NoCaCoDa

Adyghe

15

Status: main; causal marker: paje

λ̣ə-r	ʁable-m	paje	ḳʷeč̣aǯʼe	χʷə-ʁe
man- abs	famine- obl	because_of	weak	become- pst
The man was weak from hunger.

15

Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.

λ̣ə-r	ʁable-m	ḳʷeč̣a-ǯʼe	ə-ṣ̂ə-ʁ
man- abs	famine- obl	force- car	3 sg . erg -do- pst
Hunger made the man weak.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject.

15

Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace

λ̣ə-r	ʁable-m	qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe	ḳʷeč̣aǯʼe	χʷə-ʁe
man- abs	famine- obl	csl - loc -go_out- ins	weak	become- pst
The man was weak from hunger.

15

Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce

λ̣ə-r	ʁable-m	?feṣ̂-(č̣ʼe)	ḳʷeč̣aǯʼe	χʷə-ʁe
man- abs	famine- obl	for- ins	weak	become- pst
The man was weak from hunger.

15

Status: alternate; causal marker: apq qjacew

λ̣ə-r	ʁable-m	ə-pq	q-jə-č̣ʼ-ew	ḳʷeč̣aǯʼe	χʷə-ʁe
man- abs	famine- obl	3 sg . pr -flesh	csl - loc -go_out- adv	weak	become- pst
The man was weak from hunger.

15

Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece

ʁable-m	jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe	λ̣ə-r	ḳʷeč̣aǯʼe	χʷə-ʁe
famine- obl	poss -evil- ins	man- abs	weak	become- pst
The man was weak from hunger.

15

Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce

ʁable-m	jə-zerar-č̣ʼe	λ̣ə-r	ḳʷeč̣aǯʼe	χʷə-ʁe
famine- obl	poss -harm- ins	man- abs	weak	become- pst
The man was weak from hunger.

Albanian

15

Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM

Burr-i	u	dobës-ua	nga	uri-a.
man- nom . sg . def . m	refl	weaken- aor . inact .3 sg	from	hunger- nom . sg . def . f
The man was weakened by hunger.

Arabic

15

Status: main; causal marker: min GEN

dʕaʕuf-a	r-radʒul-u	mina	l-dʒuuʕ-i
weaken. pst . pfv -3 s . m	def -man( m ). s - nom	from	def -hunger( m ). s - gen
The man was weakened by hunger.

Armenian (Eastern)

15

Status: main; causal marker: ABL

Tġamard-ə	sov-ic‘	t‘ulac‘-av.
man- def	hunger- abl	become_weak- aor .3 sg
The man was weakened by hunger.

15

Status: alternate; causal marker: GEN patcarov

Tġamard-ə	t‘ulac‘-el=ē	sov-i	patčaŕ-ov.
man- def	become_weak- ptcp _ pf =be. prs .3 sg	hunger- gen	cause- ins
The man was weakened by hunger.

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic

15

Status: main; causal marker: man

náša	pís	vílə	mən	cəpnúyta
man( m )	bad	be. pst - ls .3 m	from	starvation( f )
The man felt bad bacause of starvation.

Basque

15

Status: main; causal marker: n.a.

Gizon-a	gose-a-k	ahul-du	zuen.
man- sg [ abs ]	hunger- sg - erg	weaken- pfv	aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg
The man was weakened by hunger.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject.

Belarusian

15

Status: main; causal marker: ad GEN

mužčyn-a	aslabe-ŭ	ad	golad-u
man- nom . sg	get_weaker- pst [ sg . m ]	prep	hunger- gen . sg
The man felt bad bacause of starvation.

Catalan

15

Status: main; causal marker: n.a.

La	gan-a	va	afebl-ir	l'	home.
def . sg . f	hunger( f )- sg	go. prs .3 sg	weaken- inf	def . sg . m	man( m ). sg
The hunger weakened the man.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject.

Chinese (Mandarin)

15

Status: main; causal marker: yinwei er

zhègè	nánrén	yīnwéi	jīè	ér	xūruò
this	man	because	hunger	and	feeble
The man got weak from hunger.

Chuvash (Maloe Karachkino)

15

Status: main; causal marker: ABL

arʑɨn	vɨʑə-ran	vəj-zər-la-n-nə
man	hunger- abl	power- car - vbz - refl - pc _ pst
The man was weakened by hunger.

English

15

Status: main; causal marker: by

The man was weakened by hunger.

Erzya

15

Status: main; causal marker: ABL

cёra-sʲ	vij-teme-v-sʲ	vačoči-de
man- nom . def	force- abess - pass - pst .3 sg	famine- abl
The man was weak from hunger.

Filipino

15

Status: main; causal marker: sa

Nang-hínaˀ	sa	gútom	ang=laláki.
av . pfv -weak	obl	hunger	nom =man
The man got weakened out of hunger.

