Udmurt (South)
Contributed by Maria Cheremisinova, Elizaveta Zabelina. The data were gathered in 2021.
How to cite
Cheremisinova, Maria & Elizaveta Zabelina. 2022. Nominal causal constructions in Udmurt (South). In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on December 1, 2022; last revised on December 1, 2022). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Kyšet-ez | kotm-i-z | śińkyĺi-leś. |
| kerchief- p .3 sg | get_wet- pst -3( sg ) | tear- abl |
| The handerchief got soaked from tears. | ||
2
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Vaj-ez | tija-śk-i-z | śekyt-leś. |
| branch- p .3 sg | break- detr - pst -3( sg ) | heavy- abl |
| The branch broke from the weight. | ||
3
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Kyšnomurt | kyz-e | čyn-leś. |
| woman | cough- prs .3 sg | smoke- abl |
| The woman is coughing because of the smoke. | ||
4
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| Mi | u-m | adǯ́-iśk-e | jar1 | dur2-ez pejmyt-en. |
| we | neg . prs -1 pl | see- prs - pl | river_bank1,2- acc . sg | dark- ins |
| We can’t see the river bank because of the darkness. | ||||
5
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Vorgoron-ez | kut-i-z-y | jangyš-en. |
| man- acc | catch- pst -3- pl | mistake- ins |
| The man was caught by mistake. | ||
6
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Pispu | pogra-z | tə̑l-leś. |
| tree | fall. pst -3( sg ) | wind- abl |
| The tree fell because of the wind. | ||
7
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Vorgoron | kul-i-z | tok | šukk-ysa. |
| man | die- pst -3( sg ) | electric_current | hit- cvb |
| The man died from electric shock. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
8
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Kyšnomurt | sajka-z | kwašet-em-leś. |
| woman | wake_up. pst -3( sg ) | make_noise- nmz - abl |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | ||
9
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Piosmurt-len | jyr-yz | viś-e | ju-on-leś. |
| man- gen | head- p .3 sg | hurt- prs .3 sg | drink- vn - abl |
| The man has a headache from the alcoholic drink. | |||
10
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Kyšnomurt | śerekja-z | punypi-leś. |
| woman | laugh. pst -3( sg ) | puppy- abl |
| The woman laughed at the puppy. | ||
11
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Vorgoron | kul-i-z | jad-o | č́oryg-leś. |
| man | die- pst -3( sg ) | poison- attr | fish- abl |
| The man died from a poisonous fish. | |||
12
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| Nylaš | šumpot-i-z | asl-a-z | otmetka-jez-ly. |
| girl | be_glad- pst -3( sg ) | refl . obl - gen - p .3 sg | mark- p .3 sg - dat |
| The girl was happy about her grade. | |||
13
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| Kyšno-jez-len | vož-ez | pot-i-z | kart-ez-len | vera-m-ez-lə̑. |
| wife- p .3 sg - gen | anger- p .3 sg | come_out- pst -3( sg ) | husband- p .3 sg - gen | say- nmz - p .3 sg - dat |
| The wife was angered by her husband’s words. | ||||
14
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| Pijaš | šumpot-i-z | so | vera-m-lə̑. |
| boy | be_glad- pst -3( sg ) | that | say- nmz - dat |
| The boy was happy with what was said. | |||
15
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Vorgoron | žumm-i-z | śutem | ul-em-leś. |
| man | weaken- pst -3( sg ) | hungry | live- nmz - abl |
| The man was weakened by hunger. | |||
16
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Vorgoron | kul-i-z | śutem. |
| man | die- pst -3( sg ) | hungry |
| The man died starved. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adnominal dependent in the main clause. | ||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: ABL
| Vorgoron | kul-i-z | śutem | ul-em-leś. |
| man | die- pst -3( sg ) | hungry | live- nmz - abl |
| The man died from starvation. | |||
17
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Vorgoron | keśaśk-e | və̑ś | lu-em-leś. |
| man | scream- prs .3 sg | hurt | become- nmz - abl |
| The man screamed from the pain. | |||
18
