Telugu
Contributed by Elizaveta Zabelina (Academia.edu profile). The data were gathered in 2021.
How to cite
Zabelina, Elizaveta. 2022. Nominal causal constructions in Telugu. In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on December 1, 2022; last revised on December 1, 2022). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: to
| karci | kaṇṇiṭi | tō | taḍici-ṁdi. |
| handkerchief. sg | tear. sg . obl | with | drench. pst -3 sg . nm |
| The handerchief got soaked with tears. | |||
2
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| komma | baruvu-ki | virigi-ṁdi. |
| branch. sg | weight. sg . obl - dat | break. pst -3 sg . nm |
| The branch broke from the weight. | ||
2
Status: alternate; causal marker: valla
| komma | baruvu | valla | virigi-ṁdi. |
| branch. sg | weight. sg . obl | by | break. pst -3 sg . nm |
| The branch broke because of the weight. | |||
3
Status: main; causal marker: valla
| āviḍa | poga | valla | daggu-tuṁdi. |
| that_woman. sg | smoke. sg . obl | by | cough- prs .3 sg . nm |
| The woman is coughing because of the smoke. | |||
4
Status: main; causal marker: valla
| mēmu | cīkaṭi | valla | tīrānni | cuḍalēkapō-tunn-āmu. |
| 1 pl . excl | darkness. sg . obl | by | shore. sg . acc | see. inab - prs -1 pl |
| We cannot see the shore because of the darkness. | ||||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: karanamga
| mēmu | cīkaṭi | kāraṇaṁgā | tīrānni | cuḍalekapō-tunn-āmu. |
| 1 pl . excl | darkness. sg . obl | because_of | shore. sg . acc | see. inab - prs -1 pl |
| We cannot see the shore because of the darkness. | ||||
5
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| ataḍu | tappu-gā | baṁdhiṁca-paḍḍ-āḍu. |
| that_man. sg | mistake- advz | tie- pass . pst -3 sg . m |
| The man was arrested by mistake. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adverb, not a nominal phrase. | ||
6
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| ceṭṭu | gāli-ki | paḍi-ṁdi. |
| tree. sg | wind. sg . obl - dat | fall. pst -3 sg . nm |
| The tree fell because of the wind. | ||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: valla
| ceṭṭu | gāli | valla | paḍi-ṁdi. |
| tree. sg | wind. sg . obl | by | fall. pst -3 sg . nm |
| The tree fell because of the wind. | |||
7
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| atanu | šokku-ki | canipōy-āḍu. |
| that_man. sg | shock. sg . obl - dat | pass_away. pst -3 sg . m |
| The man died from electric shock. | ||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: valla
| atanu | šokku | valla | canipōy-āḍu. |
| that_man. sg | shock. sg . obl | by | pass_away. pst -3 sg . m |
| The man died because of the electric shock. | |||
8
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| āviḍa | šabdāniki | lēci-ṁdi. |
| that_woman. sg | sound. sg . dat | rise. pst -3 sg . nm |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | ||
9
Status: main; causal marker: valla
| atani-ki | bīru | valla | talanoppi | vacci-ṁdi. |
| that_man. sg . obl - dat | beer. sg . obl | by | headache. sg | come. pst -3 sg . nm |
| The man got a headache because of the beer. | ||||
10
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| āviḍa | kukka-ni | cūsi | navvi-ṁdi. |
| that_woman. sg | dog. sg . obl - acc | see. cvb . pfv | laugh. pst -3 sg . nm |
| The woman laughed at the sight of the dog. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
10
Status: alternate; causal marker: valla
| āviḍa | kukka | valla | navvi-ṁdi. |
| that_woman. sg | dog. sg . obl | by | laugh. pst -3 sg . nm |
| The woman laughed because of the dog. | |||
10
Status: alternate; causal marker: pai
| āviḍa | kukka | pai | navvi-ṁdi. |
| that_woman. sg | dog. sg . obl | over | laugh. pst -3 sg . nm |
| The woman laughed at the dog. | |||
11
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| atanu | viṣapu | cēpa-ku | canipōy-āḍu. |
| that_man. sg | poison. sg . obl | fish. sg . obl - dat | pass_away. pst -3 sg . m |
| The man died from the poisonous fish. | |||
11
Status: alternate; causal marker: valla
| atanu | viṣapu | cēpa | valla | canipōy-āḍu. |
| that_man. sg | poison. obl | fish. sg . obl | by | pass_away. pst -3 sg . m |
| The man died because of the poisonous fish. | ||||
11
Status: alternate; causal marker: karanamga
| atanu | viṣapu | cēpa | kāraṇaṁgā | canipōy-āḍu. |
| that_man. sg | poison. obl | fish. sg | because_of | pass_away. pst -3 sg . m |
| The man died because of the poisonous fish. | ||||
12
Status: main; causal marker: to
| āme | tana | grēḍu | tō | saṁtr̥pti | paḍi-ṁdi. |
| she | refl . poss | grade. sg . obl | with | satisfaction. sg | fall. pst -3 sg . nm |
| The girl is satisfied with her grade. | |||||
13
Status: main; causal marker: pai
| bhārya | tana | bharta | māṭa-la | pai | kōppaḍi-ṁdi. |
| wife. sg | refl . poss | husband. sg . obl | word- pl . obl | over | get_angry. pst -3 sg . nm |
| The wife was angered by her husband’s words. | |||||
14
Status: main; causal marker: pai
| abbāi | ā | ālōcana | pai | utsāhapaḍḍ-āḍu. |
| young_boy. sg | that | idea. sg . obl | over | get_excited. pst -3 sg . m |
| The boy was excited by this idea. | ||||
15
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| atanu | ākali-ki | balahīnaṁ | paḍḍ-āḍu. |
| that_man. sg | hunger. sg . obl - dat | weak | fall. pst -3 sg . m |
| The man became weak ouf of hunger. | |||
15
Status: alternate; causal marker: valla
| atanu | ākali | valla | balahīnaṁ | paḍḍ-āḍu. |
| that_man. sg | hunger. sg . obl | by | weak | fall. pst -3 sg . m |
| The man became weak due to hunger. | ||||
16
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| atanu | ākali-ki | canipōy-āḍu. |
| that_man. sg | hunger. sg . obl - dat | pass_away. pst -3 sg . m |
| The man died from hunger. | ||
17
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| atanu | noppi-ki | arus-tunn-āḍu. |
| that_man. sg | pain. sg . obl - dat | cry- prs -3 sg . m |
| The man screamed from the pain. | ||
18
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| āviḍa | cali-ki | vaṇuku-tuṁdi. |
| that_woman. sg | cold. sg . obl - dat | shiver- prs .3 sg . nm |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | ||
19
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| pillavāḍu | bhayāniki | ēḍavaḍaṁ | modalu | peṭṭ-āḍu. |
| boy. sg | fear. sg . dat | cry. vn | start | put. pst -3 sg . m |
| The boy began to cry out of fear. | ||||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: to
| pillavāḍu | bhayaṁ | tō | ēḍavaḍaṁ | modalu | peṭṭ-āḍu. |
| boy. sg | fear. sg . obl | with | cry. vn | start | put. pst -3 sg . m |
| The boy began to cry with fear. | |||||
20
Status: main; causal marker: to
| pillavāḍu | ānandaṁ | tō | navv-āḍu. |
| boy. sg | happiness. sg . obl | with | laugh. pst -3 sg . m |
| The boy laughed with joy. | |||
21
Status: main; causal marker: to
| pillavāḍu | bārn-lō | bhayaṁ | tō | dacukunn-āḍu. |
| boy. sg | barn. sg . obl - loc | fear. sg . obl | with | hide_oneself. pst -3 sg . m |
| The child hid in the barn out of fear. | ||||
21
Status: alternate; causal marker: DAT
| pillavāḍu | bārn-lō | bhayāniki | dacukunn-āḍu. |
| boy. sg | barn. sg . obl - loc | fear. sg . dat | hide_oneself. pst -3 sg . m |
| The child hid in the barn due to fear. | |||
22
Status: main; causal marker: valla
| atanu | vinayaṁ | valla | šāntaṁ-gā | unn-āḍu. |
| that_man. sg | complaisance. sg . obl | by | peace. sg - advz | be. prs -3 sg . m |
| The man kept silent due to complaisance. | ||||
23
Status: main; causal marker: to
| āviḍa | tana | tammuḍi | cēyi-ni | bhayaṁ | tō | paṭṭuku-ṁdi. |
| that_woman. sg | refl . poss | younger_brother. sg . obl | hand. sg . obl - acc | fear. sg . obl | with | seize. pst -3 sg . nm |
| The woman grabbed her younger brother’s hand out of fear. | ||||||
24
Status: main; causal marker: valla
| āviḍa | pani | valla | alasipōyi-ṁdi. |
| that_woman. sg | work. sg . obl | by | get_tired. pst -3 sg . nm |
| The woman is tired from work. | |||
25
Status: main; causal marker: valla
| āviḍa | dōma-la | valla | nidrapō-lēdu. |
| that_woman. sg | mosquito- pl . obl | by | sleep- neg . pst |
| The woman didn’t fall asleep due to mosquitoes. | |||
25
Status: alternate; causal marker: karanamga
| āviḍa | dōma-la | kāraṇaṁgā | nidrapō-lēdu. |
| that_woman. sg | mosquito- pl . obl | because_of | sleep- neg . pst |
| The woman didn't fall asleep because of mosquitoes. | |||
26
Status: main; causal marker: valla
| nīḷḷu | caṁdruni | valla | prakāšis-tunn-āyi. |
| water( pl ) | moon. sg . obl | by | shine- prs -3 pl . n |
| The water is shining due to the moon. | |||
26
Status: alternate; causal marker: karanamga
| nīḷḷu | caṁdruni | kāraṇaṁgā | prakašis-tunn-āyi. |
| water( pl ) | moon. sg . obl | because_of | shine- prs -3 pl . n |
| The water is shining because of the moon. | |||
27
Status: main; causal marker: valla
| atani | kukka | valla | atani-ki | maṁci | vēṭa | ayi-ṁdi. |
| that_man. sg . obl | dog. sg . obl | by | that_man. sg . obl - dat | good | hunt. sg | become. pst -3 sg . nm |
| Due to his dog, the man had a good hunt. | ||||||
28
Status: main; causal marker: pai
| bhārya | tana | bharta | pai | kōppaḍi-ṁdi |
| wife. sg | refl . poss | husband. sg | over | get_angry. pst -3 sg . nm |
| The wife got angry at her husband. | ||||
29
Status: main; causal marker: valla
| āviḍa | tana | bharta | valla | pani-ki | ālasyaṁ | ayi-ṁdi. |
| that_woman. sg | refl . poss | husband. sg . obl | by | work. sg . obl - dat | delay. sg | become. pst -3 sg . nm |
| The woman was late for work because of her husband. | ||||||
30
Status: main; causal marker: valla
| jana-lu | bhūkaṁpaṁ | valla | canipōy-āru. |
| people- pl | earthquake. sg . obl | by | pass_away. pst -3 pl . epic |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | |||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: karanamga
| jana-lu | bhūkaṁpaṁ | kāraṇaṁgā | canipōy-āru. |
| people- pl | earthquake. sg | because_of | pass_away. pst -3 pl . epic |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | |||
31
Status: main; causal marker: valla
| anni | duradr̥ṣṭa-lu | manuṣu-la | vall=ē | jarugu-t-āyi. |
| all. n | disaster- pl | man- pl . obl | by= emph | happen- fut / hab -3 pl . n |
| All misfortunes only happen because of humans. | ||||
32
Status: main; causal marker: valla
| atanu | operēšn | valla | sariggā | cuḍagalugu-tunn-āḍu. |
| that_man. sg | operation. sg . obl | by | well | see. abil - prs -3 sg . m |
| The man is able to see well due to the operation. | ||||
33
Status: main; causal marker: valla
| āviḍa | atani | vall=ē | bratiki | uṁdi. |
| that_woman. sg | that_man. sg . obl | by= emph | live. cvb . pfv | be. prs .3 sg . nm |
| The woman is only alive due to that man. | ||||
34
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| atanu | atani | bhārya-ku | dāni | guriṁci | telivitakkuva-gā | cepp-āḍu. |
| that_man. sg | that_man. sg . obl | wife. sg . obl - dat | that. obl | about | foolish- advz | say. pst -3 sg . m |
| The man stupidly told his wife about it. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adverb, not a nominal phrase. | ||||||
34
Status: alternate; causal marker: valla
| atanu | atani | bhārya-ku | telivitakkuvatanaṁ | valla | dāni | guriṁci | cepp-āḍu. |
| that_man. sg | that_man. sg . obl | wife. sg . obl - dat | foolishness. sg . obl | by | that. obl | about | say. pst -3 sg . m |
| The man told his wife about it because of stupidity. | |||||||
34
Status: alternate; causal marker: to
| atanu | atani | bhārya-ku | telivitakkuvatanaṁ | tō | dāni | guriṁci | cepp-āḍu. |
| that_man. sg | that_man. sg . obl | wife. sg . obl - dat | foolishness. obl | with | that. obl | about | say. pst -3 sg . m |
| The man told his wife about it by stupidity. | |||||||
35
Status: main; causal marker: valla
| āviḍa | ajāgratta | valla | jāripaḍi-ṁdi. |
| that_woman. sg | carelessness. sg . obl | by | slip_off. pst -3 sg . nm |
| The woman slipped because of carelessness. | |||
36
Status: main; causal marker: to
| paileṭ | vimānānni | atani | anubhāvaṁ | tō | diṁcagalig-āḍu. |
| pilot. sg | plane. sg . acc | that_man. sg . obl | experience. sg . obl | with | put_down. abil . pst -3 sg . m |
| The pilot was able to land the plane due to his experience. | |||||
37
Status: main; causal marker: valla
| paileṭ | vimānānni | asamarthatā | valla | diṁcalēkapōy-āḍu. |
| pilot. sg | plane. sg . acc | incompetence. sg . obl | by | put_down. inab . pst -3 sg . m |
| The pilot could not land the plane due to incompetence. | ||||
38
Status: main; causal marker: to
| yuddhaṁ | samayaṁ-lō | manuṣu-lu | ākali | tō | gaḍḍi | tinn-āru. |
| war. sg | time. sg . obl - loc | man- pl | hunger. sg . obl | with | grass. sg | eat. pst -3 pl . epic |
| In the time of war, people ate grass out of hunger. | ||||||
39
Status: main; causal marker: to
| āviḍa | kutūhalaṁ | tō | lōpali-ki | veḷḷi-ṁdi. |
| that_woman. sg | interest. sg . obl | with | inside. obl - dat | go. pst -3 sg . nm |
| The woman went inside out of interest. | ||||
40
Status: main; causal marker: to
| atanu | atani | bhārya-ni | īrṣya | tō | caṁp-āḍu. |
| that_man. sg | that_man. sg . obl | wife. sg . obl - acc | jealousy. sg . obl | with | kill. pst -3 sg . m |
| The man killed his wife out of jealousy. | |||||
41
Status: main; causal marker: to
| atanu | ḍābu | tō | dāni | guriṁci | aṁdari-ki | cepp-āḍu. |
| that_man. sg | ostentation. sg . obl | with | that. obl | about | all. epic . obl - dat | say. pst -3 sg . m |
| The man told everyone about it out of ostentation. | ||||||
42
Status: main; causal marker: LOC
| āviḍa | kōpaṁ-lō | anni | ginne-la-nu | viraggoṭṭi-ṁdi. |
| that_woman. sg | anger. sg . obl - loc | all. n | cup- pl . obl - acc | destroy. pst -3 sg . nm |
| The woman broke all the dishes in anger. | ||||
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: to
| āviḍa | kōpaṁ | tō | anni | ginne-la-nu | viraggoṭṭi-ṁdi. |
| that_woman. sg | anger. sg . obl | with | all. n | cup- pl . obl - acc | destroy. pst -3 sg . nm |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | |||||
43
Status: main; causal marker: karanamga
| āviḍa | cali | kāraṇaṁgā | baṭṭa-la | tō | nidrapōyi-ṁdi. |
| that_woman. sg | cold. sg | because_of | cloth- pl . obl | with | sleep. pst -3 sg . nm |
| The woman went to sleep dressed because of he cold. | |||||
44
Status: main; causal marker: valla
| paṁtulu | atani | šiṣyuḍi-ni | ataḍi | baṭṭa-lu | valla | pogiḍ-āḍu. |
| teacher. sg | that_man. sg . obl | student. sg . obl - acc | that_man. sg . obl | cloth- pl | by | commend. pst -3 sg . m |
| The teacher commended the student for his clothes. | ||||||
45
Status: main; causal marker: valla
| atanu | atani | pakkinṭivāḍi-ni | atani | māṭa-la | valla | caṁp-āḍu. |
| that_man. sg | that_man. sg . obl | neighbour. sg . obl - acc | that_man. sg . obl | word- pl . obl | by | kill. pst -3 sg . m |
| The man killed his neighbor because of his words. | ||||||
45
Status: alternate; causal marker: mida
| atanu | atani | pakkinṭivāḍi-ni | atani | māṭa-la | mīda | caṁp-āḍu. |
| that_man. sg | that_man. sg . obl | neighbour. obl - acc | that_man. sg . obl | word- pl . obl | on | kill. pst -3 sg . m |
| The man killed his neighbor on <the account of> his words. | ||||||
45
Status: alternate; causal marker: pai
| atanu | atani | pakkinṭivāḍi-ni | atani | māṭa-la | pai | caṁp-āḍu. |
| that_man. sg | that_man. sg . obl | neighbour. obl - acc | that_man. sg . obl | word- pl . obl | over | kill. pst -3 sg . m |
| The man killed his neighbor on <hearing> his words. | ||||||
46
Status: main; causal marker: pai
| pilla-lu | banti | pai | goḍavapaḍḍ-āru. |
| child- pl | ball. sg . obl | over | quarrel. pst -3 pl . epic |
| The children fought over the ball. | |||
46
Status: alternate; causal marker: kosam
| pilla-lu | banti | kōsam | goḍavapaḍḍ-āru. |
| child- pl | ball. sg . obl | for | quarrel. pst -3 pl . epic |
| The children fought for the ball. | |||
47
Status: main; causal marker: pai
| atanu | atani | tammuḍi | tō | vārasatvaṁ | pai | vādiṁc-āḍu. |
| that_man. sg | that_man. sg . obl | younger_brother. sg . obl | with | heritage. sg . obl | over | argue. pst -3 sg . m |
| The man argued with his younger brother over the inheritance. | ||||||
47
Status: alternate; causal marker: kosam
| atanu | atani | tammuḍi | tō | vārasatvaṁ | kōsam | vādiṁc-āḍu. |
| that_man. sg | that_man. sg . obl | younger_brother. sg . obl | with | heritage. sg . obl | for | argue. pst -3 sg . m |
| The man argued with his brother for the inheritance. | ||||||
48
Status: main; causal marker: kosam
| āviḍa | ā | pustakānni | bomma-la | kōsaṁ | koni-ṁdi. |
| that_woman. sg | that | book. sg . acc | picture- pl . obl | for | take. pst -3 sg . nm |
| The woman bought the book for its pictures. | |||||
49
Status: main; causal marker: valla
| āviḍa | tana | mitruni | tō | tana | ceḍu | mūḍ | valla | plān-la-ni | raddu | cēsi-ṁdi. |
| that_woman. sg | refl . poss | friend. sg . obl | with | refl . poss | bad | mood. sg . obl | by | plan- pl . obl - acc | cancel | do. pst -3 sg . nm |
| The woman canceled plans with her friend because of her bad mood. | ||||||||||
50
Status: main; causal marker: ACC batti custe
| gunta-la-ni | baṭṭi | cūs-tē | ninna | rātri | vāna | paḍi-ṁdi. |
| pool- pl . obl - acc | judging_by | see- cond | yesterday | night. sg | rain. sg | fall. pst -3 sg . nm |
| Judging by the puddles, it rained last night. | ||||||
51
Status: main; causal marker: ACC batti custe
| buḍaga-la-ni | baṭṭi | cūs-tē | nīḷḷu | masulu-tunn-āyi. |
| bubble- pl . obl - acc | judging_by | see- cond | water( pl ) | boil- prs -3 pl . n |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water is boiling. | ||||
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| iṁṭi | lōpali-ki | rā, | calla-gā | uṁdi. |
| house. sg . obl | inside. obl - dat | come. imp , | cold- advz | be. prs .3 sg . nm |
| Come into the house, it is cold. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression correspoṁding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression correspoṁding to the caused event. | ||||
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| nā | sveṭar | ekkaḍ' | uṁdi? | cali-gā | uṁdi. |
| my | sweater. sg | where | be. prs .3 sg . nm ? | cold. sg - advz | be. prs .3 sg . nm |
| Where is my sweater? There is cold. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression correspoṁding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression correspoṁding to the caused event. | |||||
54
Status: main; causal marker: prakaram
| gaṇitašāstraṁ | prakāraṁ, | ī | saṁkhya | okaṭi | kaṁṭē | takkuva | uṇḍa-kūḍadu. |
| mathematics. sg | according_to, | this | number. sg | one | than | inferior | be- proh |
| According to the mathematical law, this number cannot be less than one. | |||||||