Sentence no. 10 ⮭
English: {The puppy tumbled over in a funny way}. The woman laughed
Type: ontological
Adyghe
10
Status: main; causal marker: paje
| he-c̣əḳʷə-m | paje | bzəλfəʁe-r | šʼxə-ʁe |
| dog-small- obl | because_of | woman- abs | laugh- pst |
| The woman laughed because of the puppy. | |||
10
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| he-c̣əḳʷə-m | bzəλfəʁe-r | ə-ʁe-šʼxə-ʁ |
| dog-small- obl | woman- abs | 3 sg . erg - caus -laugh- pst |
| The puppy made the woman laugh. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
Albanian
10
Status: main; causal marker: me ACC
| Grua-ja | u | gajas | me | qenush-in. |
| woman- nom . sg . def . f | refl | tire. aor .3 sg | with | puppy- acc . sg . def . m |
| The woman laughed at the puppy. | ||||
Arabic
10
Status: main; causal marker: min GEN
| dʕaħik-ati | l-marʔat-u | min | taʃaqlub-aat-i | l-dʒarw-i |
| laugh. pst . pfv -3 s . f | def -woman( f ). s - nom | from | roll- pl . f - gen | def -puppy( m ). s - gen |
| The woman laughed at the puppy's rolling. | ||||
Armenian (Eastern)
10
Status: main; causal marker: GEN vra
| Kin-ə | cicaġec‘ | šan | jag-i | vra. |
| woman- def | laugh. aor .3 sg | dog. gen | young_one- gen / dat | on |
| The woman laughed at the puppy. | ||||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
10
Status: main; causal marker: but
| báxta | gxə́c-la | ka | but | cálba |
| woman | laugh. pst - ls .3 f | to | about | dog( m ) |
| The woman laughed at the puppy. | ||||
Basque
10
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| Emakume-a-k | txakurkume-a-z | barre | egi-n | zuen. |
| woman- sg - erg | puppy- sg - ins | laughter | do- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg |
| The woman laughed at the puppy. | ||||
Belarusian
10
Status: main; causal marker: z GEN
| žančyn-a | rassmjaja-l-a-sja | sa | ščanjuk-a |
| woman- nom . sg | laugh- pst - sg . f - refl | prep | puppy- gen . sg |
| The woman laughed at the puppy. | |||
Catalan
10
Status: main; causal marker: de
| La | don-a | re-ia | del | gos. |
| def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | laugh- ipfv .3 sg | from. def . sg . m | dog( m ). sg |
| The woman was laughing because of the puppy. | ||||
Chinese (Mandarin)
10
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| zhège | xiǎogǒu | huájī-de | dǎgǔn, | dòu | dé | nǚrén | fāxiào |
| this | puppy | funny- advm | tumble_over | amuse | able | woman | burst_out_laughing |
| The woman had a laugh at the puppy. | |||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | |||||||
Chuvash (Maloe Karachkino)
10
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| xërarəm | jɨdə | ɕur-in-ʥen | kol-z=er-ʨ-ë |
| woman | dog | cub- p _3- abl | laugh- cv _ sim =let- pst -3 sg |
| The woman laughed at the puppy. | |||
English
10
Status: main; causal marker: at
| The woman laughed at the puppy. |
| The woman laughed at the puppy. |
Erzya
10
Status: main; causal marker: lagso GEN
| ava-sʲ | peede-v-sʲ | kiska-levks-èntʲ | lagso. |
| woman- nom . def | laugh- inch - pst .3 sg | dog-cub- gen . def | over |
| The woman laughed at the puppy. | |||
Filipino
10
Status: main; causal marker: sa
| Na-tawá | ang=babáe | sa | túta. |
| pfv . mod . ev -laugh | nom =woman | obl | puppy |
| The woman laughed at the puppy. | |||
French
10
Status: main; causal marker: a cause de
| La | femme | a | ri | à | cause | du | chiot. |
| def . f | woman( f ) | have. prs .3 sg | laugh. ptcp . prf | to | cause | of. def . m | puppy( m ) |
| The woman laughed because of the puppy. | |||||||
German
10
Status: main; causal marker: uber ACC
| Die | Frau | lach-te | über | den | Welp-en. |
| def . nom | woman( f )[ sg . nom ] | laugh- pst .3 sg | about | def . acc | puppy( m )- sg . acc |
| The woman laughed at the puppy. | |||||
Guro
10
Status: main; causal marker: ma
| lɩ | zàn | yélí | sí | bɛnɛnɛ́ | le | bhulùlá-lɩ | ma |
| woman | resp | laughter | leave\ pfv | puppy | poss | roll- ger | on |
| The woman laughed at the puppy's tumbling. | |||||||
Indonesian (Standard)
10
Status: main; causal marker: ke
| wanita | itu | tertawa | ke | anak | anjing | itu |
| woman | that | laugh | to | child | dog | that |
| The woman laughed at the puppy. | ||||||
Italian
10
Status: main; causal marker: per
| la | donna | si | è | messa | a | ridere | per | il | cucciolo |
| def . f . sg | woman | refl .3 sg | be. prs .3 sg | put. pst . ptcp . f . sg | to | laugh. inf | for | def . m . sg | puppy |
| The woman laughed at the puppy. | |||||||||
Japanese
10
Status: main; causal marker: ACC
| Josei-wa | koinu-o | warat-ta. |
| woman- top | puppy- acc | laugh- pst |
| The woman laughed at the puppy. | ||
Karelian
10
Status: main; causal marker: EL
| akk | nagra-b | koira-n | lapse-s |
| woman | laugh-3 sg | dog- gen | child- el |
| The woman giggles at the puppy. | |||
Kazakh
10
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| äyel1 | adam2 | iyt-tiŋ | iste-gi-ni | külk-il-ip | bol-ïp tab-ïl-dï |
| woman1,2. nom | dog- gen | do- nmlz - acc | laugh- pass - cvb | be- cvb | find- pass - pst .3 sg |
| The woman started laughing at what the puppy was doing. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence | |||||
Khanty (Northern)
10
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| imi | ńăχχət-əs | aj | amp | păta |
| woman | start_to_laugh- pst | little | dog | for |
| The woman laughed at the puppy. | ||||
Khmer
10
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| niəŋ | saəc | daoj1 | saː2 | khɤːɲ | koun | chkae lẹːŋ |
| young_girl | laugh | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | see | child | dog | play |
| She laughed as she watched the puppy play. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
Khwarshi
10
Status: main; causal marker: SUPER ABL
| ʁini | qʷaqʷa-ƛa-ha | ʁʷe-ƛ’o-žo |
| woman | haha- quot - prs | dog- super - abl |
| The woman laughed at the dog. | ||
10
Status: alternate; causal marker: POSS ATR
| kad | qʷaqʷa-ƛa-ha | k’it’-lo | hih-qo-la |
| girl | haha- quot - prs | cat- gen 2 | chick- poss - lat |
| The girl laughed at the kitten. | |||
Kumyk
10
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| qʼatyn | it-ni | ojnaqʼlaj-ʁan-nan | kʲule-d-i |
| woman | dog- gen | play- pc _ prs - abl | laugh- pst -3 sg |
| The woman laughed at the way the dog was playing. | |||
10
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
| qʼatyn | it | učun | kʲule-d-i |
| woman | dog | because_of | laugh- pst -3 sg |
| The woman laughed at the dog. | |||
Latvian
10
Status: main; causal marker: no GEN
| Sieviet-e | sāk-a | smie-tie-s | no | kucēn-a |
| woman- nom . sg | begin. pst -3 | laugh- inf - rfl | from | puppy- gen . sg |
| The woman started to laugh at the puppy. | ||||
10
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Sieviet-e | sāk-a | smie-tie-s | redz-ot | kucēnu. |
| woman- nom . sg | begin. pst -3 | laugh- inf - rfl | see- cnv | puppy- acc . sg |
| The woman started to laugh looking at the puppy. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
Lezgian
10
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| qurtsuld-in | qʔilin-pats-ar-aldi | diʃehli-diz | qhwer-∅ | ʔata-na |
| puppy. s - gen | roll- pl - srdir | woman. s - dat | laugh. s - abs | come- aor |
| The woman laughed at the rolling of the puppy. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||
Lithuanian
10
Status: main; causal marker: is GEN
| Moter-is | pasijuok-ė | iš | šuniuk-o. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | have_a_laugh- pst .3 | out_of | puppy( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman had a laugh at the puppy. | |||
10
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Moter-is | nusijuok-ė | žiūrė-dam-a | į | šuniuk-ą. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | begin_to_laugh- pst .3 | look- sptcp - f . nom . sg | into | puppy( m )- acc . sg |
| The woman started to laugh looking at the puppy. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
Moksha
10
Status: main; causal marker: inksa GEN
| ava-s' | raka-s' | pin'ə | l'efks-t' | inksə |
| woman- def . sg | laugh- pst .3[ sg ] | dog | young- def . sg . gen | because_of |
| The woman laughed because of the puppy. | ||||
Norwegian (Bokmål)
10
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Kvinn-en | begyn-te | å | le | av valp-en. |
| woman- def . sg | start- pst | laugh | from | puppy- def . sg |
| The woman started laughing at the puppy. | ||||
Polish
10
Status: main; causal marker: z GEN
| Kobiet-a | śmia-ł-a | się | ze | szczeniak-a. |
| woman- nom . sg | laugh- pst - f . sg | refl | from2 | puppy- gen . sg |
| The woman laughed at the puppy. | ||||
Russian
10
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Ženščin-u | rassmeši-l | ščenok. |
| woman( f )- acc . sg | make.laugh( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | puppy( m )[ nom . sg ] |
| The puppy made the woman laugh. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
Serbian
10
Status: main; causal marker: zbog GEN
| žen-a | se | zasmeja-l-a | zbog | t-oga |
| woman- nom . sg | refl | laugh- pst . ptcp - f . sg | prep | that- gen . n . sg |
| The woman laughed at it. | ||||
10
Status: alternate; causal marker: DAT
| žen-a | mu | se | smej-e |
| woman- nom . sg | he. dat | refl | laugh- prs .3 sg |
| The woman laughed at it. | |||
Shughni
10
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Yā | ɣ̌inik | az | wi | pi-šūnčak | δo-d. |
| dem 3. f . sg | woman( f ) | el | 3 sg . m . obl | sup -laughter | give- pst |
| The woman laughed at it [the puppy's]. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | |||||
10
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Yā | ɣ̌inik | az | wi | kor | pi-šūnčak | δo-d. |
| dem 3. f . sg | woman( f ) | el | 3 sg . m . obl | work | sup -laughter | give- pst |
| The woman laughed at its movements [the puppy's]. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||||
Slovenian
10
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| Žensk-a | se | je | kužk-u | zasmeja-l-a, | ker | se | je | ta | smešno | spotakni-l. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | refl | aux .3 sg | puppy( m )- dat . sg | laugh( pfv )- lpt - f . sg | because | refl | aux .3 sg | this. m . nom . sg | in_a_funny_way | stumble( pfv )- lpt [ m . sg ] |
| The woman laughed at the puppy because it tumbled over in a funny way. | ||||||||||
Spanish
10
Status: main; causal marker: de
| la | mujer | se | rió | del | cachorro |
| def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | refl | laugh- aor .3 sg | from. def . sg . m | puppy( m ). sg |
| The woman was laughing because of the puppy. | |||||
Swedish
10
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Hund-en | fick | kvinna-n | att | skratta. |
| dog- def . c . sg | get. pst | woman- def . c . sg | that | laugh. inf |
| The dog made the woman laugh. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||||
Telugu
10
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| āviḍa | kukka-ni | cūsi | navvi-ṁdi. |
| that_woman. sg | dog. sg . obl - acc | see. cvb . pfv | laugh. pst -3 sg . nm |
| The woman laughed at the sight of the dog. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
10
Status: alternate; causal marker: valla
| āviḍa | kukka | valla | navvi-ṁdi. |
| that_woman. sg | dog. sg . obl | by | laugh. pst -3 sg . nm |
| The woman laughed because of the dog. | |||
10
Status: alternate; causal marker: pai
| āviḍa | kukka | pai | navvi-ṁdi. |
| that_woman. sg | dog. sg . obl | over | laugh. pst -3 sg . nm |
| The woman laughed at the dog. | |||
Udmurt (South)
10
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Kyšnomurt | śerekja-z | punypi-leś. |
| woman | laugh. pst -3( sg ) | puppy- abl |
| The woman laughed at the puppy. | ||
Ukrainian
10
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| n.a. |
| n.a. |
| n.a. |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Urdu
10
Status: main; causal marker: par
| ɔrat | kutt-e | ke | pille | pe | haṁs-n-e | lag-ī. |
| woman( f ). sg . dir | dog( m ). sg . obl | adjz . m . sg . obl | pup( m ). sg . obl | on | laugh- inf - obl | apply. pfv - sg . f |
| The woman started to laugh at the puppy. | ||||||
Yupik (Siberian)
10
Status: main; causal marker: ABS
| aʁna-m | nəŋlatk-aː | qikmiʁaχaq |
| woman- rel . sg | laugh.?- ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg | puppy. abs . sg |
| Woman laughed because of the puppy. | ||
10
Status: alternate; causal marker: INS
| aʁnaq | nəŋlaχ-t-u-q | qikmiʁaχaʁ-məŋ |
| woman. abs . sg | laugh- imm _ pst - ind . intr -3 sg | puppy- ins . sg |
| Woman laughed because of the puppy. | ||