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Kyšnomurt | kwaĺekja | keźyt-leś. |
| woman | shiver. prs .3 sg | cold- abl |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | ||
19
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Pinal | bə̑rd-i-z | kurda-sa. |
| child | cry- pst -3( sg ) | be_afraid- cvb |
| The child cried, frightened. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: ABL
| Pinal | bə̑rd-i-z | kurda-m-leś. |
| child | cry- pst -3( sg ) | be_afraid- nmz - abl |
| The child cried out of fear. | ||
20
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Pinal | śerekja-z | šumpot-ə̑sa. |
| child | laugh. pst -3( sg ) | be_glad- cvb |
| The child laughed being rejoiced. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||
21
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Pinal | kurda-sa | pegǯ́-i-z | saraj-e. |
| child | be_afraid- cvb | run- pst -3( sg ) | shed- ill |
| The child ran to the barn, frightened. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
22
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Vostem | piosmurt | no=myr | ə̑-z | vera. |
| modest | man | neg =what | neg . pst -3 | say. sg |
| The modest man did not say anything. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adnominal dependent in the main clause. | ||||
23
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Kyšnomurt | kurda-sa | kyrm-iśk-i-z | vyn-yz | bord-y. |
| woman | be_afraid- cvb | catch- detr - pst -3( sg ) | younger_brother- p .3 sg | near- ill |
| The woman got hold of her younger brother in fear. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
24
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Kyšnomurt | žad́-i-z | už-leś. |
| woman | get_tired- pst -3( sg ) | work- abl |
| The woman is tired from work. | ||
24
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Kyšnomurt | žad́-i-z | uža-sa. |
| woman | get_tired- pst -3( sg ) | work- cvb |
| The woman is tired working. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||
25
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Kyšnomurt-len | ug | lu-y | iź-em-ez | č́ibiń-jos-leś. |
| woman- gen | neg . prs | become- sg | sleep- nmz - p .3 sg | mosquito- pl - abl |
| The woman can’t fall asleep because of the mosquitoes. | ||||
25
Status: alternate; causal marker: INS
| Kyšnomurt-len | ug | lu-y | iź-em-ez | č́ibiń-jos-yn. |
| woman- gen | neg . prs | become- sg | sleep- nmz - p .3 sg | mosquito- pl - ins |
| The woman can’t fall asleep with the mosquitoes. | ||||
26
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Vu | adǯ́-iśk-e | ĺugyt | toleź-leś. |
| water | see- detr - prs .3 sg | bright | moon- abl |
| The water looks bright because of the moon. | |||
27
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Vorgoron | pajda-jo | vetl-i-z | pə̑jšura-ny | puny-jez | jurtt-ysa. |
| man | profit- attr | go- pst -3( sg ) | hunt- inf | dog- p .3 sg | help- cvb |
| Thanks to his dog, the man had a successful hunt. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
28
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| Kyšnomurt | vož-ez | pot-i-z | kart-ez-ly. |
| woman | anger- p .3 sg | come.out- pst -3( sg ) | husband- p .3 sg - dat |
| The wife was angry at her husband. | |||
29
Status: main; causal marker: DAT luysa
| Kyšnomurt | ber-e | kyĺ-i-z | už-e | kart-ez-ly | lu-ysa |
| woman | late- ill | leave- pst -3( sg ) | work- ill | husband- p .3 sg - dat | become- cvb |
| The woman was late for work because of her husband. | |||||
30
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Ad́ami-os | kul-i-z-y | muzjem | zurka-n-leś. |
| person- pl | die- pst -3- pl | ground | tremble- vn - abl |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | |||
31
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Vań | kuradǯ́-on-jos | pot-o | ad́ami-leś. |
| whole | trouble- vn - pl | come_out- prs .3 pl | person- abl |
| All distresses happen because of man. | |||
32
Status: main; causal marker: bere
| Vorgoron | umoj | adǯ́-yny | kutsk-i-z | operacija | bere. |
| man | well | see- inf | begin- pst -3( sg ) | operation | after |
