Sentence no. 14 ⮭
English: The boy was thrilled
Type: ontological
Adyghe
14
Status: main; causal marker: paje
| jate | q-ə-ʔʷa-ʁe-m | paje | č̣ʼale-r | gʷəṣ̂ʷa-ʁe |
| poss +father | csl -3 sg . erg -say- pst - obl | because_of | boy- abs | rejoice- pst |
| The boy is delighted with this idea. | ||||
14
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| jate | q-ə-ʔʷa-ʁe-m | č̣ʼale-r | ə-ʁe-gʷəṣ̂ʷa-ʁ |
| poss +father | csl -3 sg . erg -say- pst - obl | boy- abs | 3 sg . erg - caus -rejoice- pst |
| What his father said made the boy happy. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||
14
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| jate | q-ə-ʔʷa-ʁe-m | feṣ̂ə-(č̣ʼe) | č̣ʼale-r | gʷəṣ̂ʷa-ʁe |
| poss +father | csl -3 sg . erg -say- pst - obl | for- ins | boy- abs | rejoice- pst |
| The boy is delighted with this idea. | ||||
14
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| jate | q-ə-ʔʷa-ʁe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | č̣ʼale-r | gʷəṣ̂ʷa-ʁe |
| poss +father | csl -3 sg . erg -say- pst - obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | boy- abs | rejoice- pst |
| The boy is delighted with this idea. | ||||
14
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| jate | q-ə-ʔʷa-ʁe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | č̣ʼale-r | gʷəṣ̂ʷa-ʁe |
| poss +father | csl -3 sg . erg -say- pst - obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | boy- abs | rejoice- pst |
| The boy is delighted with this idea. | ||||
Albanian
14
Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM
| Djal-i | u | emocion-ua | nga | kjo | ide. |
| boy- nom . sg . def . m | refl | thrill- aor . inact .3 sg | from | this. nom . sg . f | idea. nom . sg . indf . f |
| The boy is thrilled by this idea. | |||||
Arabic
14
Status: main; causal marker: bi GEN
| ʔal-walad-u | muʕdʒab-u-n | bi=l-fikrat-i |
| def -boy( m ). s - nom | excited. m . s - nom - indef | with= def -idea( f ). s - gen |
| The boy is thrilled by this idea. | ||
Armenian (Eastern)
14
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Tġa-n | ogeworv-ac=ē | ayd | gaġap‘ar-ic‘. |
| boy- def | inspire. med - ptcp _ res =be. prs .3 sg | that | idea- abl |
| The boy is thrilled by that idea. | |||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
14
Status: main; causal marker: but
| yála1 | súra2 | +rába | xdí-lə | ka | but | tanét báb-u |
| child1,2 | many | become_joyful. pst - ls .3 m | to | about | say. nmlz | father( m )- p .3 m |
| The boy was trilled by his fathers words. | ||||||
Basque
14
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Mutiko-a | oso | poz-ik | jarr-i | zuen | ideia | hon-ek. |
| boy- sg [ abs ] | very | joy- part | put- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg | idea | this- erg |
| The boy was thrilled by this idea. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||||||
Belarusian
14
Status: main; causal marker: ad GEN
| xlopčyk | u | zaxaplenn-i | ad | gèt-aj | idè-i |
| boy[ nom . sg ] | prep | excitement- loc . sg | prep | this- gen . sg . f | idea- gen . sg |
| The boy was trilled by his fathers words. | |||||
Catalan
14
Status: main; causal marker: amb
| El | noi | est-ava | entusiasm-at | amb | la | ide-a. |
| def . sg . m | boy( m ). sg | be- ipfv .3 sg | enthuse- ptcp . sg . m | with | def . sg . f | idea( f )- sg |
| The boy was thrilled by this suggestion. | ||||||
Chinese (Mandarin)
14
