Sentence no. 16 ⮭
English: The man died
Type: ontological
Adyghe
16
Status: main; causal marker: qaxecace
| λ̣ə-r | ʁable-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | λ̣a-ʁe |
| man- abs | famine- obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | die- pst |
| The man died of hunger. | |||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| λ̣ə-r | ʁable-m | ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁ |
| man- abs | famine- obl | 3 sg . erg -kill- pst |
| The man was killed by hunger. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| λ̣ə-r | ʁable-m | ə-ʁe-λ̣a-ʁ |
| man- abs | famine- obl | 3 sg . erg - caus -die- pst |
| The man died of hunger. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: paje
| λ̣ə-r | ʁable-m | paje | λ̣a-ʁe |
| man- abs | famine- obl | because_of | die- pst |
| The man died of hunger. | |||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| λ̣ə-r | ʁable-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | λ̣a-ʁe |
| man- abs | famine- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | die- pst |
| The man died of hunger. | |||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| λ̣ə-r | ʁable-m | feṣ̂-( | č̣ʼe) λ̣a-ʁe |
| man- abs | famine- obl | for(- ins ) | die- pst |
| The man died of hunger. | |||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| λ̣ə-r | ʁable-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | λ̣a-ʁe |
| man- abs | famine- obl | poss -evil- ins | die- pst |
| The man died of hunger. | |||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| λ̣ə-r | ʁable-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | λ̣a-ʁe |
| man- abs | famine- obl | poss -harm- ins | die- pst |
| The man died of hunger. | |||
Albanian
16
Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM
| Burr-i | vdiq | nga | uri-a. |
| man- nom . sg . def . m | die. aor .3 sg | from | hunger- nom . sg . def . f |
| The man died of starvation. | |||
Arabic
16
Status: main; causal marker: min GEN
| maat-a | r-radʒul-u | mina | l-dʒuuʕ-i |
| die. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | from | def -hunger( m ). s - gen |
| The man died of starvation. | |||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: bi GEN
| maat-a | r-radʒul-u | bi=sabab-i | l-dʒuuʕ-i |
| die. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | with-reason( m ). s - gen | def -hunger( m ). s - gen |
| The man died of starvation. | |||
Armenian (Eastern)
16
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Sov-ic‘ | tġamard-ə | mahac‘-av. |
| hunger- abl | man- def | die- aor .3 sg |
| The man died of starvation. | ||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
16
Status: main; causal marker: man
| náša | mə́t-lə | mən | cə́pna |
| man( m ) | die. pst - ls .3 m | from | hunger( m ) |
| The man died of starvation. | |||
Basque
16
Status: main; causal marker: MOT
| Gizon-a | gose-a-gatik | hil | zen. |
| man- sg [ abs ] | hunger- sg - mot | die[ pfv ] | aux . pst . abs 3 sg |
| The man died of starvation. | |||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: INS
| Gizon-a | gose-z | hil | zen. |
| man- sg [ abs ] | hunger- ins | die[ pfv ] | aux . pst . abs 3 sg |
| The man died of starvation. | |||
Belarusian
16
Status: main; causal marker: ad GEN
| mužčyn-a | pamёr | ad | golad-u |
| man- nom . sg | die[ pst . sg . m ] | prep | hunger- gen . sg |
| The man felt bad bacause of starvation. | |||
Catalan
16
Status: main; causal marker: de
| L' | home | va | mor-ir | de | gan-a. |
| def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | go. prs .3 sg | die- inf | from | hunger( f )- sg |
| The man died of starvation. | |||||
Chinese (Mandarin)
16
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| zhègè | nánrén | bèi | è | sǐ-le |
| this | man | pass | hunger | die- pfv |
| The man died of starvation. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||||
Chuvash (Maloe Karachkino)
16
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| arʑɨn | vɨɕ-sa | vil-ze |
| man | starve- cv _ sim | die- cv _ sim |
| The man died of starvation. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||
Erzya
16