| The man can see better now after the operation. | |||||
32
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Vorgoron | umoj | adǯ́-yny | kutsk-i-z | operacija | jurtt-em-en. |
| man | well | see- inf | begin- pst -3( sg ) | operation | help- nmz - ins |
| The man can see better now thanks to the operation. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | |||||
33
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Kyšnomurt | ulep | vorgoron | jurtt-em-en. |
| woman | alive | man | help- nmz - ins |
| The woman is alive because of the help of that man. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | |||
33
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Kyšnomurt | ulep | vorgoron | jurtt-ysa. |
| woman | alive | man | help- cvb |
| The woman is alive because of the help of that man. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
33
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Kyšnomurt | ulep | vorgoron | jurt-leś. |
| woman | alive | man | help- abl |
| The woman is alive due to man's help. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | |||
34
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Vorgoron | vera-z | kyšno-jez-ly | so-je | malpa-śk-ytek. |
| man | say. pst -3 sg | wife- p .3 sg - dat | that- acc | think- detr - car |
| The man told his wife about it without thinking. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
34
Status: alternate; causal marker: INS
| Vorgoron | vera-z | kyšno-jez-ly | so-je | viźtem-en-yz. |
| man | say- pst .3 sg | wife- p .3 sg - dat | that- acc | stupid- ins - p .3 sg |
| The man told his wife about it out of stupidity. | ||||
35
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Kyšnomurt | gylǯ́-i-z | utč́a-śk-ytek. |
| woman | slip- pst -3( sg ) | view- detr - car |
| The woman slipped, not watching <her steps>. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||
36
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Pilot | pukt-i-z | samoĺot-ze | badǯ́ym | opyt-ez | vań-en. |
| pilot | put- pst -3( sg ) | plane- acc . p .3 sg | big | experience- p .3 sg | be. prs - ins |
| The pilot was able to land the plane as he had solid experience. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
36
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Pilot | pukt-i-z | samoĺot-ze | badǯ́ym | opyt-ez | jurtt-em-en. |
| pilot | put- pst -3( sg ) | plane- acc . p .3 sg | big | experience- p .3 sg | help- nmz - ins |
| The pilot was able to land the plane with the help of his solid experience. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | |||||
37
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Ĺotč́ik | ə̑-z | bygat-y | pukt-yny | samoĺot-ze | opyt-ez | ə̑və̑l-en. |
| pilot | neg . pst -3 | be_able- sg | put- inf | plane- acc . p .3 sg | experience- p .3 sg | neg . exist - ins |
| The pilot couldn’t land the plane with the lack of experience. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
38
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Vojna | dyr-ja | ad́ami-os | śi-i-z-y | turyn-kwar | śutem | ul-em-leś. |
| war | time- adv | person- pl | eat- pst -3- pl | plant | hungry | live- nmz - abl |
| In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger. | ||||||
39
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Kyšnomurt | pyr-i-z | pušk-a-z | tod-em-ez | pot-em-en. |
| woman | enter- pst -3( sg ) | inside. obl - ill - p .3 sg | know- nmz - p .3 sg | come_out- nmz - ins |
| The woman went inside as she was curious to know <something>. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
40
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| Vorgoron | vi-i-z | kyšno-ze | voža-m-en-yz. |
| man | kill- pst -3( sg ) | wife- acc . p .3 sg | be_jealous- nmz - ins - p .3 sg |
| The man killed his wife out of jealousy. | |||
40
Status: alternate; causal marker: ABL
| Vorgoron | vi-i-z | kəšno-ze | voža-m-leś. |
| man | kill- pst -3( sg ) | wife- acc . p .3 sg | be_jealous- nmz - abl |
| The man killed his wife out of jealousy. | |||
41
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Vorgoron | vera-z | so-je | vańm-yz-ly | vyltija-śk-ysa. |
| man | say- pst .3 sg | that- acc | all- p .3 sg - dat | extol- detr - cvb |
| The man told everyone about it, boasting. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
42
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| Kyšnomurt | pyĺ-yl-i-z | vań | posuda-jez | vož | pot-em-en-yz. |
| woman | break- iter - pst -3( sg ) | all | dishes- acc . sg | anger | come_out- nmz - ins - p .3 sg |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | |||||
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: ABL
| Kyšnomurt | pyĺ-yl-i-z | vań | posuda-jez | vož | pot-em-leś. |
| woman | break- iter - pst -3( sg ) | all | dishes- acc . sg | anger | come_out- nmz - abl |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | |||||
43
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Kyšnomurt | vyd-i-z | iź-yny | diśkut-en | keźyt-leś. |
| woman | lie_down- pst -3( sg ) | sleep- inf | clothes- ins | cold- abl |
| The woman went to sleep clothed because of the cold. | ||||
44
Status: main; causal marker: ponna
| Dyš-et-iś | makta-z | dyš-et-sk-iś-ze | diś-ez | ponna. |
| learn- caus - ptcp . act | praise. pst -3 sg | learn- caus - detr - ptcp . act - acc .3 sg | clothes- p .3 sg | for |
| The teacher commended the student for his clothes. | ||||
45
Status: main; causal marker: ponna
| Vorgoron | žug-i-z | buskeĺ-ze | so-len | kyl-yz | ponna. |
| man | beat- pst -3( sg ) | neighbour- acc . p .3 sg | that- gen | word- p .3 sg | for |
| The man beat his neighbor for his words. | |||||
45
Status: alternate; causal marker: DAT luysa
| Vorgoron | žug-i-z | buskeĺ-ze | so-len | kyl-yz-ly | lu-ysa. |
| man | beat- pst -3( sg ) | neighbour- acc . p .3 sg | that- gen | word- p .3 sg - dat | become- cvb |
| The man beat his neighbor because of his words. | |||||
46
Status: main; causal marker: ponna
| Pinal-jos | žug-iśk-i-z-ə̑ | tup | ponna. |
| child- pl | beat- detr - pst -3- pl | ball | for |
| The children fought over the ball. | |||
47
Status: main; causal marker: ponna
| Vorgoron | keret-iz | vyn-yn-yz | nasĺedstvo | ponna. |
| man | quarrel- pst -3( sg ) | younger_brother- ins - p .3 sg | inheritance | for |
| The man argued with his younger brother over the inheritance. | ||||
48
Status: main; causal marker: ponna
| Kyšnomurt | baśt-i-z | so | kńiga-jez | sured-jos-yz | ponna. |
| woman | buy- pst -3( sg ) | that | book- acc . sg | picture- pl - p .3 sg | for |
| The woman bought the book because of the pictures. | |||||
49
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Kyšnomurt | ə̑-z | pumiśk-y | eš-en-yz | mylkyd-yz | ə̑və̑l-en. |
| woman | neg . pst -3 | meet- sg | friend- ins - p .3 sg | good_mood- p .3 sg | neg . exist - ins |
| The woman canceled plans with her friend not having the right mood. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Puk-iś | vu-os-yz | adǯ́-isa | vala-no | uj-yn | zor-em. |
| sit- ptcp . act | water- pl - p .3 sg | see- cvb | understand- deb | night- loc | rain- pst 2.3 sg |
| Looking at the puddles, one should understand that it rained last night. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Vu-iś | puĺy-os-yz | adǯ́-ysa | vala-no | vu | byrekt-i-z. |
| water- el | bubble- pl - p .3 sg | see- cvb | understand- deb | water | boil- pst -3( sg ) |
| Looking at the the bubbles, one should understand that the water is boiling. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Pyr | korka, | kyr-yn | keźyt. |
| come. imp | house | free_space- loc | cold |
| Come inside, it is cold outside. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | |||
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Kytyn | mynam | sviter-e, | mynym | keźyt. |
| where | i . gen | sweater- p .1 sg | i . dat | cold |
| Where is my sweater? I am cold. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | ||||
54
Status: main; causal marker: ADV
| Ta | č́islo | u-z | lu-y | pič́i | odig-leś | matematič́eskoj | zakon-ja. |
| this | number | neg . fut -3 | become- sg | small | one- abl | mathematical | law- adv |
| Per mathematical law, this number cannot be less than one. | |||||||