15

Status: alternate; causal marker: dahil sa

Nang-hínaˀ	ang=laláki	dáhil	sa	gútom.
av . pfv -weak	nom =man	because	obl	hunger
The man got weakened because of hunger.

French

15

Status: main; causal marker: par

L’	homme	est	affaibli	par	la	faim.
def . m	man( m )	be. prs .3 sg	weaken. ptcp . prf . m	by	def . f	hunger( f )
The man is weakened by hunger.

German

15

Status: main; causal marker: vor DAT

Der	Mann	war	schwach	vor	Hunger.
def . nom	man( m )[ sg . nom ]	be. pst .3 sg	weak	before	hunger( m )[ sg . dat ]
The man was weakened by hunger.

Guro

15

Status: main; causal marker: lee

gɔnɛ	zàn	vʋ̌	tɔɔ́lɔ̌	lɔlɔ́	léè
male	resp	leave\ pfv	soft	hunger	at
The man felt bad bacause of hunger.

Indonesian (Standard)

15

Status: main; causal marker: karena

laki-laki	itu	menjadi	lemah	karena	kelaparan
man	that	become	weak	because	hunger
The man was weakened by hunger.

Italian

15

Status: main; causal marker: per

l’	uomo	era	debole	per	la	fame
def . m . sg	man	be. ipf .3 sg	weak. sg	for	def . f . sg	hunger
The man was weakened by hunger.

Japanese

15

Status: main; causal marker: INS

Dansei-wa	kūfuku-de	yowat-ta.
man- top	hunger- ins	weaken- pst
The man was weakened by hunger.

15

Status: alternate; causal marker: DAT yotte

Dansei-wa	ue-ni	yotte	suijaku-sh-ita.
man- top	hunger- dat	due	weakening- vblz - pst
The man was weakened by hunger.

Karelian

15

Status: main; causal marker: n.a.

mužik	om	väge-nu	s‘üi-miš-ta
man	be.3 sg	become_weak- act . ptcp	eat- nmlz - kar
The man became weak without food.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence.

Kazakh

15

Status: main; causal marker: ABL

bala	aš-tïq-tan	äl-siz	bol-ïp	tur
child. nom	hungry- nmlz - abl	force- car	be- cvb	stand. prs 2.3 sg
The child was weak from hunger.

Khanty (Northern)

15

Status: main; causal marker: n.a.

iki	λɛλi	wɵλ-man	śomλi	pit-əs
man	hungry	live- cvb	weak	become- pst
The man got weak, starving.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase.

Khmer

15

Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa

boʔrɒh	nih	ˀɒh1	kɒmlaŋ2	daoj3 saː4 kaː5 ˀɒt6 khliən7
man	this	grow_weak1,2	daoj _ sa ː3,4	hunger5,6,7
This man grew weak from hunger.

15

Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh tae

boʔrɒh	nih	ˀɒh1	kɒmlaŋ2	prʊəh3 tae4 kaː5 ˀɒt6 khliən7
man	this	grow_weak1,2	pr ƱƏ h _ tae 3,4	hunger5,6,7
This man grew weak from hunger.

15

Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh

boʔrɒh	nih	ˀɒh1	kɒmlaŋ2	prʊəh kaː3 ˀɒt4 khliən5
man	this	grow_weak1,2	pr ƱƏ h	hunger3,4,5
This man grew weak from hunger.

Khwarshi

15

Status: main; causal marker: POSS ABL

žikʷa	taba-ła-na	miqʷa-nu-qo-žo
man	soft- vblz - evd	starve- msd - poss - abl
The man fainted from hunger.

15

Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.

žikʷa	miq-qo	di-žo	toχł-ana
man	starve- prs	?- abl	weaken- evd
The man is starving, and this makes him weak.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase.

Kumyk

15

Status: main; causal marker: abl

er1	giši2	ačlyqʼ-tan	osal bol-d-u
man1,2	famine- abl	weak	become- pst -3 sg
The man was weak from hunger.

15

Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun

er1	giši2	ačlyqʼ	učun	osal bol-d-u
man1,2	famine	because_of	weak	become- pst -3 sg
The man was weakened by hunger.

Latvian

15

Status: main; causal marker: no GEN

Vīriet-is	no	bad-a	kļuv-a	vārg-s.
man- nom . sg	from	hunger- gen . sg	become. pst -3	weak- nom . sg . m
The man was weakened by hunger.

15

Status: alternate; causal marker: GEN del

Vīriet-is	bad-a	dēļ	kļuv-a	vārg-s.
man- nom . sg	hunger- gen . sg	because.of	become. pst -3	weak- nom . sg . m
The man was weakened by hunger.

Lezgian

15

Status: main; causal marker: INEL

giʃinwil-aj	ʔitim-∅	zajif	xa-na
hunger- inel	man. s - abs	weak	become- aor
The man was weakened by hunger.