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| zhègè | nánhái | yīnwéi | tīngdào | bàbà | shuō | yào | qù | kàn | zúqiú | ér | hěn | xīngfèn |
| this | boy | because | hear | dad | say | fut | go | watch | football | and | quite | excited |
| The boy was thrilled by this idea. | ||||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||||||
Chuvash (Maloe Karachkino)
14
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| arʑɨn | aʨa | ku | ʂogəʂ-ran | pet | kilëʂ-rj-ë |
| man | child | this | idea- abl | very | like- pst -3 sg |
| The boy was thrilled by this idea. | |||||
English
14
Status: main; causal marker: by
| The boy was thrilled by this idea. |
| The boy was thrilled by this idea. |
Erzya
14
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| cerɨne-sʲ | pek | raduva-sʲ | te | tev-stenʲ |
| boy- nom . def | very | rejoice- pst .3 sg | this | case- dat . def |
| The boy is delighted with this idea. | ||||
Filipino
14
Status: main; causal marker: sa
| Na-sabík | ang=báta-ng | laláki | sa | idéya-ng | itó. |
| pfv . mod . ev -excite | nom =child- lk | man | obl | idea- lk | prox |
| The boy was thrilled by this idea. | |||||
14
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Ik<in>a-sábik=ng | báta-ng | laláki | ang=idéya-ng | itó. |
| causalv < pv . pfv >-excite= gen | child- lk | man | nom =idea- lk | prox |
| The boy was excited with this idea. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||||
French
14
Status: main; causal marker: de
| Le | garçon | est | ravi | de | cette | proposition. |
| def . m | boy( m ) | be. prs .3 sg | thrilled. m | of | this. f | suggestion( f ) |
| The boy is thrilled by this suggestion. | ||||||
German
14
Status: main; causal marker: von DAT
| Der | Junge | war | aufgeregt | von | der | Idee. |
| def . nom | boy( m )[ sg . nom ] | be. pst .3 sg | excited | by | def . dat | idea( f )[ sg . dat ] |
| The boy was excited by the idea. | ||||||
Guro
14
Status: main; causal marker: ma
| nɛ́ | gɔnɛ | nɛ́ | jì | naná | wɩ́ | kʋ́ | ma |
| child | male | dim | inside | be.satisfied\ pfv | affair | this | on |
| A boy was exсited about it. | |||||||
Indonesian (Standard)
14
Status: main; causal marker: karena
| anak | laki-laki | itu | senang | karena | ide | ini |
| child | man | that | happy | because | idea | this |
| The boy was thrilled by this idea. | ||||||
14
Status: alternate; causal marker: dengan
| anak | laki-laki | itu | senang | dengan | ide | ini |
| child | man | that | happy | with | idea | this |
| The boy was thrilled by this idea. | ||||||
Italian
14
Status: main; causal marker: di
| il | bambino | è | entusiasta | di | questa | idea |
| def . m . sg | child | be. prs .3 sg | enthusiastic. sg | of | this. f . sg | idea |
| The boy was thrilled by this idea. | ||||||
Japanese
14
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| Otoko-no | ko-wa | kono | an-ni | ōyorokobi-sh-ita. |
| male- gen | child- top | this | idea- dat | delight- vblz - pst |
| The boy was thrilled by this idea. | ||||
Karelian
14
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| prihač | om | ilo-s | tuata-n | sana-s |
| boy | be.3 sg | joy- in | father- gen | word- el |
| The boy is delighted with his father's words. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||
14
Status: alternate; causal marker: AD
| mal´čik | om | ihastuksii-š | tä-l | ideja-l |
| boy | be.3 sg | delight- in | this- ad | idea- ad |
| The boy is delighted with this idea. | ||||
Kazakh
14
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| kiškentay | bala | äke-si-ni | ayt-qan | söz-i-ne | qwa-n-ïp | tur |
| little | child. gen | father- poss .3- acc | say- perf | word- poss .3- dat | please- refl - cvb | stand. prs 2.3 sg |
| The boy was delighted with the words that his father said. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence | ||||||
Khanty (Northern)
14
Status: main; causal marker: ewelt
| aj | iki | śi | jasəŋ | ewəλt | nuχ | amt-əs |
| little | man | dem | word | from | up | rejoice- pst |
| The boy was thrilled by these words. | ||||||
Khmer
14
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| khɲom | rɔmphɤːp | riːk1 | riəj2 | daoj3 | saː4 | tae | kaː | suə | sok | tuk nuh teː |
| 1 sg | be_excited | rejoice1,2 | daoj _ sa ː3,4 | restr | nmlz | ask | happiness | grief | that | emph |
| I was excited by the mere question on how I was doing. | ||||||||||
Khwarshi
14
Status: main; causal marker: POSS ABL
| uža | ʁeʁu | ah-na | iłi-l | pikru-qo-žo |
| son | joy | get_up- evd | 3 sg . o - dat | idea- poss - abl |
| The son was delighted with his idea. | ||||
14
Status: alternate; causal marker: POSS TRNS
| uža | ʁeʁu | ajša | iłi-l | χabaru-qo-jža |
| son | joy | get_up\ aor | 3 sg . o - dat | chat\ o - poss - trns |
| The son rejoiced at his words. | ||||
Kumyk
14
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| jaš | šat | šu | ajt-ʁan | zat-dan |
| child | glad | that | say- pc _ prs | case- abl |
| The boy is happy with what his father told him. | ||||
14
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
| jaš | šat | šu | ajt-ʁan | zat | učun |
| child | glad | that | say- pc _ prs | case | because_of |
| The boy is happy because of what his father told him. | |||||
Latvian
14
Status: main; causal marker: par ACC
| Zēn-s | ir | sajūsm-ā | par | š-o | idej-u. |
| boy- nom . sg | be. prs .3 | delight- loc . sg | about | this- acc . sg | idea- acc . sg |
| The boy was delighted by this idea. | |||||
Lezgian
14
Status: main; causal marker: SRDIR
| daχd-in | teklifd-aldi | gada-dik | jeke | ʃadwal-∅ | ʔakat-na |
| father. s - gen | offer. s - srdir | boy. s - sbess | big | joy- abs | be_added- aor |
| Because of the fathers proposal the boy felt great joy. | |||||
14
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| ʔi | fikir-di | gada-dik | jeke | ʃadwal-∅ | kutu-na |
| this | idea. s - erg | boy. s - sbess | big | joy- abs | be_added- aor |
| This idea brought a big joy to the boy. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||||
Lithuanian
14
Status: main; causal marker: del GEN
| Berniuk-as | apsidžiaug-ė | dėl | šios | idej-os. |
| boy( m )- nom . sg | get_thrilled- pst .3 | because_of | this. f . gen . sg | idea( f )- gen . sg |
| The boy was thrilled by this idea. | ||||
Moksha
14
Status: main; causal marker: CSL
| с'ora-n'a-с | t'ɛ-nksə | pɛk | ken'ɛr'c' |
| boy- dim -3 sg . poss . sg | this- csl | very | rejoice. pst .3[ sg ] |
| The boy was very happy because of this. | |||
14
Status: alternate; causal marker: mela ABL
| c'ora-n'a-c | t'ɛ | kor̥ta-ma-də | mel'ə | pɛk | ken'ɛr'tə-s' |
| boy- dim -3 sg . poss . sg | this- csl | speak- nzr - abl | after | very | rejoice. pst .3[ sg ] |
| The boy was happy because of this conversation. | |||||
14
Status: alternate; causal marker: inksa GEN
| c'ora-n'a-c | pɛk | ken'ɛr'с' | tə-s' | kor̥ta-ma-t' | inksə |
| boy- dim -3 sg . poss . sg | very | rejoice. pst .3[ sg ] | this- csl | speak- nzr - def . sg . gen | because_of |
| The boy was happy because of this conversation. | |||||
Norwegian (Bokmål)
14
Status: main; causal marker: over
| Gutt-en | er | henryk-t | over | dette | forslag-et. |
| boy- def . sg | be. prs | inspire- pst . ptcp | by | this. sg . n | proposal- def . sg |
| The boy was delighted with this idea. | |||||
Polish
14
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| Chłopiec | by-ł | zachwyc-on-y | tym | pomysł-em. |
| boy[ nom . sg ] | be- pst [ m . sg ] | fascinate- pass . ptcp - nom . sg . m | this. ins . sg . m | thought- ins . sg |
| The boy was thrilled by this idea. | ||||
Russian
14
Status: main; causal marker: ot GEN
| Malʹčik | by-l | v | vostorg-e | ot | èt-oj | ide-i. |
| boy( m )[ nom . sg ] | be- pst [ m . sg ] | in | delight( m )- loc . sg | from | this- f . gen . sg | idea( f )- gen . sg |
| The boy was thrilled by this idea. | ||||||
Serbian
14
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| dečak | je | oduševlj-en | t-om | idej-om |
| boy. nom . sg | be. prs .3 sg | delight- pass . ptcp | this- ins . f . sg | idea- ins . sg |
| The boy was thrilled by this idea. | ||||
Shughni
14
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Wi | ɣiδā-ra | fikri | lap | xuš | ya-t. |
| 3 sg . m . obl | boy( m )- lat | thought( m ) | very | happy | come- pst |
| The boy was happy with what was said. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||||
Slovenian
14
Status: main; causal marker: nad INS
| Fant | je | bi-l | navdušen | nad | idej-o | očet-a, | da | bi | šl-a | gleda-t | nogomet. |
| boy( m )[ nom . sg ] | aux .3 sg | be- lpt [ m . sg ] | thrilled[ m . nom . sg ] | above | idea( f )- ins . sg | father( m )- gen . sg | conj | sbjv | go( ipfv ). lpt - m . du | watch( ipfv )- sup | football( m )[ acc . sg ] |
| The boy was thrilled by his father’s idea to go watch football. | |||||||||||
Spanish
14
Status: main; causal marker: con
| el | niño | est-aba | encantad-o | con | est-a | idea |
| def . sg . m | boy( m ). sg | be- ipfv .3 sg | enthusiastic- part . past . sg . m | with | this- sg . f | idea( f )- sg |
| The boy was thrilled by this suggestion. | ||||||
Swedish
14
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Pojke-n | blev | upp-hetsa-d | av | idé-n. |
| boy- def . c . sg | become. pst | up-incite- part . pass . c . sg | of | idea- def . c . sg |
| The boy was excited about the idea. | ||||
Telugu
14
Status: main; causal marker: pai
| abbāi | ā | ālōcana | pai | utsāhapaḍḍ-āḍu. |
| young_boy. sg | that | idea. sg . obl | over | get_excited. pst -3 sg . m |
| The boy was excited by this idea. | ||||
Udmurt (South)
14
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| Pijaš | šumpot-i-z | so | vera-m-lə̑. |
| boy | be_glad- pst -3( sg ) | that | say- nmz - dat |
| The boy was happy with what was said. | |||
Ukrainian
14
Status: main; causal marker: vid GEN
| Хлопчик | в | захват-і | від | ц-ієї | іде-ї. |
| boy( m ). nom . sg | in | excitement( m )- loc . sg | from | this- gen . sg . f | idea( f )- gen . sg |
| The boy was thrilled by this idea. | |||||
Urdu
14
Status: main; causal marker: me
| bacchā | is | xayāl | meṁ | purjoš | th-ā. |
| child( m ). sg . dir | this. obl | idea( m ). sg . obl | in | zealous | be. pst - sg . m |
| The boy was zealous about this idea. | |||||
Yupik (Siberian)
14
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| məkəlʁiːχaq | kujaq-u-q | suməʁnəʁa-nəŋ |
| boy. abs . sg | rejoice- ind . intr -3 sg | thought- ins . pl |
| The boy was very happy with this idea. | ||