Yupik (Siberian)
Contributed by Anastasia Panova (Academia.edu profile). The data were gathered in 2022 in the village Novoje Chaplino, Chukotka, Russia.
How to cite
Panova, Anastasia. 2022. Nominal causal constructions in Yupik (Siberian). In: Say, Sergey, Natalia Logvinova, Elizaveta Zabelina, and Natalia Zaika (eds.). 2022–. NoCaCoDa: Typological database of nominal causal constructions. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on December 1, 2022; last revised on December 1, 2022). (Available online at https://nocacoda.info. Accessed on .)
1
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| naːsquʁiːtaq | aʁi-maː-q | qunit-nəŋ |
| handkerchief. abs . sg | get_wet- pst (+ ind . tr )-3 sg | tear- ins . pl |
| The handkerchief is wet with tears. | ||
2
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
| awajaq | ajim-u-q | uqi-m | aŋtala-ŋanəŋ |
| branch. abs . sg | break. pst - ind . intr -3 sg | weight- rel . sg | size-3 sg . poss . ins . sg |
| The branch broke from the weight. | |||
2
Status: alternate; causal marker: INS
| awajaq | ajim-u-q | uqi-məŋ |
| branch. abs . sg | break. pst - ind . intr -3 sg | weight- ins . sg |
| The branch broke from the weight. | ||
3
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| aʁnaq | qiːw-aq-u-q | puju-məŋ |
| woman. abs . sg | cough- prs - ind . intr -3 sg | smoke- ins . sg |
| The woman coughs from the smoke. | ||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: INS
| xwaŋkuta | sχ-iɣat-a-put | snaq | mamləɣa-nəŋ |
| we. erg | see- neg . prs - ind . tr -2 pl .3 pl | coast. abs . sg | darkness- ins . pl |
| We do not see the dry land because of the darkness. | |||
4
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
| xwaŋkuta | sχ-iɣat-a-put | snaq | mamləɣə-m | aŋtala-ŋanəŋ |
| we. erg | see- neg . prs - ind . tr -2 pl .3 pl | coast. abs . sg | darkness- rel . sg | size-3 sg . poss . ins . sg |
| We do not see the dry land because of the darkness. | ||||
5
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| n.a. |
| n.a. |
| n.a. |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
6
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| uqfik | ifkaχ-t-u-q | uməɣnəʁ-məŋ |
| tree. abs . sg | fall- imm _ pst - ind . intr -3 sg | blizzard- ins . sg |
| The tree fell due to a blizzard. | ||
7
Status: main; causal marker: REL
| juk | tоɣə-m | tuqu-t-aː |
| man. abs . sg | electricity- rel . sg | die- tr - ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg |
| The man died from the electric shock. | ||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: INS
| juk | tuq-u-q | tоɣ-məŋ |
| man. abs . sg | die- ind . intr -3 sg | electricity- ins . sg |
| The man died from the electric shock. | ||
8
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| aʁnaq | taχtuχ-t-u-q | məŋulɣuːt-nəŋ |
| woman. abs . sg | wake_up- imm _ pst - ind . intr -3 sg | noise- ins . pl |
| The woman woke up from the noise. | ||
9
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| juɣə-m | naːsqwa | aqniʁ-aq-u-q | aqimlə-məŋ |
| man- rel . sg | head-3 sg . poss . abs . sg | get_sick- prs - ind . intr -3 sg | ?- ins . sg |
| The man's head hurts from wine. | |||
10
Status: main; causal marker: ABS
| aʁna-m | nəŋlatk-aː | qikmiʁaχaq |
| woman- rel . sg | laugh.?- ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg | puppy. abs . sg |
| Woman laughed because of the puppy. | ||
10
Status: alternate; causal marker: INS
| aʁnaq | nəŋlaχ-t-u-q | qikmiʁaχaʁ-məŋ |
| woman. abs . sg | laugh- imm _ pst - ind . intr -3 sg | puppy- ins . sg |
| Woman laughed because of the puppy. | ||
11
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| juk | tuq-u-q | iqakɬuɣ-məŋ |
| man. abs . sg | die- ind . intr -3 sg | fish- ins . sg |
| The man died from a fish. | ||
12
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| aʁnaʁaχaq | itaɣnaʁjuɣ-aq-u-q | оtsеnka-minəŋ |
| girl. abs . sg | be_satisfied- prs - ind . tr -3 sg | note- refl . poss . ins . sg |
| The girl is satisfied with her note. | ||
13
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| nuliːχ-a | uɣumijux-t-u-q | aləχquɬχa-nəŋ | uɣi-mi |