Lithuanian

15

Status: main; causal marker: nuo GEN

Žmog-us	nusilp-o	nuo	bad-o.
person( m )- nom . sg	get_weak- pst .3	from	starvation( m )- gen . sg
The man got weak from hunger.

Moksha

15

Status: main; causal marker: CSL

al'ɛ-s'	slabaj-gəc'	vačəši-nksə
man- def . sg	weak- incp . pst .3[ sg ]	famine- csl
The man weakened from hunger.

15

Status: alternate; causal marker: ezda GEN

al'ɛ-s'	slabaj-gəc'	vačəši-t'	ezdə
man	weak- incp . pst .3[ sg ]	famine- def . sg . gen	in. abl
The man weakened from hunger.

Norwegian (Bokmål)

15

Status: main; causal marker: av

Mann-en	er	svekke-t	av	sult.
man- def . sg	be. prs	weaken- pst . ptcp	from	famine
The man was weak from hunger.

Polish

15

Status: main; causal marker: INS

Mężczyzn-a	by-ł	wycieńcz-on-y	głod-em.
man- nom . sg	be- pst [ m . sg ]	weaken- pass . ptcp - nom . sg . m	hunger- ins . sg
The man was weakened by hunger.

15

Status: alternate; causal marker: przez ACC

Mężczyzn-a	by-ł	wycieńcz-on-y	przez	głód.
man- nom . sg	be- pst [ m . sg ]	weaken- pass . ptcp - nom . sg . m	through	hunger[ acc . sg ]
The man was weakened by hunger.

Russian

15

Status: main; causal marker: ot GEN

Mužčin-a	oslabe-l	ot	golod-a.
man( m )- nom . sg	weaken( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	from	hunger( m )- gen . sg
The man was weakened by hunger.

Serbian

15

Status: main; causal marker: zbog GEN

muškarac	je	oslabi-o	zbog	glad-i
man. nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	become_weak- pst . ptcp	prep	hunger- gen . sg
The man was weakened by hunger.

15

Status: alternate; causal marker: od GEN

muškarac	je	oslabi-o	od	glad-i
man. nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	become_weak- pst . ptcp	prep	hunger- gen . sg
The man was weakened by hunger.

Shughni

15

Status: main; causal marker: az

Yu	čorik	az	maɣ̌ӡůnǰ-i	zorδ	δo-d.
dem 3. m . sg	man( m )	el	hunger- izf	heart( m )	give- pst
The man was weakened by hunger.

Slovenian

15

Status: main; causal marker: od GEN

Človek	je	oslabe-l	od	lakot-e
man( m )[ nom . sg ]	aux .3 sg	weaken( pfv )- lpt [ m . sg ]	from	hunger( f )- gen . sg
The man was weakened by hunger.

15

Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.

Lakot-a	je	oslabe-l-a	človek-a.
hunger( f )- nom . sg	aux .3 sg	weaken( pfv )- lpt - f . sg	man( m )- acc . sg
Hunger has weakened the man.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject.

Spanish

15

Status: main; causal marker: por

el	hombre	est-aba	debilit-ado	por	hambre
def . sg . m	man( m ). sg	be- ipfv .3 sg	weaken- aor .3 sg	because_of	hunger( f ). sg
The man was weakened by hunger.

Swedish

15

Status: main; causal marker: av

Mann-en	var	försvaga-d	av	hunger.
man- def . c . sg	be. pst	loosen- part . pass . c . sg	of	hunger
The man was weakened by hunger.

Telugu

15

Status: main; causal marker: DAT

atanu	ākali-ki	balahīnaṁ	paḍḍ-āḍu.
that_man. sg	hunger. sg . obl - dat	weak	fall. pst -3 sg . m
The man became weak ouf of hunger.

15

Status: alternate; causal marker: valla

atanu	ākali	valla	balahīnaṁ	paḍḍ-āḍu.
that_man. sg	hunger. sg . obl	by	weak	fall. pst -3 sg . m
The man became weak due to hunger.

Udmurt (South)

15

Status: main; causal marker: ABL

Vorgoron	žumm-i-z	śutem	ul-em-leś.
man	weaken- pst -3( sg )	hungry	live- nmz - abl
The man was weakened by hunger.

Ukrainian

15

Status: main; causal marker: vid GEN

Чоловік	ста-в	слабк-ий	від	голод-у.
man( m ). nom . sg	become- pst . sg . m	weak- nom . sg . m	from	hunger( m )- gen . sg
The man was weakened by hunger.

Urdu

15

Status: main; causal marker: se

ādmī	bhūkh	se	kamzor	th-ā.
man( m ). sg . dir	hunger( m ). sg . obl	from	weak	be. pst - sg . m
The man was weak from hunger.

Yupik (Siberian)

15

Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL

juk	kajaliː-q	iɣata-m	aŋtala-ŋanəŋ
man. abs . sg	weaken+ ind . intr -3 sg	famine- rel . sg	size-3 sg . poss . ins . sg
The man was weak from hunger.

Sentence no. 15 ⮭

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