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| cёra-sʲ | kulo-sʲ | vačoči-de . |
| man- nom . def | die- pst .3 sg | famine- abl |
| The man died of starvation. | ||
Filipino
16
Status: main; causal marker: sa
| Na-matáy | sa | gútom | ang=laláki. |
| pfv . mod . ev -die | obl | hunger | nom =man |
| The man died of hunger. | |||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: dahil sa
| Na-matáy | ang=laláki | dáhil | sa | matindí-ng | gútom. |
| pfv . mod . ev -die | nom =man | because | obl | intense- lk | hunger |
| The man died because of intense hunger. | |||||
French
16
Status: main; causal marker: de
| L’ | homme | est | mort | de | faim. |
| def . m | man( m ) | be. prs .3 sg | die. ptcp . prf . m | of | hunger( f ) |
| The man died of starvation. | |||||
German
16
Status: main; causal marker: an DAT
| Der | Mann | starb | am | Hunger. |
| def . nom | man( m )[ sg . nom ] | die. pst .3 sg | to. dat | hunger( m )[ sg . dat ] |
| The man died of starvation. | ||||
Guro
16
Status: main; causal marker: lee
| gɔnɛ | zàn | gǎ | lɔlɔ́ | léè |
| male | resp | die\ pfv | hunger | at |
| The man died of starvation. | ||||
Indonesian (Standard)
16
Status: main; causal marker: karena
| laki-laki | itu | meninggal | karena | kelaparan |
| man | that | die | because | starvation |
| The man died of starvation. | ||||
Italian
16
Status: main; causal marker: di
| l’ | uomo | è | morto | di | fame |
| def . m . sg | man | be. prs .3 sg | die. pst . ptcp . m . sg | of | hunger |
| The man died of starvation. | |||||
Japanese
16
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| Dansei-wa | kiga-de | shin-da. |
| man- top | starvation- ins | die- pst |
| The man died of starvation. | ||
Karelian
16
Status: main; causal marker: EL
| mužik | kuul’-i | näl’ga-s |
| man | kill- pst | hunger- el |
| The man died of starvation. | ||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| mužik | kuul‘ | s‘üi-miš-ta |
| man | kill. pst | eat- nom - kar |
| The man died without food. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||
Kazakh
16
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| er1 | adam2 | aš-tïq-tan qaza3 tap4-tï |
| man1,2. nom | hungry- nmlz - abl | die3,4- pst .3 sg |
| The man died of starvation. | ||
Khanty (Northern)
16
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| iki | λɛλi | wɵλ-man | surm-a | ji-s |
| man | hungry | live- cvb | death- dat | become- pst |
| The man died, starving. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
Khmer
16
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| koat | slap | daoj1 | saː2 kaː3 Ɂɒt4 khliən5 |
| 3 | die | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | hunger3,4,5 |
| He died from hunger. | |||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh tae
| boʔrɒh | nih | slap | prʊəh1 | tae2 | cɔmŋɯː mɔhaːriːk |
| man | this | die | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 1,2 | disease | cancer |
| This man died from cancer. | |||||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh
| boʔrɒh | nih | slap | prʊəh | cɔmŋɯː | mɔhaːriːk |
| man | this | die | pr ƱƏ h | disease | cancer |
| This man died from cancer. | |||||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| boʔrɒh | nih | slap | maok1 | piː2 | kɔat | miən | cɔmŋɯː mɔhaːriːk |
| man | this | die | maok _ pi ː1,2 | 3 | have | disease | cancer |
| This man died because he had cancer. | |||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||
Khwarshi
16
Status: main; causal marker: POSS ABL
| žikʷa | iha-na | miqwa-nu-qo-žo |
| man | die- evd | starve- msd - poss - abl |
| The man died due to starvation. | ||
Kumyk
16
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| er1 | giši2 | ačlyqʼ-tan o'l-d-ju |
| man1,2 | famine- abl | smell- pst -3 sg |
| The man died of starvation. | ||
Latvian
16
Status: main; causal marker: no GEN
| Vīriet-is | nomir-a | no | bad-a. |
| man- nom . sg | die. pst -3 | from | hunger- gen . sg |
| The man died of starvation. | |||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: LOC
| Vīriet-is | nomir-a | bad-ā. |
| man- nom . sg | die. pst -3 | hunger- loc . sg |
| The man died of starvation. | ||
Lezgian
16
Status: main; causal marker: INEL
| giʃinwil-aj | ʔitim-∅ | qʔe-na |
| hunger- inel | man. s - abs | die- aor |
| The man died of starvation. | ||
Lithuanian
16
Status: main; causal marker: nuo GEN
| Žmog-us | mir-ė | nuo | bad-o. |
| person( m )- nom . sg | die- pst .3 | from | starvation( m )- gen . sg |
| The man died of starvation. | |||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: is GEN
| Žmog-us | mir-ė | iš | bad-o. |
| person( m )- nom . sg | die- pst .3 | out_of | starvation( m )- gen . sg |
| The man died of starvation. | |||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: del GEN
| Žmog-us | mir-ė | dėl | bad-o. |
| person( m )- nom . sg | die- pst .3 | because_of | starvation( m )- gen . sg |
| The man died because of starvation. | |||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: INS
| Žmog-us | mir-ė | bad-u. |
| person( m )- nom . sg | die- pst .3 | starvation( m )- ins . sg |
| The man died starved. | ||
Moksha
16
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| al'ɛ-s' | kulə-s' | vačədə |
| man- def . sg | die- pst .3[ sg ] | hungry |
| The man died hungry. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adverb, not a nominal phrase. | ||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: CSL
| al'ɛ-s' | kulə-s' | vačəši-nksə |
| man- def . sg | die- pst .3[ sg ] | famine- cls |
| The man died from hunger. | ||
Norwegian (Bokmål)
16
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Mann-en | døde | av | sult. |
| man- def . sg | die. pst | from | famine |
| The man died of starvation. | |||
Polish
16
Status: main; causal marker: z GEN
| Mężczyzn-a | zmar-ł | z | głod-u. |
| man[ nom . sg ] | die- pst [ m . sg ] | from2 | hunger- gen . sg |
| The man died of starvation. | |||
Russian
16
Status: main; causal marker: ot GEN
| Mužčin-a | umer | ot | golod-a. |
| man( m )- nom . sg | die( pfv ). pst [ m . sg ] | from | hunger( m )- gen . sg |
| The man died of starvation. | |||
Serbian
16
Status: main; causal marker: od GEN
| muškarac | je | umr-o | od | glad-i |
| man. nom . sg | be. prs .3 sg | die- pst . ptcp | prep | hunger- gen . sg |
| The man died of starvation. | ||||
Shughni
16
Status: main; causal marker: az
| Yu | čorik | az | maɣ̌ӡůnǰ-i | mū-d. |
| dem 3. m . sg | man( m ) | el | hunger- izf | die- pst |
| The man died from hunger. | ||||
Slovenian
16
Status: main; causal marker: od GEN
| Človek | je | umr-l | od | lakot-e. |
| man( m )[ nom . sg ] | aux .3 sg | die( pfv )- lpt [ m . sg ] | from | hunger( f )- gen . sg |
| The man died of starvation. | ||||
Spanish
16
Status: main; causal marker: de
| el | hombre | mur-ió | de | hambre |
| def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | die- aor .3 sg | from | hunger( f )- sg |
| The man died of starvation. | ||||
Swedish
16
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Mann-en | dog | av | hunger. |
| man- def . c . sg | die. pst | of | hunger |
| The man died of starvation. | |||
Telugu
16
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| atanu | ākali-ki | canipōy-āḍu. |
| that_man. sg | hunger. sg . obl - dat | pass_away. pst -3 sg . m |
| The man died from hunger. | ||
Udmurt (South)
16
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Vorgoron | kul-i-z | śutem. |
| man | die- pst -3( sg ) | hungry |
| The man died starved. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adnominal dependent in the main clause. | ||
16
Status: alternate; causal marker: ABL
| Vorgoron | kul-i-z | śutem | ul-em-leś. |
| man | die- pst -3( sg ) | hungry | live- nmz - abl |
| The man died from starvation. | |||
Ukrainian
16
Status: main; causal marker: vid GEN
| Чоловік | помер | від | голоду. |
| man( m ). nom . sg | die. pst . sg . m | from | hunger( m )- gen . sg |
| The man died of starvation. | |||
Urdu
16
Status: main; causal marker: se
| ādmī | bhūkh | se | mar | gay-ā. |
| man( m ). sg . dir | hunger( m ). sg . obl | from | die | go. pfv - sg . m |
| The man died of starvation. | ||||
Yupik (Siberian)
16
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
| juk | tuq-u-q | iɣata-m | aŋtala-ŋanəŋ |
| man. abs . sg | die- ind . intr -3 sg | famine- rel . sg | size-3 sg . poss . ins . sg |
| The man died of starvation. | |||