| woman-3 sg . poss . abs . sg | irritate- imm _ pst - ind . intr -3 sg | chat- ins . pl | husband- refl . poss . rel . sg |
| The woman got angry at her husband's words. | |||
14
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| məkəlʁiːχaq | kujaq-u-q | suməʁnəʁa-nəŋ |
| boy. abs . sg | rejoice- ind . intr -3 sg | thought- ins . pl |
| The boy was very happy with this idea. | ||
15
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
| juk | kajaliː-q | iɣata-m | aŋtala-ŋanəŋ |
| man. abs . sg | weaken+ ind . intr -3 sg | famine- rel . sg | size-3 sg . poss . ins . sg |
| The man was weak from hunger. | |||
16
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
| juk | tuq-u-q | iɣata-m | aŋtala-ŋanəŋ |
| man. abs . sg | die- ind . intr -3 sg | famine- rel . sg | size-3 sg . poss . ins . sg |
| The man died of starvation. | |||
17
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
| juk | araʁ-aq-u-q | aqni-m | aŋtala-ŋanəŋ |
| man. abs . sg | scream- prs - ind . intr -3 sg | sick- rel . sg | size-3 sg . poss . ins . sg |
| The man screams in pain. | |||
18
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
| aʁnaq | uŋələxt-aq-u-q | χutə-m | aŋtala-ŋanəŋ |
| woman. abs . sg | tremble- prs - ind . intr -3 sg | feel_cold- rel . sg | size-3 sg . poss . ins . sg |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||
19
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
| taʁnuχaq | qija.q | upu-m | aŋtala-ŋanəŋ |
| child. abs . sg | cry.3 sg | fright- rel . sg | size-3 sg . poss . ins . sg |
| The child was crying out of fear. | |||
20
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
| taʁnuχaq | nəŋljaχ-t-u-q | quja-m | aŋtala-ŋanəŋ |
| child | laugh- imm _ pst - ind . intr -3 sg | joy- rel . sg | size-3 sg . poss . ins . sg |
| The child laughed with joy. | |||
21
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| taʁnuχaq | aliŋ-lu-ni | iχ-t-u-q | siːnu-mi |
| child. abs . sg | be_afraid- sub -3 sg . ss | hide- imm _ pst - ind . intr -3 sg | pantry- loc . sg |
| The child, frightened, hid in the shed. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
22
Status: main; causal marker: REL
| juk | jimijuɣə-m, | nəpiːχ-t-u-q |
| man. abs . sg | hesitate- rel . sg | be_silent- imm _ pst - ind . intr -3 sg |
| The man remained silent out of embarrassment. | ||
23
Status: main; causal marker: REL
| aʁna-m | aliŋə-m, | tuwaʁaχt-aː | anəŋa-ni | ixə-qun |
| woman- rel . sg | be_afraid- rel . sg | ?- ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg | brother-3 sg . poss . abs . sg | hand- prl . sg |
| The woman, frightened, grabbed her brother's hand. | ||||
24
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
| aʁnaq | məʁnuχ-t-u-q | qəpχa-m | aŋtala-ŋanəŋ |
| woman. abs . sg | get_tired- imm _ pst - ind . intr -3 sg | work- rel . sg | size-3 sg . poss . ins . sg |
| The woman is tired of work. | |||
25
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| aʁnaq | kavaχ-tə-snaniʁ-ak-a-t | ŋuːjŋaːʁa-t |
| woman. abs . sg | sleep- tr - caus . neg - prs - ind . tr -3 pl .3 sg | midge- rel . pl |
| The midges did not let the woman sleep. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
26
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
| məq | niʁuɣraːxt-u-q | tanqi-m | apaɬa-nəŋ |
| water. abs . sg | dawn- ind . intr -3 sg | moon- rel . sg | cause- ins . pl |
| The water brightens because of the moon. | |||
27
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| juk | pinitun | qikmi-m | muʁutə-st-aː |
| man. abs . sg | good | dog- rel . sg | go_hunting- caus - ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg |
| The dog helped the man hunt well. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||
28
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| nuliːχ-a | uɣumijux-t-u-q | uɣi-mi | aləχquɬχa-nəŋ |
| woman-3 sg . poss . abs . sg | irritate- imm _ pst - ind . intr -3 sg | husband- refl . poss . rel . sg | chat- ins . pl |
| The woman was angry with her husband because of his words. | |||
29
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
| aʁnaq | aŋi-n̥əʁit-u-q | qəpχa-ʁviɣ-mun | uɣi-ŋan | apaɬa-nəŋ |
