vo | vremja | vojn-y | ot | golod-a. |
| people- nom . pl | eat( ipfv )- pst - pl | grass( f )- acc . sg | in | time( n )[ acc . sg ] | war( f )- gen . sg | from | hunger( m )- gen . sg |
| In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger. | |||||||
38
Status: alternate; causal marker: iz-za GEN
| Ljud-i | e-l-i | trav-u | vo | vremja | vojn-y | iz-za | golod-a. |
| people- nom . pl | eat( ipfv )- pst - pl | grass( f )- acc . sg | in | time( n )[ acc . sg ] | war( f )- gen . sg | out.of-behind | hunger( m )- gen . sg |
| In wartime, people ate grass because of the hunger. | |||||||
38
Status: alternate; causal marker: s GEN
| Vo | vremja | vojn-y | ljud-i | s | golod-a | e-l-i | trav-u. |
| in | time( n )[ acc . sg ] | war( f )- gen . sg | people- nom . pl | from.top.of | hunger( m )- gen . sg | eat( ipfv )- pst - pl | grass( f )- acc . sg |
| In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger. | |||||||
39
Status: main; causal marker: iz GEN
| Ženščin-a | zaš-l-a | vnutrʹ | iz | ljubopytstv-a. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | go.in( pfv )- pst - f . sg | to.inside | out.of | curiosity( f )- gen . sg |
| The woman went inside out of curiosity. | ||||
40
Status: main; causal marker: iz GEN
| Mužčin-a | ubi-l | žen-u | iz | revnost-i. |
| man( m )- nom . sg | kill( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | wife( f )- acc . sg | out.of | jealousy( f )- gen . sg |
| The man killed his wife out of jealousy. | ||||
41
Status: main; causal marker: iz GEN
| Mužčin-a | vsem | rasskaza-l | ob | èt-om | iz | tščeslavij-a. |
| man( m )- nom . sg | all. dat . pl | tell( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | about | this- n . loc . sg | out.of | vanity( n )- gen . sg |
| The man told everyone about it out of vanity. | ||||||
42
Status: main; causal marker: v LOC
| Ženščin-a | v | jarost-i | pobi-l-a | vsju | posud-u. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | in | fury( f )- loc . sg | break( pfv )- pst - f . sg | all. f . acc . sg | dishes( f )- acc . sg |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | |||||
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: ot GEN
| Ženščin-a | razbi-l-a | vsju | posud-u | ot | zlost-i. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | break( pfv )- pst - f . sg | all. f . acc . sg | dishes( f )- acc . sg | from | anger( f )- gen . sg |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | |||||
43
Status: main; causal marker: iz-za GEN
| Ženščin-a | leg-l-a | spa-tʹ | odet-oj | iz-za | xolod-a. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | lie.down( pfv )- pst - f . sg | sleep( ipfv )- inf | dressed- f . ins . sg | out.of-behind | cold( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman went to sleep clothed because of the cold. | |||||
44
Status: main; causal marker: za ACC
| Učitelʹ | poxvali-l | učenik-a | za | ego | kostjum. |
| teacher( m )[ nom . sg ] | commend( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | pupil( m )- acc . sg | for | his | suit( m )[ acc . sg ] |
| The teacher commended the student for his suit. | |||||
45
Status: main; causal marker: za ACC
| Mužčin-a | ubi-l | sosed-a | za | ego | slov-a. |
| man( m )- nom . sg | kill( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | neighbour( m )- acc . sg | for | his | word( n )- acc . pl |
| The man killed his neighbor for his words. | |||||
45
Status: alternate; causal marker: iz-za GEN
| Mužčin-a | ubi-l | sosed-a | iz-za | ego | slov. |
| man( m )- nom . sg | kill( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | neighbour( m )- acc . sg | out.of-behind | his | word( n )[ gen . pl ] |
| The man killed his neighbor because of his words. | |||||
46
Status: main; causal marker: iz-za GEN
| Det-i | podra-l-i-sʹ | iz-za | mjač-a. |
| children- nom . pl | fight( pfv )- pst - pl - refl | out.of-behind | ball( m )- gen . sg |
| The children fought because of the ball. | |||
46
Status: alternate; causal marker: za ACC
| Det-i | podra-l-i-sʹ | za | mjač. |
| children- nom . pl | fight( pfv )- pst - pl - refl | for | ball( m )[ acc . sg ] |
| The children fought over the ball. | |||
47
Status: main; causal marker: iz-za GEN
| Mužčin-a | poruga-l-sja | s | brat-om | iz-za | nasledstv-a. |
| man( m )- nom . sg | scold( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl | with | brother( m )- ins . sg | out.of-behind | inheritance( n )- gen . sg |
| The man argued with his brother over the inheritance. | |||||
48
Status: main; causal marker: iz-za GEN
| Ženščin-a | kupi-l-a | èt-u | knig-u | iz-za | kartinok. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | buy( pfv )- pst - f . sg | this- f . acc . sg | book( f )- acc . sg | out.of-behind | picture( f )[ gen . sg ] |
| The woman bought the book because of the pictures. | |||||
49
Status: main; causal marker: iz-za GEN
| Ženščin-a | otmeni-l-a | plan-y | s | podrug-oj | iz-za | plox-ogo | nastroenij-a. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | cancel( pfv )- pst - f . sg | plan( m )- acc . pl | with | friend( f )- ins . sg | out.of-behind | bad- n . gen . sg | mood( n )- gen . sg |
| The woman canceled plans with her friend because of her bad mood. | |||||||
49
Status: alternate; causal marker: po prichine GEN
| Ženščin-a | otmeni-l-a | plan-y | s | podrug-oj | po | pričin-e | plox-ogo | nastroenij-a. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | cancel( pfv )- pst - f . sg | plan( m )- acc . pl | with | friend( f )- ins . sg | by | cause( f )- dat . sg | bad- n . gen . sg | mood( n )- gen . sg |
| The woman canceled plans with her friend because of her bad mood. | ||||||||
50
Status: main; causal marker: sudja po DAT
| Sudja | po | luž-am, | nočʹju | šё-l | doždʹ. |
| judging | by | puddle( f )- dat . pl , | at.night | go( ipfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | rain( m )[ nom . sg ] |
| Judging by the puddles, it rained last night. | |||||
51
Status: main; causal marker: sudja po DAT
| Sudja | po | puzyrʹk-am, | vod-a | kip-it. |
| judging | by | bubble( m )- dat . pl , | water( f )- nom . sg | boil( ipfv )- prs .3 sg |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water is boiling. | ||||
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Na | ulic-e | xolodno, | zajd-i | v | dom. |
| on | street( f )- loc . sg | cold, | go.in( pfv )- imp | in | house( m )[ acc . sg ] |
| It is cold outside, come in. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing and the caused events are not expressed in a single sentence. | |||||
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Gde | moj | sviter? | Mne | xolodno. |
| where | my. m . nom . sg | sweater( m )[ nom . sg ]? | i . dat | cold |
| Where is my sweater? I am cold. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing and the caused events are not expressed in a single sentence. | ||||
54
Status: main; causal marker: po DAT
| Po | matematičesk-im | zakon-am | èt-o | čisl-o | ne | mož-et | by-tʹ | menʹše | edinic-y. |
| by | mathematical- dat . pl | law( m )- dat . pl | this- n . nom . sg | number( n )- nom . sg | not | be.able( ipfv )- prs .3 sg | be- inf | less | unit( f )- gen . sg |
| Per mathematical laws, this number cannot be less than one. | |||||||||
54
Status: alternate; causal marker: soglasno DAT
| Soglasno | zakon-am | matematik-i, | èt-o | čisl-o | ne | mož-et | by-tʹ | menʹše | edinic-y. |
| according.to | law( m )- dat . pl | maths( f )- gen . sg , | this- n . nom . sg | number( n )- nom . sg | not | be.able( ipfv )- prs .3 sg | be- inf | less | unit( f )- gen . sg |
| According to mathematical laws, this number cannot be less than one. | |||||||||
54
Status: alternate; causal marker: v silu GEN
| Èt-o | čisl-o | ne | mož-et | by-tʹ | menʹše | edinic-y | v | sil-u | matematičesk-ix | zakon-ov. |
| this- n . nom . sg | number( n )- nom . sg | not | be.able( ipfv )- prs .3 sg | be- inf | less | unit( f )- gen . sg | in | force( f )- acc . sg | mathematical- gen . pl | law( m )- gen . pl |
| This number cannot be less than one, per mathematical law. | ||||||||||