Urdu
Contributed by Elizaveta Zabelina (Academia.edu profile). The data were gathered in 2021.
How to cite
Zabelina, Elizaveta. 2022. Nominal causal constructions in Urdu. In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on December 1, 2022; last revised on December 1, 2022). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: se
| rūmāl | āṁsu-oṁ | se | bhīg | gay-ā. |
| handkerchief( m ). sg . dir | tear( f )- pl . obl | from | get_wet | go. pfv - sg . m |
| The handerchief got soaked from tears. | ||||
2
Status: main; causal marker: se
| ṭahnī | vazan | se | ṭūṭ | gay-ī. |
| branch( f ). sg . dir | weight( m ). sg . obl | from | break | go. pfv - sg . f |
| The branch broke from the weight. | ||||
3
Status: main; causal marker: ki vajah se
| ɔrat | dhu-eṁ | kī | vajah | se | khāṁs | rah-ī | hɛ. |
| woman( f ). sg . dir | smoke( m )- sg . obl | adjz . f | reason( f ). sg . obl | from | cough | dur - f | prs .3 sg |
| The woman is coughing because of the smoke. | |||||||
4
Status: main; causal marker: ki vajah se
| ham | sāhil | andher-e | ki | vajah | se | dekh | nahīṁ | pā | rah-e. |
| we | coast( m ). sg . dir | darkness( m )- sg . obl | adjz . f | reason( f ). sg . obl | from | see | neg | get | dur - m . pl |
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. | |||||||||
5
Status: main; causal marker: se
| ādmī | galtī | se | giraftār | hu-ā | th-ā. |
| man( m ). sg . dir | mistake( f ). sg . obl | from | arrested | be. pfv - sg . m | pst - m . sg |
| The man was arrested by mistake. | |||||
6
Status: main; causal marker: se
| daraxt | havā | se | gir | gay-ā. |
| tree( m ). sg . dir | air( f ). sg . obl | from | fall | go. pfv - sg . m |
| The tree fell because of the wind. | ||||
7
Status: main; causal marker: se
| ādmī | bijlī | lag-n-e | se | mar | gay-ā. |
| man( m ). sg . dir | lightning( f ). sg . dir | apply- inf - obl | from | die | go. pfv - sg . m |
| The man died from electric shock. | |||||
8
Status: main; causal marker: se
| ɔrat | āvāz | se | uṭh | gay-ī. |
| woman( f ). sg . dir | sound( f ). sg . obl | from | get_up | go. pfv - sg . f |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | ||||
9
Status: main; causal marker: se
| ādmī | ko | šarāb | se | sar | meṁ | dard | hɛ. |
| man( m ). sg . obl | obj | wine( f ). sg . obl | from | head( m ). sg . obl | in | pain( m ). sg . dir | be. prs .3 sg |
| The man has a headache from the wine. | |||||||
10
Status: main; causal marker: par
| ɔrat | kutt-e | ke | pille | pe | haṁs-n-e | lag-ī. |
| woman( f ). sg . dir | dog( m ). sg . obl | adjz . m . sg . obl | pup( m ). sg . obl | on | laugh- inf - obl | apply. pfv - sg . f |
| The woman started to laugh at the puppy. | ||||||
11
Status: main; causal marker: ki vajah se
| ādmī | zahrīl-ī | machlī | kī | vajah | se | mar | gay-ā. |
| man( m ). sg . dir | poisonous- f | fish( f ). sg . obl | adjz . f | reason( f ). sg . obl | from | die | go. pfv - sg . m |
| The man died because of the poisonous fish. | |||||||
12
Status: main; causal marker: se
| laṛkī | apn-e | iṁtehānāt | ke | natāij | se | mutmain | th-ī. |
| girl( f ). sg . dir | own- m . pl . obl | examination( m ). pl . obl | adjz . m . pl . obl | result( m ). pl . obl | from | satisfied | be. pst - sg . f |
| The girl was satisfied with her examination results. | |||||||
13
Status: main; causal marker: par
| bīvī | apn-e | šɔhar | kī | bāt-oṁ | pe | gussā | th-ī. |
| wife( f ). sg . dir | own- m . sg . obl | husband( m ). sg . obl | adjz . f | matter( f )- pl . obl | on | anger( m ). sg . dir | be. pst - sg . f |
| The wife was angered by her husband’s words. | |||||||
14
Status: main; causal marker: me
| bacchā | is | xayāl | meṁ | purjoš | th-ā. |
| child( m ). sg . dir | this. obl | idea( m ). sg . obl | in | zealous | be. pst - sg . m |
| The boy was zealous about this idea. | |||||
15
Status: main; causal marker: se
| ādmī | bhūkh | se | kamzor | th-ā. |
| man( m ). sg . dir | hunger( m ). sg . obl | from | weak | be. pst - sg . m |
| The man was weak from hunger. | ||||
16
Status: main; causal marker: se
| ādmī | bhūkh | se | mar | gay-ā. |
| man( m ). sg . dir | hunger( m ). sg . obl | from | die | go. pfv - sg . m |
| The man died of starvation. | ||||
17
Status: main; causal marker: me
| ādmī | dard | meṁ | cīkh | rah-ā | hɛ. |
| man( m ). sg . dir | pain( m ). sg . obl | in | shout | dur - m . sg | prs .3 sg |
| The man is screaming in pain. | |||||
18
Status: main; causal marker: se
| ɔrat | ṭhaṇḍ | se | kapkapā | rah-ī | hɛ. |
| woman( f ). sg . dir | cold( m ). sg . obl | from | shiver | dur - f | prs .3 sg |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||||
19
Status: main; causal marker: ke mare
| bacchā | xɔf | ke | māre | ro-n-e | lag-ā. |
| child( m ). sg . dir | fear( m ). sg . obl | adjz . m . sg . obl | because_of | cry- inf - obl | apply. pfv - sg . m |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | |||||
20
Status: main; causal marker: se
| bacchā | xušī | se | haṁs | paṛ-ā. |
| child( m ). sg . dir | happiness( f ). sg . obl | from | laugh | fall. pfv - sg . m |
| The child burst out laughing from happiness. | ||||
21
Status: main; causal marker: ke mare
| bacchā | godām | meṁ | xɔf | ke | māre | cup | gay-ā. |
| child( m ). sg . dir | shed( m ). sg . obl | in | fear( m ). sg . obl | adjz . m . sg . obl | because_of | hide | go. pfv - sg . m |
| The child hid in the barn out of fear. | |||||||
22
Status: main; causal marker: ki vajah se
| ādmī | apn-ī | šāistagī | kī | vajah | se | cup | rah-ā. |
| man( m ). sg . dir | own- f | good_manners( f ). sg . obl | adjz . f | reason( f ). sg . obl | from | silent | stay. pfv - sg . m |
| The man kept silent because of his good manners. | |||||||
23
Status: main; causal marker: me
| ɔrat | ne | xɔf | meṁ | apn-e | bhāī | kā | hāth | thām | liy-ā. |
| woman( f ). sg . obl | ta | fear( m ). sg . obl | in | own- m . sg . obl | brother( m ). sg . obl | adjz . m . sg . dir | hand( m ). sg . dir | hold | take. pfv - sg . m |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | |||||||||
24
Status: main; causal marker: ki vajah se
| ɔrat | kām | kī | vajah | se | thak | gay-ī | hɛ. |
| woman( f ). sg . dir | work( m ). sg . obl | adjz . f | reason( f ). sg . obl | from | get_tired | go. pfv - sg . f | prs .3 sg |
| The woman has become tired from work. | |||||||
25
Status: main; causal marker: ki vajah se
| ɔrat | ko | macchar-oṁ | kī | vajah | se | nīnd | nahīṁ | ā | rah-ī. |
| woman( f ). sg . obl | obj | mosquito( m )- pl . obl | adjz . f | reason( f ). sg . obl | from | sleep( f ). sg . dir | neg 2 | come | dur - f |
| The woman can’t fall asleep because of the mosquitoes. | |||||||||
26
Status: main; causal marker: me
| pānī | camak | rah-ā | hɛ | cāṁd | kī | rošnī | meṁ. |
| water( m ). sg . dir | gleam | dur - m . sg | prs .3 sg | moon( m ). sg . obl | adjz . f | light( f ). sg . obl | in |
| The water gleams in the moon light. | |||||||
27
Status: main; causal marker: ki bedaulat
| us-ke | kutt-e | kī | bedɔlat, | ādmī | ka | šikār | acch-ā | rah-ā. |
| that. obl - adjz . m . sg . obl | dog( m )- sg . obl | adjz . f | owing_to, | man( m ). sg . obl | adjz . m . sg . dir | hunt( m ). sg . dir | good- m . sg . dir | stay. pfv - sg . m |
| Thanks to his dog, the man had a successful hunt. | ||||||||
28
Status: main; causal marker: par
| bīvī | apn-e | šɔhar | pe | gussā | thī. |
| wife( f ). sg . dir | own- m . sg . obl | husband( m ). sg . obl | on | anger( m ). sg . dir | be. pst - sg . f |
| The wife was angry at her husband. | |||||
29
Status: main; causal marker: ki vajah se
| ɔrat | ko | kām | pe | jā-n-e | meṁ | derī | apn-e | sɔhar | ki | vajah | se | ho | rah-ī | th-ī. |
| woman( f ). sg . obl | obj | work( m ). sg . obl | on | go- inf - obl | in | delay( f ). sg . dir | own- m . sg . obl | husband( m ). sg . obl | adjz . f | reason( f ). sg . obl | from | be | dur - f | pst - sg . f |
| The woman was late for work because of her husband. | ||||||||||||||
30
Status: main; causal marker: ki vajah se
| log | zalzal-e | kī | vajah | se | jān | bahak1 | ho2 gay-e. |
| people. pl . dir | earthquake( m )- sg . obl | adjz . f | reason( f ). sg . obl | from | life( f ). sg . dir | miss1,2 | go. pfv - pl . m |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | |||||||
31
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| sār-ī | badqismatiy-oṁ | kī | vajah | log | ho-t-e | hɛṁ. |
| whole- f | misfortune( f )- pl . obl | adjz . f | reason( f ). sg . dir | people. pl . dir | be- ipfv - pl . m | prs .3 pl |
| The reason of all misfortunes are people. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: ki vajah se
| sār-ī | badqismatiy-aṁ | log-oṁ | kī | vajah | se | ho-t-ī | hɛṁ. |
| whole- f | misfortune( f )- pl | people- pl . obl | adjz . f | reason( f ). sg . obl | from | be- ipfv - f | prs .3 pl |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | |||||||
32
Status: main; causal marker: ki vajah se
| ādmī | operešn | kī | vajah | se | ab | behtar | dekh | sak-t-ā | hɛ. |
| man( m ). sg . dir | surgery( f ). sg . obl | adjz . f | reason( f ). sg . obl | from | now | better | see | can- ipfv - m . sg | prs .3 sg |
| The man can see better now thanks to the operation. | |||||||||
33
Status: main; causal marker: ki vajah se
| ɔrat | us | ādmī | kī | vajah | se | zindā | hɛ. |
| woman( f ). sg . dir | that. obl | man( m ). sg . obl | adjz . f | reason( f ). sg . obl | from | alive | be. prs .3 sg |
| The woman is alive because of that man. | |||||||
34
Status: main; causal marker: ki vajah se
| ādmī | ne | apn-ī | bīvī | ko | apn-ī | himāqat | kī | vajah | se | yeh | batā | diy-ā. |
| man( m ). sg . obl | ta | own- f | wife( f ). sg . obl | obj | own- f | foolishness( f ). sg . obl | adjz . f | reason( f ). sg . obl | from | this | tell | give. pfv - sg . m |
| The man told his wife about it out of stupidity. | ||||||||||||
35
Status: main; causal marker: me
| ɔrat | bexayālī | meṁ | phisal | gay-ī. |
| woman( f ). sg . dir | unmindfulness( f ). sg . obl | in | slip | go. pfv - sg . f |
| The woman slipped because of carelessness. | ||||
35
Status: alternate; causal marker: ki vajah se
| ɔrat | bexayālī | kī | vajah | se | phisal | gay-ī. |
| woman( f ). sg . dir | unmindfulness( f ). sg . obl | adjz . f | reason( f ). sg . obl | from | slip | go. pfv - sg . f |
| The woman slipped because of carelessness. | ||||||
36
Status: main; causal marker: ki vajah se
| paileṭ | ne | jahāz | apn-e | tajurb-e | kī | vajah | se | leṇḍ | kiy-ā. |
| pilot( m ). sg . obl | ta | vessel( m ). sg . dir | own- m . sg . obl | experience( m )- sg . obl | adjz . f | reason( f ). sg . obl | from | land | do. pfv - sg . m |
| The pilot was able to land the plane because of his experience. | |||||||||
37
Status: main; causal marker: ki vajah se
| paileṭ | apn-ī | ɣɛrtajurbakārī | kī | vajah | se | jahāz | leṇḍ | na | kar | sak-ā. |
| pilot( m ). sg . dir | own- f | lack_of_experience( f ). sg . obl | adjz . f | reason( f ). sg . obl | from | vessel( m ). sg . dir | land | neg | do | can. pfv - sg . m |
| The pilot couldn’t land the plane because of his lack of experience. | ||||||||||
38
Status: main; causal marker: se
| jang | kī | sūrat-e-hāl | meṁ | log-oṁ | ne | bhūkh | se | ghās | khay-ī. |
| war( f ). sg . obl | adjz . f | state( f ). sg . obl | in | people- pl . obl | ta | hunger( m ). sg . obl | from | grass( f ). sg . dir | eat. pfv - sg . f |
| In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger. | |||||||||
39
Status: main; causal marker: ki vajah se
| ɔrat | apn-e | tajassus | kī | vajah | se | andar | gay-ī. |
| woman( f ). sg . dir | own- m . sg . obl | inquisitiveness( m ). sg . obl | adjz . f | reason( f ). sg . obl | from | inside | go. pfv - sg . f |
| The woman went inside out of curiosity. | |||||||
39
Status: alternate; causal marker: me
| ɔrat | tajassus | meṁ | aṁdar | gay-ī. |
| woman( f ). sg . dir | inquisitiveness( m ). sg . obl | in | inside | go. pfv - sg . f |
| The woman went inside out of curiosity. | ||||
40
Status: main; causal marker: ki vajah se
| ādmī | ne | hasad | kī | vajah | se | apn-ī | bīwī | mār | dī. |
| man( m ). sg . obl | ta | jealousy( f ). sg . obl | adjz . f | reason( f ). sg . obl | from | own- f | wife( f ). sg . dir | kill | give. pst - sg . f |
| The man killed his wife out of jealousy. | |||||||||
40
Status: alternate; causal marker: me
| ādmī | ne | hasad | meṁ | apn-ī | bīwī | mār | dī. |
| man( m ). sg . obl | ta | jealousy( f ). sg . obl | in | own- f | wife( f ). sg . dir | kill | give. pst - sg . f |
| The man killed his wife out of jealousy. | |||||||
41
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| ādmī | ne | bātil | ho-n-e | kī | vajah | se | sab | ko | us-ke | bāre | meṁ | batā diy-ā. |
| man( m ). sg . obl | ta | false | be- inf - obl | adjz . f | reason( f ). sg . obl | all. obl | obj | that. obl - adjz . m . sg . obl | about | in | tell | give. pfv - sg . m |
| The man told everyone about it because of being pretentious. | ||||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||||||||||
42
Status: main; causal marker: me
| ɔrat | ne | guss-e | meṁ | sār-e | bartan | toṛ | diy-e. |
| woman( f ). sg . obl | ta | anger( m )- sg . obl | in | whole- m . pl . dir | dish( m ). pl . dir | break | give. pfv - m . pl |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | |||||||
43
Status: main; causal marker: ki vajah se
| ɔrat | thaṇḍ | kī | vajah | se | kapṛ-e | pahan | kar | soy-ī. |
| woman( f ). sg . dir | cold( m ). sg . obl | adjz . f | reason( f ). sg . obl | from | clothes( m )- pl | put_on | cvb | sleep. pfv - sg . f |
| The woman went to sleep clothed because of the cold. | ||||||||
44
Status: main; causal marker: par
| ustād | ne | us-ke | sūṭ | pe | us-kī | tārīf | kī. |
| teacher( m ). sg . obl | ta | that. obl - adjz . m . sg . obl | suit( m ). sg . obl | on | that. obl - adjz . f | praise( f ). sg . dir | do. pfv . sg . f |
| The teacher commended him for his suit. | |||||||
44
Status: alternate; causal marker: ki vajah se
| ustād | ne | us-ke | sūṭ | kī | vajah | se | us-kī | tārīf | kī. |
| teacher( m ). sg . obl | ta | that. obl - adjz . m . sg . obl | suit( m ). sg . obl | adjz . f | reason( f ). sg . obl | from | that. obl - adjz . f | praise( f ). sg . dir | do. pfv . sg . f |
| The teacher commended him because of his suit. | |||||||||
45
Status: main; causal marker: ki vajah se
| ādmī | ne | apn-e | hamsāy-e | ko | us-ke | alfāz | kī | vajah | se | mār | diy-ā. |
| man( m ). sg . obl | ta | own- m . sg . obl | neighbour( m )- sg . obl | obj | that. obl - adjz . m . pl . obl | words. pl . obl | adjz . f | reason( f ). sg . obl | from | kill | give. pfv - m . sg |
| The man killed his neighbor because of his words. | |||||||||||
46
Status: main; causal marker: ke piche
| bacc-e | bʌl | ke | pīche | laṛ | paṛ-e. |
| child( m )- pl . dir | ball( m ). sg . obl | adjz . m . sg . obl | after | fight | fall. pfv - m . pl |
| The children fought over the ball. | |||||
47
Status: main; causal marker: ke piche
| ādmī | ne | jāidād | ke | pīche | apn-e | bhāī | se | bahas | kī. |
| man( m ). sg . obl | ta | property( f ). sg . obl | adjz . m . sg . obl | after | own- m . sg . obl | brother( m ). sg . obl | from | argument( f ). sg . dir | do. pfv . sg . f |
| The man argued with his brother over the inheritance. | |||||||||
48
Status: main; causal marker: ki vajah se
| ɔrat | ne | tasvīr-oṁ | kī | vajah | se | kitāb | xarīd-ī. |
| woman( f ). sg . obl | ta | picture( f )- pl . obl | adjz . f | reason( f ). sg . obl | from | book( f ). sg . dir | buy. pst - sg . f |
| The woman bought the book because of the pictures. | |||||||
49
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| ɔrat | ne | apn-ā | mizāj | bur-ā | ho-n-e | kī | vajah | se | apn-e | mansūb-e | xārij1 | kar2 diy-e. |
| woman( f ). sg . obl | ta | own- m . sgdir | mood( m ). sg . dir | bad- m . sg . dir | be- inf - obl | adjz . f | reason( f ). sg . obl | from | own- m . pl . dir | project( m )- pldir | cancel1,2 | give. pfv - pl . m |
| The woman canceled plans with her friend because of her bad mood. | ||||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||||||||||
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| pānī | se | bhar-e | gaḍḍh-e | dekh-t-e | hu-e, | lag-t-ā | hai | kal | rāt | bārish | hu-ī | hɛ. |
| water( m ). sg . obl | from | full- m . pl . dir | puddle( m )- pl . dir | see- ipfv - m . sg . obl | be. pfv - m . sg . obl , | apply- ipfv - m . sg | prs .3 sg | yesterday | night( f ). sg . dir | rain( f ). sg . dir | be. pfv . sg . f | prs .3 sg |
| Looking at the puddles full of water, seems like it had rained last night. | ||||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||||||
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| bulbul-e | dekh | kar | patā1 | cal2-t-ā | hɛ | ke | pānī | ubal | rah-ā hɛ. |
| bubble( m )- pl . dir | see | cvb | get_to_know1,2- ipfv - m . sg | prs .3 sg | comp | water( m ). sg . dir | boil | dur - m . sg | prs .3 sg |
| Having looked at the bubbles, one gets to know that the water is boiling. | |||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
54
Status: main; causal marker: ke mutabiq
| riyāzī | ke | qavānīn | ke | mutābiq, | yah | nambar | ek | se | kam | nahīṁ | ho | sak-t-ā. |
| mathematics( m ). sg . obl | adjz . m . pl . obl | law( m ). pl . obl | adjz . m . sg . obl | according_to, | this | number( m ). sg . dir | one. obl | from | little | neg 2 | be | can- ipfv - m . sg |
| According to the mathematical laws, this number cannot be less than one. | ||||||||||||