| woman. abs . sg | do_in_time- neg - ind . intr -3 sg | work-?- dat . sg | husband-3 sg . poss . rel . sg | cause- ins . pl |
| The woman was late for work because of her husband. | ||||
30
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| juɣə-t | tuqu-laʁat-u-t, | nunaː-m | uŋələxta-ɬχa-nəŋ |
| human- abs . pl | die-?- ind . intr -3 pl | village- rel . sg | tremble- nmlz - ins . pl |
| People died because of the earthquake. | |||
31
Status: main; causal marker: REL
| qamaxɬuni | pininʁilŋuq | juɣə-t | aɬxəχ-t-aq-a-t |
| all | bad. abs . sg | human- rel . pl | appear- tr - prs - ind . tr -3 pl .3 sg |
| All bad things happen because of people. | |||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: antalananan REL
| qamaxɬuni | pininʁilŋuq | aɬxəʁ-aq-u-q | juɣə-m | apaɬa-nəŋ |
| all | bad. abs . sg | appear- prs - ind . intr -3 sg | human- rel . sg | cause- ins . pl |
| All bad things happen because of people. | ||||
32
Status: main; causal marker: kanlanani REL
| juk | sχat-kajux-t-aː | оpеratsija-m kənla-ŋa-ni | |
| man. abs . sg | see-can- imm _ pst - ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg | surgery- rel . sg | border-3 sg . poss - loc . sg |
| The man sees better after the operation. | |||
33
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| n.a. |
| n.a. |
| n.a. |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
34
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
| juɣə-m | uŋipamsuɣut-aː | taːxkən | nuliː-ni | naɬu-m | aŋtala-ŋan |
| man- rel . sg | tell- ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg | then | woman- refl . poss . abs . sg | stupidity- rel . sg | size-3 sg . poss . rel . sg |
| The man told his wife about everything out of stupidity. | |||||
35
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| aʁnaq | qiːɣnis-imaː-q | jakɬuni | piː-nʁitə-m |
| woman. abs . sg | slide- pst (+ ind . tr )-3 sg | so | do- neg - rel . sg |
| The woman slipped. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is not explicitly expressed. | |||
36
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| təŋastə-m | aqumə-st-aː | təŋəxkajuk | piɬəʁ-minəŋ |
| pilot- rel . sg | sit_down- caus - ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg | airplane. abs . sg | experienced- refl . poss . ins . sg |
| The man landed the plane thanks to experience. | |||
37
Status: main; causal marker: REL
| təŋastə-m | aqumə-snəʁit-aː | təŋəxkajuk | piɬxiːtə-m |
| pilot- rel . sg | sit_down- caus . neg - ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg | airplane. abs . sg | become_unable- rel . sg |
| The man did not land the plane due to inability. | |||
38
Status: main; causal marker: REL
| piɬuɣa-mi | juɣə-t | iɣata-m | nəʁ-umaː-t | vəɣaʁ-məŋ |
| war- loc . sg | human- pl . rel | starve- rel . sg | eat- pst + ind . tr -3 sg .1 sg | grass- ins . sg |
| During the war, people ate grass from hunger. | ||||
39
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| aʁnaq | itəχ-t-u-q | qamavək | ləɣrəliq-ɬu-ni |
| woman. abs . sg | enter- imm _ pst - ind . intr -3 sg | inside | be_curious- cv -3 sg . ss |
| Curious, the woman went inside. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | |||
40
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| juɣə-m | tuqu-t-aː | nuliː-ni | kuŋjaʁ-lu-ni |
| man- rel . sg | die- tr - ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg | woman- refl . poss . abs . sg | be_jealous- cv -3 sg . ss |
| Being jealous, the man killed his wife. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | |||
41
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| juk | tama-kən | uŋipaq-uχt-u-q | juːk-ɬu-ni |
| man. abs . sg | dem -? | tell- distr (?)- ind . intr -3 sg | boast- cvb -3 sg . ss |
| The man told everyone about it, boasting. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | |||
42
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| aʁna-m | siɣiq-uχt-aɣ-i | nəʁuːsi-t | aɣniq-ɬu-ni |
| woman- rel . sg | break- distr (?)- ind . tr -3 sg .3 pl | vessel- abs . pl | be_angry- cv -3 sg . ss |
| The woman broke all the dishes, being angry. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | |||
42
Status: alternate; causal marker: antalananan REL
| aʁna-m | siɣiq-uχt-aɣ-i | nəʁuːsi-t | aɣniqə-m | aŋtala-ŋanəŋ |
| woman- rel . sg | break- distr (?)- ind . tr -3 sg .3 pl | vessel- abs . pl | be_angry- rel . sg | size-3 sg . poss . ins . sg |
| The woman broke all the dishes out of anger. | ||||
43
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
| aʁnaq | iŋaχt-u-q | piluɣuxtumaʁ-mi | aqɬaʁa-m | aŋtala-ŋanəŋ |
| woman. abs . sg | lie_on_your_side- ind . intr -3 sg | be_dressed. cvb -3 sg | cold- rel . sg | size-3 sg . poss . ins . sg |
| The woman went to bed dressed because of the cold. | ||||
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: REL
| aʁnaq | iŋaχt-u-q | piluɣuxtumaʁ-mi | χuːtə-m |
| woman. abs . sg | lie_on_your_side- ind . intr -3 sg | be_dressed. cvb -3 sg | feel_cold- rel . sg |
| The woman went to bed dressed because of the cold. | |||
44
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| iɣaːχtə-m | usuq-aː | iɣaʁjaqajuk | atɬəʁa-nəŋ |
| teacher- rel . sg | praise- ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg | pupil. abs . sg | ?- ins . pl |
| The teacher praised the student for the costume. | |||
45
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| juɣə-m | qəvut-aː | iŋluqɬi-ni | aləχquɬχa-nəŋ |
| man- rel . sg | punch- ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg | be_located_opposite- refl . poss . abs . sg | chat- ins . pl |
| A man beat a neighbor for his words. | |||
46
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| taʁnuχa-t | piɬuɣ-ut-u-t | aŋqa-məŋ | apaɬa-ɬu-təŋ |
| child- abs . pl | fight- appl - ind . intr -3 pl | ball- ins . sg | cause- cv -3 pl . ds |
| The children fought over the ball. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | |||
47
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| juɣə-k | anəŋaqulχi-k | aʁivat-u-k | sanqut-məŋ | apaɬa-ɬu-tək |
| man- abs . du | brothers- abs . du | argue- ind . intr -3 du | property- ins . sg | cause- cv -3 du . ds |
| A man quarreled with his brother over money. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | ||||
48
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| aʁna-m | tukfi-m-aː | iɣaq | tana | narisuɣiːka-nəŋ |
| woman- rel . sg | buy- pst - ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg | book. abs . sg | dem . abs . sg | picture- ins . pl |
| The woman bought the book because of the drawings. | ||||
49
Status: main; causal marker: REL
| aʁna-m | sχaʁju-nʁit-aː | aʁnaʁa-lɣutə-ni | səʁləʁjuɣə-m | ilu-minəŋ |
| woman- rel . sg | meet- neg - ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg | young_woman-partner- refl . poss . abs . sg | feel_ofended- rel . sg | gut- refl . poss . ins . sg |
| The woman did not meet her friend because of a bad mood. | ||||
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| sχaʁ-lu-təŋ | məʁ-zəʁa-t, | unuɣ-mi | sɬaɬuɣ-uχtə-kaɣ-u-q |
| see- cv -3 pl . ds | puddle-?- abs . pl | night- loc . sg | rain- distr (?)- iam (?)- ind . intr -3 sg |
| Seeing puddles, [I conclude that] it rained at night. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | |||
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| sχaʁ-lu-ku | qaɬatə-ɬχaː | məq | uɣus-ima-kaŋa |
| see- cv -3 sg . ss | boil- nmlz | water. abs . sg | melt- pst - infr .3 sg .3 sg |
| Since the water is seen to be boiling, it must have melted. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | |||
52
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| iːtχ-i | ɣujɣu-mun, | aqɬaʁaχtaː |
| get_up- imp | house- dat . sg | get_cold+ ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg |
| Come inside, it's cold. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | ||
53
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| naːɣu | maqalʁi | qaːsli-qa, | aqɬaʁaχtaː |
| where | warm. abs . sg | upper-1 sg . poss . abs . sg | get_cold+ ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg ] |
| Where is my warm outer [clothes]? It is cold. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | |||
54
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| n.a. |
| n.a. |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |