NoCaCoDa

Adyghe

11

Status: main; causal marker: apq qjacew

šʼənawət–pceẑəje-m	ə-pq	q-jə-č̣ʼ-ew	λ̣ə-r	λ̣a-ʁe
poison-fish- obl	3 sg . pr -flesh	csl - loc -go_out- adv	man- abs	die- pst
The man died from poisonous fish.

11

Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.

šʼənawət–pceẑəje-m	λ̣ə-r	ə-ʁe-λ̣a-ʁ
poison-fish- obl	man- abs	3 sg . erg - caus -die- pst
Poisonous fish caused the man's death.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject.

11

Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce

šʼənawət–pceẑəje-m	feṣ̂ə-(č̣ʼe)	λ̣ə-r	λ̣a-ʁe
poison-fish- obl	for- ins	man- abs	die- pst
The man died from poisonous fish.

11

Status: alternate; causal marker: paje

šʼənawət–pceẑəje-m	paje	λ̣ə-r	λ̣a-ʁe
poison-fish- obl	because_of	man- abs	die- pst
The man died from poisonous fish.

11

Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace

šʼənawət–pceẑəje-m	qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe	λ̣ə-r	λ̣a-ʁe
poison-fish- obl	csl - loc -go_out- ins	man- abs	die- pst
The man died from poisonous fish.

11

Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew

šʼənawət–pceẑəje-m	qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew	λ̣ə-r	λ̣a-ʁe
poison-fish- obl	csl - loc -go_out- adv	man- abs	die- pst
The man died from poisonous fish.

11

Status: alternate; causal marker: jalazece

šʼənawət–pceẑəje-m	jə-lažʼe-č̣ʼe	λ̣ə-r	λ̣a-ʁe
poison-fish- obl	poss -guilt- ins	man- abs	die- pst
The man died from poisonous fish.

11

Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece

šʼənawət–pceẑəje-m	jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe	λ̣ə-r	λ̣a-ʁe
poison-fish- obl	poss -evil- ins	man- abs	die- pst
The man died from poisonous fish.

11

Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce

šʼənawət–pceẑəje-m	jə-zerar-č̣ʼe	λ̣ə-r	λ̣a-ʁe
poison-fish- obl	poss -harm- ins	man- abs	die- pst
The man died from poisonous fish.

Albanian

11

Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM

Burr-i	vdiq	nga	një	peshk	helmues.
man- nom . sg . def . m	die. aor .3 sg	from	art . indf	fish. nom . sg . indf . m	poisonous. sg . m
The man died from a poisonous fish.

Arabic

11

Status: main; causal marker: min GEN

maat-a	r-radʒul-u	min	samakat-i-n	saamm-at-i-n
die. pst . pfv -3 s . m	def -man( m ). s - nom	from	fish( f ). s - gen - indef	poisonous- f . s - gen - indef
The man died from a poisonous fish.

Armenian (Eastern)

11

Status: main; causal marker: ABL

Tġamard-ə	mahac‘-el=ē	t‘unavor	jkn-ic‘.
man- def	die- ptcp _ pf =be. prs .3 sg	poisonous	fish- abl
The man died from a poisonous fish.

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic

11

Status: main; causal marker: man

náša	mə́t-lə	mən	núyna	sammánta
man( m )	die. pst - ls .3 m	from	fish( f )	poisonous. f
The man died from a poisonous fish.

Basque

11

Status: main; causal marker: MOT

Gizon-a	arrain	pozoitsu	bat-engatik	hil	zen.
man- sg [ abs ]	fish	poisonous	one- mot	die[ pfv ]	aux . pst . abs 3 sg
The man died from a poisonous fish.

Belarusian

11

Status: main; causal marker: ad GEN

mužčyn-a	pamёr	ad	atrutn-aj	ryb-y
man- nom . sg	die[ pst . sg . m ]	prep	poisonous- gen . sg . f	fish- gen . sg
The man died from a poisonous fish.

Catalan

11

Status: main; causal marker: n.a.

L'	home	va	mor-ir	enverin-at	per	un	peix	verinós.
def . sg . m	man( m ). sg	go. prs .3 sg	die- inf	poison- ptcp . sg . m	for	indf . sg . m	fish( m ). sg	poisonous. sg . m
The man died poisoned by a venomous fish.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase.

