Shughni
Contributed by Roman Ronko (Academia.edu profile, ResearchGate profile). The data were gathered in 2021.
How to cite
Ronko, Roman. 2022. Nominal causal constructions in Shughni. In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on December 5, 2022; last revised on December 5, 2022). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: az
| Lemolak | az | yūx̌k | xist | sa-t. |
| handkerchief( f ) | el | tears | wet | go- pst . f |
| The handerchief got soaked from tears. | ||||
2
Status: main; causal marker: az
| Xix̌čak | az | wazmini | virux̌-t. |
| branch | el | weight | break- pst |
| The branch broke from the weight. | |||
3
Status: main; causal marker: az
| Yā | ɣ̌inik | az | dasti | δud | kêx-t. |
| dem 3. f . sg | woman( f ) | el | caus | smoke | cough- pst |
| The woman is coughing because of the smoke. | |||||
4
Status: main; causal marker: az dasti
| Maš | az | dasti | torik-i | soyil | na-win=ām. |
| 1 pl . obl | el | caus | darkness-3 sg | shore | neg -see=1 pl |
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. | |||||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: jat
| Maš | torik-i | ǰāt | soyil | na-win=ām. |
| 1 pl . obl | darkness-3 sg | caus | shore | neg -see=1 pl |
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. | ||||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: az rui
| Maš | az | rui | torik-i | soyil | na-win=ām. |
| 1 pl . obl | el | caus | darkness-3 sg | shore | neg -see=1 pl |
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. | |||||
5
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Wi | čorik=en | podstavit | čū-d. |
| 3 sg . m . obl | man=3 pl | quit_on | do- pst |
| This man was wrong-footed. | |||
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. | |||
6
Status: main; causal marker: az
| Yā | daraxt | az | xūdz | wêx-t. |
| dem 3. f . sg | tree( f ) | el | wind | fall- pst |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | ||||
7
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Wi | čorik=i | tok | δo-d | xu | yu | mū-d. |
| 3 sg . m . obl | man( m )=3 sg | current | give- pst | refl | dem 3. m . sg | die- pst |
| The man received an electric shock and died. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event | ||||||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: az
| Yu | čorik | az | tok | mū-d. |
| dem 3. m . sg | man( m ) | el | current | die- pst |
| The man died because of the electric shock. | ||||
8
Status: main; causal marker: az
| Yā | ɣ̌inik | az | ɣawɣo | agā1 sa-t2. |
| dem 3. f . sg | woman( f ) | el | noise( m ) | wake_up(intr)1,2- pst . f |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | ||||
8
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Wam | ɣ̌inik=i | ɣawɣo | agā1 čū-d2. |
| 3 sg . f . obl | woman( f )=3 sg | noise | wake_up(tr)1,2- pst |
| The woman was woken up by the noise. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||
9
Status: main; causal marker: az
| Wi | čorik | kāl | az | pivo | birext-darθ | kix̌t. |
| 3 sg . m . obl | man( m ) | head( m ) | el | beer | drink. inf -pain | do. npst .3 sg |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | ||||||
10
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Yā | ɣ̌inik | az | wi | pi-šūnčak | δo-d. |
| dem 3. f . sg | woman( f ) | el | 3 sg . m . obl | sup -laughter | give- pst |
| The woman laughed at it [the puppy's]. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | |||||
10
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Yā | ɣ̌inik | az | wi | kor | pi-šūnčak | δo-d. |
| dem 3. f . sg | woman( f ) | el | 3 sg . m . obl | work | sup -laughter | give- pst |
| The woman laughed at its movements [the puppy's]. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||||
11
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Yu | čorik | az | wam | zax̌rnok | moyi | xīdow | mū-d. |
| dem 3. m . sg | man( m ) | el | 3 sg . f . obl | poisonous | fish( f ) | eat. inf | die- pst |
| The man died from eating a poisonous fish. | |||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | |||||||
12
Status: main; causal marker: tar
| Yā | ɣāc | tar | xu | bax̌o | xušizor. |
| dem 3. f . sg | girl( f ) | eq | refl | grade | rejoiced |
| The girl was happy about her grade. | |||||
13
Status: main; causal marker: az
| Yā | ɣ̌inik-i | az | xu | čor | gāp-en | qār | čū-d. |
| dem 3. f . sg | woman( f )-3 sg | el | refl | husband | word- pl | anger | do- pst |
| The wife was angered by her husband’s words. | |||||||
14
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Wi | ɣiδā-ra | fikri | lap | xuš | ya-t. |
| 3 sg . m . obl | boy( m )- lat | thought( m ) | very | happy | come- pst |
| The boy was happy with what was said. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||||
15
Status: main; causal marker: az
| Yu | čorik | az | maɣ̌ӡůnǰ-i | zorδ | δo-d. |
| dem 3. m . sg | man( m ) | el | hunger- izf | heart( m ) | give- pst |
| The man was weakened by hunger. | |||||
16
Status: main; causal marker: az
| Yu | čorik | az | maɣ̌ӡůnǰ-i | mū-d. |
| dem 3. m . sg | man( m ) | el | hunger- izf | die- pst |
| The man died from hunger. | ||||
17
Status: main; causal marker: az
| Yu | čorik | az | darθ | xax̌-aθ | wāγ-d. |
| dem 3. m . sg | man( m ) | el | pain | loud- adv | cry- pst |
| The man screamed from the pain. | |||||
18
Status: main; causal marker: az
| Yā | ɣ̌inik | az | šitoji | laɣ̌dza | kix-t. |
| dem 3. f . sg | woman( f ) | el | cold | shiver | do- pst |
| The woman shivered from the cold. | |||||
19
Status: main; causal marker: az
| Yu | kūdak | az | x̌oj | daraw1 nīw2 δo-d3. |
| dem 3. m . sg | child( m ) | el | fear | start_to_cry1,2,3- pst |
| The child cried out of fear. | ||||
20
Status: main; causal marker: az
| Yu | kūdak | az | xuši | pi-šūnčak | δo-d. |
| dem 3. m . sg | child( m ) | el | happiness | sup -laughter | give- pst |
| The child laughed from happiness. | |||||
21
Status: main; causal marker: az
| Yu | kūdak | az | x̌oj | tar | saraj | xu | ǰoy | čū-d. |
| dem 3. m . sg | child( m ) | el | fear | eq | barn | refl | hide | do- pst |
| The child hid in the barn out of fear. | ||||||||
22
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Yu | čorik=i | aloawle | čū-d | xu | qaror-aθ | nūs-t. |
| dem 3. m . sg | man( m )=3 sg | shame | do- pst | refl | quiet- adv | sit- pst |
| The man did not say anything, modestly. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event | ||||||
23
Status: main; causal marker: LOC
| Yā | ɣ̌inik-i | x̌oj-and | xu | virod | θūst-and | qāp1 δo-d2. |
| dem 3. f . sg | woman( f )-3 sg | fear- loc | refl | brother | hand- loc | grab1,2- pst |
| The woman got hold of her younger brother in fear. | ||||||
24
Status: main; causal marker: az
| Yā | ɣ̌inik | az | kor | mot | sic. |
| dem 3. f . sg | woman( f ) | el | work | tired | become. pf . f |
| The woman is tired from work. | |||||
25
Status: main; causal marker: az dasti
| Yā | ɣ̌inik | az | dasti | tivdak-en | tar | xu | x̌êvdow | na-vār | δo-d. |
| dem 3. f . sg | woman( f ) | el | caus | mosquito- pl | eq | refl | sleep. inf | neg -can | give- pst |
| The woman can’t fall asleep because of the mosquitoes. | |||||||||
26
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
| Yā | x̌ac | svetly | dives-t | az | rui | mêst. |
| dem 3. f . sg | water( f ) | bright | show- npst .3 sg | el | caus | crescent |
| The water looks bright because of the moon. | ||||||
27
Status: main; causal marker: blagodara
| Yu | čorik | udačnayā | tar | oxota | su-t | blagodar'a | wi | kud=ard. |
| dem 3. m . sg | man( m ) | successful | eq | hunt | go- pst | thanks_to | 3 sg . m . obl | dog= lat |
| Thanks to his dog, the man had a successful hunt. | ||||||||
27
Status: alternate; causal marker: az rui
| Yu | čorik | udačnayā | tar | oxota | su-t | az | rui | wi | kud. |
| dem 3. m . sg | man( m ) | successful | eq | hunt | go- pst | el | caus | 3 sg . m . obl | dog |
| Thanks to his dog, the man had a successful hunt. | |||||||||
28
Status: main; causal marker: dar
| Yā | ɣ̌inik | tar | xočor | dar | čorik | qar | δo-d. |
| dem 3. f . sg | woman( f ) | eq | angered | on | man | anger | give- pst |
| The wife was angry at her husband. | |||||||
29
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
| Yā | ɣ̌inik | az | rui | xu | čor | tar | kor-i | der1 čū-d2. |
| dem 3. f . sg | woman( f ) | el | caus | refl | husband | eq | work- izf | be_late1,2- pst |
| The woman was late for work because of her husband. | ||||||||
29
Status: alternate; causal marker: daroyi
| Yā | ɣ̌inik | daroyi | xu | čor | tar | kor-i | der1 čū-d2. |
| dem 3. f . sg | woman( f ) | caus | refl | husband | eq | work- izf | be_late1,2- pst |
| The woman was late for work because of her husband. | |||||||
29
Status: alternate; causal marker: az dasti
| Yā | ɣ̌inik | az | dasti | xu | čor | tar | kor-i | der1 čū-d2. |
| dem 3. f . sg | woman( f ) | el | caus | refl | husband | eq | work- izf | be_late1,2- pst |
| The woman was late for work because of her husband. | ||||||||
30
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
| Odam-en=en | az | rui | zamīnǰumb | mū-d. |
| man- pl =3 pl | el | caus | earthquake | die- pst |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | ||||
31
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
| Fuk | bad | kor-i=en | az | rui | odam | s-en. |
| all | bad | work-3 sg =3 pl | el | caus | man | go- npst .3 pl . sh |
| All distresses happen because of man. | ||||||
32
Status: main; causal marker: qullu
| Qullu | operacija-ard | yu | čorik | bi=di | wīnt. |
| gratitude | surgery- lat | dem 3. m . sg | man( m ) | good= comp | see. npst .3 sg |
| The man could see better thanks to the surgery. | |||||
33
Status: main; causal marker: qullu
| Qullu | ik | wi | čorik=ard | yā | ɣ̌inik | zindā. |
| gratitude | em | 3 sg . m . obl | man( m )= lat | dem 3. f . sg | woman( f ) | alive |
| The woman is alive only thanks to this man. | ||||||
34
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
| Yu | čorik=i | dar1 | bōra2 | di | lů-d | az | rui | xu biaqligari. |
| dem 3. m . sg | man( m )=3 sg | regarding1,2 | ptcl | say- pst | el | caus | refl | stupidity |
| The man told his wife about it out of stupidity. | ||||||||
35
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
| Yā | ɣ̌inik | az | rui | xu | bey-i | parwo | kirx̌ | sa-t. |
| dem 3. f . sg | woman( f ) | el | caus | refl | without- adj | care | slippery | go- pst . f |
| The woman slipped because of her carelessness. | ||||||||
36
Status: main; causal marker: az dasti
| Lůčik=i | vār1 | δo-d2 | samalůt | nêδdow | az | dasti | xu opyt. |
| pilot( m )=3 sg | be_able1,2- pst | plane | land. inf | el | caus | refl | experience |
| The pilot was able to land the plane as he had solid experience. | |||||||
37
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
| Yu | pilot=i | az | rui | xu | nofām-i | wam | samalůt | na-vār | δo-d | nêδdow. |
| dem 3. m . sg | pilot( m )=3 sg | el | caus | refl | dumb-3 sg | dem .3 f . sg . obl | plane | neg -can | hit- pst | land. inf |
| The pilot couldn’t land the plane with the lack of experience. | ||||||||||
38
Status: main; causal marker: az
| Waxti | δêd-and | odam-en=en | az | maɣ̌ӡůnǰ-i | wox̌ | xū-d. |
| while | war- loc | man- pl =3 pl | el | hunger- izf | grass | eat- pst |
| In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger. | ||||||
39
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
| Yā | ɣ̌inik | az | rui | xu | lubopitnigora | tar | darūn | de-d. |
| dem 3. f . sg | woman( f ) | el | caus | refl | curiosity | eq | inside | enter- pst |
| The woman went inside out of curiosity. | ||||||||
40
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
| Yu | čorik=i | az | rui | revnost | xu | ɣ̌in | zī-d. |
| dem 3. m . sg | man( m )=3 sg | el | caus | jealousy | refl | wife | kill- pst |
| The man killed his wife out of jealousy. | |||||||
41
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
| Yu | čorik=i | az | rui | xu | gordost | fuk-ard-aθ | dar1 | bōra2 | di lů-d. |
| dem 3. m . sg | man( m )=3 sg | el | caus | refl | pride | everyone- lat - adv | regarding1,2 | ptcl | say- pst |
| The man told everyone about it out of pride. | |||||||||
42
Status: main; causal marker: az
| Yā | ɣ̌inik=i | az | qār | fuk | wi | ǰogā | virux̌-t. |
| dem 3. f . sg | woman( f )=3 sg | el | anger | all | 3 sg . m . obl | dishes( m ) | break- pst |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | |||||||
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: az rui
| Yā | ɣ̌inik=i | az | rui | qār | fuk | wi | ǰogā | virux̌-t. |
| dem 3. f . sg | woman( f )=3 sg | el | caus | anger | all | 3 sg . m . obl | dishes( m ) | break- pst |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | ||||||||
43
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
| Yā | ɣ̌inik=i | az | rui | šitoje | xu | loq | qati | x̌uft. |
| dem 3. f . sg | woman( f )=3 sg | el | caus | cold | refl | clothes | com | sleeping |
| The woman went to sleep dressed because of he cold. | ||||||||
44
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
| Molimā-i | az | rui | wi | talabā | kostum | wi | tārīf | čū-d. |
| teacher( m )-3 sg | el | caus | 3 sg . m . obl | student( m ) | suit( m ) | 3 sg . m . obl | praise | do- pst |
| The teacher commended the student for his clothes. | ||||||||
45
Status: main; causal marker: jat
| Yu | čorik=i | xu | amsoyā | wi | gāp | ǰāt | δo-d. |
| dem 3. m . sg | man=3 sg | refl | neighbour( m ) | 3 sg . m . obl | word( m ) | caus | give- pst |
| The man killed his neighbor because of his words. | |||||||
46
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
| Wa | kudak-en=en | az | rui | půt | δêd1 su-t2. |
| dem . pl | child- pl =3 pl | el | caus | ball | fight1,2- pst |
| The children fought over the ball. | |||||
47
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
| Yu | čorik | az | rui | čīd | xu | virod | qati | δêd1 su-t2. |
| dem 3. m . sg | man( m ) | el | caus | house | refl | brother | com | fight1,2- pst |
| The man argued with his younger brother over the house. | ||||||||
48
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
| Yā | ɣ̌inik=i | az | rui | wi | sūrat-en | wam | kitob | zox̌-t. |
| dem 3. f . sg | woman( f )=3 sg | el | caus | 3 sg . m . obl | appearance-3 pl | dem .3 f . sg . obl | book( f ) | buy- pst |
| The woman bought the book because of the pictures. | ||||||||
49
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
| Yā | ɣ̌inik=i | az | rui | xu | bezeb | nastroen | xu | ox̌no | qati | na-wīn-t. |
| dem 3. f . sg | woman( f )=3 sg | el | caus | refl | ugly | mood | refl | friend | com | neg -see- pst |
| The woman did not meet her friend because of her bad mood. | ||||||||||
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| n.a. |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| n.a. |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| n.a. |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| n.a. |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
54
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| n.a. |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |