Swedish
Contributed by Varvara Shuvalova. The data were gathered in 2021.
How to cite
Shuvalova, Varvara. 2022. Nominal causal constructions in Swedish. In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on December 1, 2022; last revised on December 1, 2022). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Duk-en | ha-r | bliv-it | blöt | av | tår-ar. |
| handkerchief- def . c . sg | have- prs | become- sup | wet | of | tear- pl |
| The handkerchief got soaked from tears. | |||||
2
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Gren-en | gick | sönder | av | tyngd-en. |
| branch- def . c . sg | go. pst | broken | of | heaviness- def . c . sg |
| The branch broke from the weight. | ||||
3
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Rök-en | fick | kvinna-n | att | hosta. |
| smoke- def . c . sg | get. pst | woman- def . c . sg | that | cough. inf |
| The smoke made the woman cough. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||||
3
Status: alternate; causal marker: pa grund av
| Kvinna-n | hosta-r | på | grund | av | rök-en. |
| woman- def . c . sg | cough- prs | on | ground | of | smoke- def . c . sg |
| The woman is coughing because of the smoke. | |||||
4
Status: main; causal marker: pa grund av
| Vi | kan | inte | se | strand-en | på | grund | av | mörkr-et |
| we | can. prs | neg | see. inf | coast- def . c . sg | on | ground | of | darkness- def . n . sg |
| We can't see the coast because of the darkness. | ||||||||
5
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Mann-en | arrestera-de-s | av | misstag. |
| man- def . c . sg | arest- pst - pass | of | mistake |
| The man was arrested by mistake. | |||
6
Status: main; causal marker: pa grund av
| Träd-et | föll | på | grund | av | vind-en. |
| tree- def . n . sg | fall. pst | on | ground | of | wind- def . c . sg |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | |||||
7
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Mann-en | dog | av | en | elstöt. |
| man- def . c . sg | die. pst | of | indf . c . sg | electricity |
| The man died from electric shock. | ||||
8
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Kvinna-n | vakna-de | av | all-t | oljud. |
| woman- def . c . sg | wake_up- pst | of | all- def . n . sg | noise |
| The woman woke up from all this noise. | ||||
9
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Mann-en | fick | ont | i | huvud-et | för | att | han | hade | druck-it | så | mycket | öl. |
| man- def . c . sg | get. pst | ache | in | head- def . n . sg | for | that | he. anim | have. pst | drink. sup - sup | so | a_lot | beer |
| The man got a headache because he drank so much beer. | ||||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||||||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: av
| Mann-en | fick | huvudvärk | av | öl-et. |
| man- def . c . sg | get. pst | headache | of | beer- def . n . sg |
| The man got a headache from the beer. | ||||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Mann-en | fick | ont | i | huvud-et | av | att | drick-a | öl. |
| man- def . c . sg | get. pst | ache | in | head- def . n . sg | of | that | drink- inf | beer |
| The man got a headache because he drank beer. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||
10
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Hund-en | fick | kvinna-n | att | skratta. |
| dog- def . c . sg | get. pst | woman- def . c . sg | that | laugh. inf |
| The dog made the woman laugh. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||||
11
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Mann-en | dog | av | att | äta | en | giftig | fisk. |
| man- def . c . sg | die. pst | of | that | eat. inf | indf . c . sg | poisonous | fish |
| The man died because he ate a poisonous fish. | |||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||
11
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Mann-en | dog | efter | att | ha | ät-it | en | giftig | fisk. |
| man- def . c . sg | die. pst | after | that | have. inf | eat- sup | indf . c . sg | poisonous | fish |
| The man died after eating a poisonous fish. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||
12
Status: main; causal marker: med
| Flicka-n | är | nöjd | med | sitt | betyg. |
| girl- def . c . sg | be. prs | glad | with | poss . refl . n . sg | mark |
| The girl is pleased with her mark. | |||||
13
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Kvinna-n | blev | arg | av | mann-en-s | ord. |
| woman- def . c . sg | become. pst | angry | of | man- def . c . sg - gen | word |
| The wife was angered by her husband’s words. | |||||
14
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Pojke-n | blev | upp-hetsa-d | av | idé-n. |
| boy- def . c . sg | become. pst | up-incite- part . pass . c . sg | of | idea- def . c . sg |
| The boy was excited about the idea. | ||||
15
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Mann-en | var | försvaga-d | av | hunger. |
| man- def . c . sg | be. pst | loosen- part . pass . c . sg | of | hunger |
| The man was weakened by hunger. | ||||
16
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Mann-en | dog | av | hunger. |
| man- def . c . sg | die. pst | of | hunger |
| The man died of starvation. | |||
17
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Mann-en | skrik-er | av | smärta. |
| man- def . c . sg | shout- prs | of | ache |
| The man is screaming from the pain. | |||
18
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Kvinna-n | darra-r | av | köld. |
| woman- def . c . sg | shiver- prs | of | cold |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||
19
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Barn-et | börja-de | gråta | av | skräck. |
| child- def . n . sg | start- pst | cry. inf | of | fear |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | ||||
20
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Barn-et | skratta-de | av | glädje. |
| child- def . n . sg | laugh- pst | of | joy |
| The child laughed with joy. | |||
21
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Barn-et | skräm-de-s | och | göm-de | sig | i | skjul-et. |
| child- def . n . sg | frighten- pst - pass | and | hide- pst | refl | in | barn- def . n . sg |
| The child got scared and hid in the barn. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | ||||||
21
Status: alternate; causal marker: av
| Barn-et | göm-de | sig | i | skjul-et | av | skräck. |
| child- def . n . sg | hide- pst | refl | in | barn- def . n . sg | of | fear |
| The child hid in the barn out of fear. | ||||||
22
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Mann-en | teg | för | att | han | var | blyg. |
| man- def . c . sg | be_silent. pst | for | that | he. anim | be. pst | shy |
| The man kept silent because he was shy. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
22
Status: alternate; causal marker: av
| Mann-en | teg | av | blyghet. |
| man- def . c . sg | be_silent. pst | of | shyness |
| The man kept silent out of modesty. | |||
23
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Av | rädsla | grep | hon | tag | i | broder-n-s | arm. |
| of | fear | grab. pst | she. anim | take. nmlz | in | brother- def . c . sg - gen | arm |
| She grabbed her brother's arm in fear. | |||||||
24
Status: main; causal marker: efter
| Kvinna-n | var | trött | efter | en | lång | dag-s arbete. | |
| woman- def . c . sg | be. pst | tired | after | indf . c . sg | long | day- gen | work |
| The woman was tired after a long day's work. | |||||||
24
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Kvinna-n | var | trött | efter | att | ha | arbeta-t | länge. |
| woman- def . c . sg | be. pst | tired | after | that | have. inf | work- sup | long |
| The woman was tired after she had worked all day. | |||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||
25
Status: main; causal marker: pa grund av
| Kvinna-n | kan | inte | somna | på | grund | av | mygg-en. |
| woman- def . c . sg | can. prs | neg | fall_asleep. inf | on | ground | of | mosquito- def . n . pl |
| The woman can't fall asleep because of the mosquitoes. | |||||||
26
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Mån-en | få-r | vattn-et | att | se | ljus-t | ut. |
| moon- def . c . sg | get- prs | water- def . n . sg | that | see. inf | light- def . n . sg | out |
| The moon makes the water light. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||||||
26
Status: alternate; causal marker: pa grund av
| Vattn-et | se-r | ljus-t | ut | på | grund | av | den | stor-a | mån-en. |
| water- def . n . sg | see- prs | light- def . n . sg | out | on | ground | of | def . n . sg | big- def | moon- def . c . sg |
| The water looks light because of the large moon. | |||||||||
27
Status: main; causal marker: tack vare
| Jakt-en | gick | bra | tack | vare | hund-en. |
| hunting- def . n . sg | go. pst | fine | thanks | be. subj | dog- def . n . sg |
| The hunting went well thanks to the dog. | |||||
28
Status: main; causal marker: pa
| Kvinna-n | blev | arg | på | mann-en. |
| woman- def . c . sg | become. pst | angry | on | man- def . c . sg |
| The woman became angry with her husband. | ||||
28
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Kvinna-n | blev | arg | för | något | som | mann-en | sa-de. |
| woman- def . c . sg | become. pst | angry | for | something. n | which | man- def . c . sg | say- pst |
| The woman became angry with what her husband had said. | |||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | |||||||
29
Status: main; causal marker: pa grund av
| Kvinna-n | kom | sen-t | till | jobb-et | på | grund | av | sin | man. |
| woman- def . c . sg | come. pst | late- def . n . sg | to | work- def . n . sg | on | ground | of | poss . refl . n . sg | man |
| The woman came late to work because of her husband. | |||||||||
30
Status: main; causal marker: pa grund av
| Människ-or-na | omkom | på | grund | av | jordbävning-en. |
| human- pl - def . n . pl | die. pst | on | ground | of | earthquake- def . c . sg |
| People died because of the earthquake. | |||||
31
Status: main; causal marker: av
| All-t | elände | komm-er | av | människa-n. |
| all- def . n . sg | trouble | happen- prs | of | human- def . n . sg |
| All misfortunes happen because of humans. | ||||
32
Status: main; causal marker: efter
| Mann-en | såg | bättre | efter | operation-en. |
| man- def . c . sg | see. pst | better | after | operation- def . c . sg |
| The man began to see better after the operation. | ||||
32
Status: alternate; causal marker: tack vare
| Mann-en | såg | bättre | tack | vare | operation-en. |
| man- def . c . sg | see. pst | better | thanks | be. subj | operation- def . c . sg |
| The man began to see better thanks to the operation. | |||||
33
Status: main; causal marker: tack vare
| Kvinna-n | är | vid | liv | tack | vare | mann-en. |
| woman- def . c . sg | be. prs | at | life | thanks | be. subj | man- def . c . sg |
| The woman is alive thanks to the man. | ||||||
33
Status: alternate; causal marker: pa grund av
| Kvinna-n | är | vid | liv | på | grund | av | mann-en. |
| woman- def . c . sg | be. prs | at | life | on | ground | of | man- def . c . sg |
| The woman is alive because of the man. | |||||||
34
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Mann-en | berätta-de | det | för | frun | av | ren | dumhet. |
| man- def . c . sg | tell- pst | def . n . sg | for | wife | of | pure | stupidity |
| The man told it to his wife out of pure stupidity. | |||||||
35
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Kvinna-n | halka-de | för | att | hon | var | oförsiktig. |
| woman- def . c . sg | slip- pst | for | that | she. anim | be. pst | careless |
| The woman slipped because she was careless. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
35
Status: alternate; causal marker: pa grund av
| Kvinna-n | halka-de | på | grund | av | sin | oförsiktighet. |
| woman- def . c . sg | slip- pst | on | ground | of | poss . refl . n . sg | carelessness |
| The woman slipped because of carelessness. | ||||||
36
Status: main; causal marker: tack vare
| Pilot-en | lycka-de-s | landa | plan-et | tack | vare | sin | stor-a | erfarenhet. |
| pilot- def . c . sg | succeed- pst - pass | land. inf | airplane- def . n . sg | thanks | be. subj | poss . refl . n . sg | big- def | experience |
| The pilot was able to land the plane thanks to his solid experience. | ||||||||
36
Status: alternate; causal marker: pa grund av
| Pilot-en | lyck-ade-s | landa | plan-et | på | grund | av | sin | stor-a | erfarenhet. |
| pilot- def . c . sg | succeed- pst - pass | land. inf | airplane- def . n . sg | on | ground | of | poss . refl . n . sg | big- def | experience |
| The pilot was able to land the plane due to his solid experience. | |||||||||
37
Status: main; causal marker: pa grund av
| På | grund | av | sin | oerfarenhet | lycka-de-s | pilot-en | inte | landa | plan-et. |
| on | ground | of | poss . refl . n . sg | inexperience | succeed- pst - pass | pilot- def . c . sg | neg | land. inf | airplane- def . n . sg |
| Due to his inexperience, the pilot could not land the plane. | |||||||||
38
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Under | krig-et | var | människ-or | så | hungrig-a | att | de | åt | gräs. |
| during | war- def . n . sg | be. pst | human- pl | so | hungry- pl | that | they | eat. pst | grass |
| In wartime, people were so hungry they ate grass. | |||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||
38
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Under | krig-et | åt | människ-or | gräs | för | att | de | var | så hungrig-a. |
| during | war- def . n . sg | eat. pst | human- pl | grass | for | that | they | be. pst | hungry- pl |
| In wartime, people ate grass because they were hungry . | |||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||
39
Status: main; causal marker: pa grund av
| Kvinna-n | gick | in | på | grund | av | nyfikenhet. |
| woman- def . c . sg | go. pst | inside | on | ground | of | curiosity |
| The woman went inside out of curiosity. | ||||||
39
Status: alternate; causal marker: av
| Kvinna-n | gick | in | av | nyfikenhet. |
| woman- def . c . sg | go. pst | inside | of | curiosity |
| The woman went inside out of curiosity. | ||||
40
Status: main; causal marker: pa grund av
| Mann-en | döda-de | sin | frun | på | grund | av | svartsjuka. |
| man- def . c . sg | kill- pst | poss . refl . n . sg | wife | on | ground | of | jealousy |
| The man killed his wife out of jealousy. | |||||||
40
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Mann-en | döda-de | sin | frun | för | att | han | var | svartsjuk. |
| man- def . c . sg | kill- pst | poss . refl . n . sg | wife | for | that | he. anim | be. pst | jealous |
| The man killed his wife because he was jealous. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||
41
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Mann-en | berätta-de | det | för | all-a | av | ren | fåfänga. |
| man- def . c . sg | tell- pst | def . n . sg | for | all- pl | of | pure | vanity |
| The man told everyone about it out of vanity. | |||||||
42
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Kvinna-n | slog | av | ilska | sönder | all | servis. |
| woman- def . c . sg | beat. pst | of | anger | broken | all | dishes |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | ||||||
43
Status: main; causal marker: pa grund av
| Kvinna-n | la-de | sig | med | kläder-na | på | grund | av | kyla-n. |
| woman- def . c . sg | put- pst | refl | with | clothes- def . c . pl | on | ground | of | cold- def . c . sg |
| The woman went to sleep clothed because of the cold. | ||||||||
44
Status: main; causal marker: for
| Lärare-n | beröm-de | elev-en | för | hans | kläder. |
| teacher- def . c . sg | praise- pst | student- def . c . sg | for | his | clothes |
| The teacher commended the student for his suit. | |||||
44
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Lärare-n | beröm-de | elev-en | för | att | han | klä-dde | sig | fin-t. |
| teacher- def . c . sg | praise- pst | student- def . c . sg | for | that | he. anim | dress- pst | refl | fine- def . n . sg |
| The teacher commended the student because he dressed well. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||
45
Status: main; causal marker: for
| Mann-en | slog | sin | granne | för | det | han | sa-de. |
| man- def . c . sg | beat. pst | poss . refl . n . sg | neighbour | for | def . n . sg | he. anim | say- pst |
| The man killed his neighbor because of what he said. | |||||||
46
Status: main; causal marker: om
| Barn-en | bråka-de | om | boll-en. |
| child- def . n . pl | argue- pst | about | ball- def . c . sg |
| The children fought over the ball. | |||
47
Status: main; causal marker: om
| Mann-en | bråka-de | med | sin | bror | om | arv-et. |
| man- def . c . sg | argue- pst | with | poss . refl . c . sg | brother | about | inheritance- def . n . sg |
| The man argued with his brother over the inheritance. | ||||||
48
Status: main; causal marker: pa grund av
| Kvinna-n | köp-te | bok-en | på | grund | av | bild-erna. |
| woman- def . c . sg | buy- pst | book- def . c . sg | on | ground | of | picture- def . pl |
| The woman bought the book because of the pictures. | ||||||
48
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Kvinna-n | köp-te | bok-en | för | att | bild-erna | var | så | fin-a. |
| woman- def . c . sg | buy- pst | book- def . c . sg | for | that | picture- def . pl | be. pst | so | fine- pl |
| The woman bought the book because the pictures were nice. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||
49
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Kvinna-n | ställ-de | in | träff-en | med | sin | väninna | för | att | hon | var | på | dålig-t | humör. |
| woman- def . c . sg | set- pst | inside | meeting- def . c . sg | with | poss . refl . n . sg | friend | for | that | she. anim | be. pst | on | bad- def . n . sg | mood |
| The woman canceled plans with her friend because of she had a bad mood. | |||||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||||||
49
Status: alternate; causal marker: pa grund av
| Kvinna-n | ställ-de | in | träff-en | med | sin | väninna | på | grund | av | sitt | dålig-a | humör. |
| woman- def . c . sg | set- pst | inside | meeting- def . c . sg | with | poss . refl . n . sg | friend | on | ground | of | poss . refl . n . sg | bad- def . sg | mood |
| The woman canceled plans with her friend because of the bad mood. | ||||||||||||
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Det | syn-s | på | vattenpöl-arna | att | det | ha-r | regna-t | i | natt. |
| def . n . sg | seem. prs - pass | on | puddle- def . pl | that | def . n . sg | have- prs | rain- sup | in | night |
| It is seen by the puddles that it had rained last night. | |||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing and the caused events are not expressed in a single sentence. | |||||||||
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Det | syn-s | på | bubbl-or-na | att | vattn-et | koka-r. |
| def . n . sg | seem- pass | on | bubble- pl - def . pl | that | water- def . n . sg | boil- prs |
| It is seen by the bubbles that the water is boiling. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing and the caused events are not expressed in a single sentence. | ||||||
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Gå | in, | så | att | du | inte | bli-r | förkyl-d. |
| go. inf | inside | so | that | you | neg | become- prs | catch_cold- part . pass |
| Come into the house lest you should catch cold. | |||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Var | är | min | vintertröja? |
| where | be. prs | my. c . sg | winter_sweater |
| Where is my winter sweater? | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the caused event is not explicitly expressed. | |||
54
Status: main; causal marker: pa grund av
| På | grund | av | matematisk-a | lag-ar | kan | det | här | tal-et | inte | var-a | mindre | än | ett. |
| on | ground | of | mathematical- indf . pl | law- pl | can | def . n . sg | here | number- def . n . sg | neg | be- inf | less | that | one. def . n . sg |
| Per mathematical laws, this number cannot be less than one. | |||||||||||||