Chinese (Mandarin)

11

Status: main; causal marker: n.a.

zhège	nánrén	yīn	shíyòng	yǒudú	de	yú	ér	shēnwáng
this	man	because	use_for_food	poisonous	adjm	fish	and	die
The man died from a poisonous fish.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase.

Chuvash (Maloe Karachkino)

11

Status: main; causal marker: ABL

arʑɨn	jadovit	polə-ran	vil-ze
man	poisonous	fish- abl	die- cv _ sim
The man died from a poisonous fish.

English

11

Status: main; causal marker: from

The man died from a poisonous fish.

Erzya

11

Status: main; causal marker: ABL

cera-sʲ	kulo-sʲ	morja-zʲ	kal-do
man- nom . def	die- pst .3 sg	poison- ptcp	fish- abl
The man died from poisonous fish.

Filipino

11

Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa

Na-matáy	ang=laláki	dáhil	sa	nakakaláso-ng	isdâ.
pfv . mod . ev -die	nom =man	because	obl	poisonous- lk	fish
The man died from a poisonous fish.

French

11

Status: main; causal marker: n.a.

L’	homme	est	mort	après	avoir	mangé	du	poisson	venimeux.
def . m	man( m )	be. prs .3 sg	die. ptcp . prf . m	after	have. inf	eat. ptcp . prf	of. def . m	fish( m )	poisonous. m
The man died after having eaten some poisonous fish.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase.

German

11

Status: main; causal marker: an DAT

Der	Mann	starb	an	ein-em	vergiftet-en	Fisch.
def . nom	man( m )[ sg . nom ]	die. pst .3 sg	to	indf - dat	poisonous- dat	fish( m )[ sg . dat ]
The man died from a poisonous fish.

Guro

11

Status: main; causal marker: zuo

gɔnɛ	zàn	gǎ	lálɩ́	zɛ̀mà	pɔ	bhɩlɩ̀-lɩ	zuo
male	resp	die\ pfv	poison	put	3 sg . nsbj	on	fish eat- ger behind
The man died from eating a poisonous fish.

Indonesian (Standard)

11

Status: main; causal marker: karena

pria	itu	meninggal	karena	ikan	beracun
man	that	die	because	fish	poisonous
The man died from a poisonous fish.

Italian

11

Status: main; causal marker: n.a.

l’	uomo	è	morto	perché	ha	mangiato	un	pesce	velenoso
def . m . sg	man	be. prs .3 sg	die. pst . ptcp . m . sg	because	have. prs .3 sg	eat. pst . ptcp . m . sg	a. m . sg	fish	poisonous. m . sg
The man died because he has eaten a poisonous fish.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase.

11

Status: alternate; causal marker: a causa di

l’	uomo	è	morto	a	causa	di	un	pesce	velenoso
def . m . sg	man	be. prs .3 sg	die. pst . ptcp . m . sg	to	cause	of	a. m . sg	fish	poisonous. m . sg
The man died from a poisonous fish.

Japanese

11

Status: main; causal marker: n.a.

Dansei-wa	dokusei-no	sakana-o	tabe-te	futsuka-go-ni	shin-da.
man- top	poisonousness- gen	fish- acc	eat- cvb	two_days-later- dat	die- pst
The man ate a poisonous fish and died two days later.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase.

Karelian

11

Status: main; causal marker: EL

mužik	kuul‘	paha-n	kala-s
man	kill. pst	bad- gen	fish- el
The man died from a bad fish.

Kazakh

11

Status: main; causal marker: n.a.

er1	adam2	ulï	balïq	že-p qaza3 tap4-tï
man1,2. nom	poisonous	fish. acc	eat- cvb	die3,4- pst .3 sg
The man died having eaten poisonous fish.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase.

Khanty (Northern)

11

Status: main; causal marker: ewelt

iki	ăntɵm-a	ji-s	atəm	tuλəχ	ewəλt
man	neg . ex - dat	become- pst	bad	mushroom	from
The man died from a poisonous mushroom.

11

Status: alternate; causal marker: pata

iki	ăntɵm-a	ji-s	atəm	tuλəχ	păta
man	neg . ex - dat	become- pst	bad	mushroom	for
The man died from a poisonous mushroom.

Khmer

11

Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa

jaːŋ1	təc2	mɔnuh	27	neak	baːn	slap	daoj3 saː4 sraː
at_least1,2	person	27	clf	prf	die	daoj _ sa ː3,4	alcohol
At least 27 people died because of the alcohol.

11

Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.

pu:	sok	slap	maok1	pi:2	pul phsət
uncle	pn	die	maok _ pi ː1,2	poison	mushroom
Uncle Sok died because of the toxic mushroom.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence.

11

Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.

mɔnuh	2	neak	slap	prʊəh	pul	trəj1 krɒpɔːt2
person	2	clf	die	pr ƱƏ h	poison	toadfish1,2
Two people died because of the poisonous toadfish.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence.

Khwarshi

11

Status: main; causal marker: POSS ABL

žiqʷa	iha-na	zahrujab	čuʕa-qo-žo
man	[ i ]die- evd	poisonous	fish- poss - abl
The man died from poisonous fish.

Kumyk

11

Status: main; causal marker: abl

er1	giši2	aʁulu	balyqʼ-tan	o'l-d-ju	eki	gʲun-nen sonʁ
man1,2	poisonous	fish- abl	die- pst -3 sg	two	day- abl	after
The man died from poisonous fish two days later.

11

Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun

er1	giši2	aʁulu	balyqʼ	učun	o'l-d-ju	eki	gʲun-nen sonʁ
man1,2	poisonous	fish	because_of	die- pst -3 sg	two	day- abl	after
The man died due to poisonous fish two days later.

Latvian

11

Status: main; causal marker: no GEN

Vīriet-is	nomir-a	no	indīg-ās	ziv-s.
man- nom . sg	die. pst -3	from	poisonous- gen . sg . f . def	fish- gen . sg
The man died from a poisonous fish.

Lezgian

11

Status: main; causal marker: n.a.

zeherlu	baluɣ-dilaj	ʔitim-∅	qʔwe	jiq-alaj	ʔaɣulamif	xa-na	qʔe-na
poisonous	fish. s - abs	eat- aop	man. s - abs	two	day. s - srel	poisoning	become- aoc die- aor
The man who ate a poisonous fish died after two days being poisoned.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase.

11

Status: alternate; causal marker: SREL

zeherlu	baluɣ-∅	tʔy-r	ʔitim-∅	qʔwe	jiq-alaj	ʔaɣulamiʃ	xa-na qʔe-na
poisonous	fish. s - srel	man. s - abs	two	day. s - srel	poisoning	become- aoc	died- aor
Being poisoned, the man died from a poisonous fish after two days.

Lithuanian

11

Status: main; causal marker: nuo GEN

Žmog-us	mir-ė	nuo	nuoding-os	žuvi-es.
person( m )- nom . sg	die- pst .3	from	poisonous- f . gen . sg	fish( f )- gen . sg
The man died from a poisonous fish.

Moksha

11

Status: main; causal marker: ezda GEN

al'ɛ-s'	kulə-s'	jadəvaj	kal-t'	ezdə	kal-t'	ezdə	kaftə častə mel'ə
man- def . sg	die- pst .3[ sg ]	poisonous	fish- def . sg . gen	because_of	two	time. el	after. loc
The man died from poisonous fish two hours later.

Norwegian (Bokmål)

11

Status: main; causal marker: av

Mann-en	døde	av	den	giftig-e	fisk-en.
man- def . sg	die. pst	from	def . sg . m	poisonous- def . sg	fish- def . sg
The man died from poisonous fish.

Polish

11

Status: main; causal marker: n.a.

Mężczyzn-a	zmar-ł	w	wynik-u	zatruc-ia	ryb-ą.
man- nom . sg	die- pst [ m . sg ]	in	result- loc . sg	poisoning- gen . sg	fish- ins . sg
The man died from fish poisoning.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence.

Russian

11

Status: main; causal marker: ot GEN

Mužčin-a	umer	ot	jadovit-oj	ryb-y.
man( m )- nom . sg	die( pfv ). pst [ m . sg ]	from	poisonous- f . gen . sg	fish( f )- gen . sg
The man died from a poisonous fish.

11

Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.

Mužčin-a	umer	ot	otravlenij-a	ryb-oj.
man( m )- nom . sg	die( pfv ). pst [ m . sg ]	from	poisoning( n )- gen . sg	fish( f )- ins . sg
The man died of fish poisoning.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence.

Serbian

11

Status: main; causal marker: n.a.

muškarac	je	umr-o	od	trovanj-a	rib-om
man. nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	die- pst . ptcp	prep	poisoning- gen . sg	fish- ins . sg
The man died because of the poisoning of fish.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence.

11

Status: alternate; causal marker: od GEN

muškarac	je	umr-o	od	otrovn-e	rib-e
man. nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	die- pst . ptcp	prep	poisonous- gen . f . sg	fish- gen . sg
The man died from a poisonous fish.

Shughni

11

Status: main; causal marker: n.a.

Yu	čorik	az	wam	zax̌rnok	moyi	xīdow	mū-d.
dem 3. m . sg	man( m )	el	3 sg . f . obl	poisonous	fish( f )	eat. inf	die- pst
The man died from eating a poisonous fish.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence.

Slovenian

11

Status: main; causal marker: n.a.

Človek	je	umr-l	zaradi	zastrupitve	z	ribo.
man( m )[ nom . sg ]	aux .3 sg	die( pfv )- lpt [ m . sg ]	because.of	poisoning( f )- gen . sg	with	fish( f )- ins . sg
The man died of fish poisoning.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence.

11

Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.

Človek	je	umr-l	od	zastrupitv-e	z	rib-o.
man( m )[ nom . sg ]	aux .3 sg	die( pfv )- lpt [ m . sg ]	from	poisoning( f )- gen . sg	with	fish( f )- ins . sg
The man died of fish poisoning.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence.

11

Status: alternate; causal marker: zaradi GEN

Človek	je	umr-l	zaradi	strupen-e	rib-e
man( m )[ nom . sg ]	aux .3 sg	die( pfv )- lpt [ m . sg ]	because.of	poisonous- f . gen . sg	fish( f )- gen . sg
The main died from a poisonous fish.

Spanish

11

Status: main; causal marker: por

el	hombre	mur-ió	por	un	pez	venenoso
def . sg . m	man( m ). sg	die- aor .3 sg	because_of	indf . sg . m	fish( m ). sg	poisonous. sg . m
The man died poisoned by a venomous fish.

Swedish

11

Status: main; causal marker: n.a.

Mann-en	dog	av	att	äta	en	giftig	fisk.
man- def . c . sg	die. pst	of	that	eat. inf	indf . c . sg	poisonous	fish
The man died because he ate a poisonous fish.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase.

11

Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.

Mann-en	dog	efter	att	ha	ät-it	en	giftig	fisk.
man- def . c . sg	die. pst	after	that	have. inf	eat- sup	indf . c . sg	poisonous	fish
The man died after eating a poisonous fish.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase.

Telugu

11

Status: main; causal marker: DAT

atanu	viṣapu	cēpa-ku	canipōy-āḍu.
that_man. sg	poison. sg . obl	fish. sg . obl - dat	pass_away. pst -3 sg . m
The man died from the poisonous fish.

11

Status: alternate; causal marker: valla

atanu	viṣapu	cēpa	valla	canipōy-āḍu.
that_man. sg	poison. obl	fish. sg . obl	by	pass_away. pst -3 sg . m
The man died because of the poisonous fish.

11

Status: alternate; causal marker: karanamga

atanu	viṣapu	cēpa	kāraṇaṁgā	canipōy-āḍu.
that_man. sg	poison. obl	fish. sg	because_of	pass_away. pst -3 sg . m
The man died because of the poisonous fish.

Udmurt (South)

11

Status: main; causal marker: ABL

Vorgoron	kul-i-z	jad-o	č́oryg-leś.
man	die- pst -3( sg )	poison- attr	fish- abl
The man died from a poisonous fish.

Ukrainian

11

Status: main; causal marker: vid GEN

Чоловік	помер	від	отруйн-ої	риб-и.
man( m ). nom . sg	die. pst . sg . m	from	poisonous- gen . sg . f	fish( f )- gen . sg
The man died from a poisonous fish.

Urdu

11

Status: main; causal marker: ki vajah se

ādmī	zahrīl-ī	machlī	kī	vajah	se	mar	gay-ā.
man( m ). sg . dir	poisonous- f	fish( f ). sg . obl	adjz . f	reason( f ). sg . obl	from	die	go. pfv - sg . m
The man died because of the poisonous fish.

Yupik (Siberian)

11

Status: main; causal marker: INS

juk	tuq-u-q	iqakɬuɣ-məŋ
man. abs . sg	die- ind . intr -3 sg	fish- ins . sg
The man died from a fish.

Sentence no. 11 ⮭

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