Sentence no. 18 ⮭
English: The woman is shivering
Type: ontological
Adyghe
18
Status: main; causal marker: paje
| bzəλfəʁe-r | čəʔe-m | paje | me-č̣ʼezəzə |
| woman- abs | cold- obl | because_of | dyn -tremble |
| The woman is shaking from the cold. | |||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| bzəλfəʁe-r | čəʔe-m | j-e-ʁe-č̣ʼezəzə |
| woman- abs | cold- obl | 3 sg . erg - dyn - caus -tremble |
| The cold makes a woman shiver. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| bzəλfəʁe-r | čəʔe-m | feṣ̂-(č̣ʼe) | me-č̣ʼezəzə |
| woman- abs | cold- obl | for- ins | dyn -tremble |
| The woman is shaking from the cold. | |||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: jaswakece
| čəʔe-m | jə-ṣ̂ʷaʁe-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | me-č̣ʼezəzə |
| cold- obl | poss -benefit- ins | woman- abs | dyn -tremble |
| The woman is shaking from the cold. | |||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| čəʔe-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | me-č̣ʼezəzə |
| cold- obl | poss -evil- ins | woman- abs | dyn -tremble |
| The woman is shaking from the cold. | |||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| čəʔe-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | me-č̣ʼezəzə |
| cold- obl | poss -harm- ins | woman- abs | dyn -tremble |
| The woman is shaking from the cold. | |||
Albanian
18
Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM
| Grua-ja | po | dridh-et | nga | i | ftoht-i. |
| woman- nom . sg . def . f | prog | shiver- prs . inact .3 sg | from | art | cold- nom . sg . def . n |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||||
Arabic
18
Status: main; causal marker: min GEN
| t-artaʕid-u | l-marʔat-u | mina | l-bard-i |
| 3 s . f -shiver. prs . ipfv -3 s . f | def -woman( f ). s - nom | from | def -cold( m ). s - gen |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: bi GEN
| t-artadʒif-u | l-marʔat-u | bi=sabab-i | l-bard-i |
| 3 s . f -shiver. prs . ipfv -3 s . f | def -woman( f ). s - nom | with=reason( m ). s | def -cold( m ). s - gen |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||
Armenian (Eastern)
18
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Kin-ə | doġ-um=ē | c‘rt-ic‘. |
| woman- def | tremble- ptcp _ prs =be. prs .3 sg | cold- abl |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | ||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
18
Status: main; causal marker: man
| báxta | mən | kárta | bərǧád=əla |
| woman( f ) | from | cold( f ) | shiver. prog =3 f |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||
Basque
18
Status: main; causal marker: GEN ondorioz
| Emakume-a | hotz-a-ren | ondorio-z | dardar-ka | ari | da. |
| woman- sg [ abs ] | cold- sg - gen | result- ins | shiver- adv | prog | aux . prs . abs 3 sg |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||||
Belarusian
18
Status: main; causal marker: ad GEN
| žančyn-a | dryžy-c' | ad | xolad-u |
| woman- nom . sg | shiver- prs .3 sg | prep | cold- gen . sg |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||
Catalan
18
Status: main; causal marker: de
| La | don-a | tremol-a | de | fred. |
| def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | tremble- prs .3 sg | from | cold( m ). sg |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | ||||
Chinese (Mandarin)
18
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| zhègè | nǚrén | lěng-de | fādǒu |
| this | woman | cold- adjm | shake |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adverb, not a nominal phrase. | |||
Chuvash (Maloe Karachkino)
18
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| xërarəm | sibë-ren | ʨëtr-et |
| woman | cold- abl | shiver- npst [3 sg ] |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | ||
English
18
Status: main; causal marker: from
| The woman is shivering from the cold. |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. |
Erzya
18
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| ava-sʲ | sorn-ɨ | jakšamo-do |
| woman- nom . def | tremble- prs .3 sg | cold- abl |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | ||
Filipino
18
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Nangi~nginíg | ang=babáe | dáhil | sa | lamíg. |
| av . ipfv ~shiver | nom =woman | because | obl | cold |
| The woman is shivering because of the cold. | ||||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: sa
| Nanga~ngatóg | sa | gínaw | ang=babáe. |
| av . ipfv ~shiver | obl | cold | nom =woman |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||
French
18
Status: main; causal marker: de
| La | femme | trembl-e | de | froid. |
| def . f | woman( f ) | shiver- prs .3 sg | of | cold( m ) |
| The woman shivers from the cold. | ||||
German
18
Status: main; causal marker: vor DAT
| Die | Frau | zitter-t | vor | Kälte. |
| def . nom | woman( f )[ sg . nom ] | shiver- prs .3 sg | before | cold( f )[ sg . dat ] |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | ||||
Guro
18
Status: main; causal marker: lee
| lɩ | zàn | à | nyɔ̀ɔ̀-nà | dùnù | lèè |
| woman | resp | cop | shake- prog | cold | at |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||||
Indonesian (Standard)
18
Status: main; causal marker: karena
| perempuan | itu | menggigil/gemetaran | karena | kedinginan |
| woman | that | shiver | because | cold |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | ||||
Italian
18
Status: main; causal marker: da
| la | donna | trema | dal | freddo |
| def . f . sg | woman | shiver. prs .3 sg | from. def . m . sg | cold |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | ||||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: per
| la | donna | trema | per | il | freddo |
| def . f . sg | woman | shiver. prs .3 sg | for | def . m . sg | cold |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||||
Japanese
18
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| Josei-wa | samu-sa-de | furue-te-i-ru. |
| woman- top | cold- nmlz - ins | shiver- cvb - incm - prs |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | ||
Karelian
18
Status: main; causal marker: EL2
| akk | säriža-b | vilu-s-piä |
| woman | tremble-3 sg | cold- el -out |
| The woman is shivering because of the cold. | ||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: EL
| akk | särääda-b | vilu-st |
| woman | tremble-3 sg | cold- el |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | ||
Kazakh
18
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| äyel1 | adam2 | swïq-tan | tirilde-p tur |
| woman1,2. nom | cold- abl | shiver- cvb | stand. prs 2.3 sg |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||
Khanty (Northern)
18
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| imi-jen | tori-jəλ | iški | păta |
| woman- poss .2 sg | shiver- npst | cold | for |
| The woman is shivering from cold. | |||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: ewelt
| imi-jen | tori-jəλ | iški | ewəλt |
| woman- poss .2 sg | shiver- npst | cold | from |
| The woman is shivering from cold. | |||
Khmer
18
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| niəŋ | rɔŋiə | ɲɔa | khluən | daoj1 | saː2 | ɁaːkaːsəɁthiət trɒceak |
| young_girl | be_cold | shiver | refl | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | weather | cold |
| She was shivering because of the cold weather. | ||||||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh tae
| niəŋ | rɔŋiə | ɲɔa | khluən | prʊəh1 | tae2 | ɁaːkaːsəɁthiət trɒceak |
| young_girl | be_cold | shiver | refl | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 12 | weather | cold |
| She was shivering because of the cold weather. | ||||||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh
| niəŋ | rɔŋiə | ɲɔa | khluən | prʊəh | ɁaːkaːsəɁthiət | trɒceak |
| young_girl | be_cold | shiver | refl | pr ƱƏ h | weather | cold |
| She was shivering because of the cold weather. | ||||||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: maok pi
| niəŋ | rɔŋiə | ɲɔa | khluən | maok1 | piː2 | ɁaːkaːsəɁthiət trɒceak |
| young_girl | be_cold | shiver | refl | maok _ pi ː1,2 | weather | cold |
| She was shivering because of the cold weather. | ||||||
Khwarshi
18
Status: main; causal marker: POSS ABL
| ʁini | beberało | j-ił-ana | luc’o-qo-žo |
| woman | shiver | ii -go- evd | cold- poss - abl |
| The woman has started to tremble because she is cold. | |||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: POSS TRNS
| ʁini | luc’o-qo-jža | beberało | j-ił-ana |
| woman | cold- poss - trns | shiver | ii -go- prs |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||
Kumyk
18
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| qʼatyn | suwuqʼ-tan | qʼartylla-j |
| woman | cold- abl | tremble- npst .3 sg |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | ||
Latvian
18
Status: main; causal marker: no GEN
| Sieviet-e | trīc | no | aukstum-a |
| woman- nom . sg | shiver. prs .3 | from | cold- gen . sg |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: LOC
| Sieviet-e | trīc | aukstum-ā. |
| woman- nom . sg | shiver. prs .3 | cold- loc . sg |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | ||
Lezgian
18
Status: main; causal marker: INEL
| meqʔiwil-aj | diʃehli-∅ | zurza-zwa |
| cold- inel | woman. s - abs | shiver- impf |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | ||
Lithuanian
18
Status: main; causal marker: nuo GEN
| Moter-is | dreb-a | nuo | šalči-o. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | shiver- prs .3 | from | cold( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: is GEN
| Moter-is | dreb-a | iš | šalči-o. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | shiver- prs .3 | out_of | cold( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman is shivering from cold. | |||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: del GEN
| Moter-is | dreb-a | dėl | šalči-o. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | shiver- prs .3 | because_of | cold( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman is shivering because of the cold. | |||
Moksha
18
Status: main; causal marker: ezda GEN
| ava-s' | kalg-i | jakšam-t' | ezdə |
| woman- def . sg | shake- npst .3[ sg ] | cold- def . sg . gen | in. abl |
| The woman is trembling from the cold. | |||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: inksa GEN
| ava-s' | kalg-i | jakšam-t' | inksə |
| woman- def . sg | shake- npst .3[ sg ] | cold- def . sg . gen | because_of |
| The woman is trembling from the cold. | |||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: EL
| ava-s' | kalg-i | jakšam-stə |
| woman- def . sg | shake- npst .3[ sg ] | cold- el |
| The woman is trembling in the cold. | ||
18
Status: alternate; causal marker: CSL
| jakšam-ənksə | ava-s' | af | mol-i | kov-gə |
| cold- cls | woman- def . sg | woman- def . sg | go- npst .3[ sg ] | where- add |
| In the cold, the woman won’t go anywhere. | ||||
Norwegian (Bokmål)
18
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Kvinn-en | skjelve-r | av | kulde. |
| woman- def . sg | tremble- prs | from | cold |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||
Polish
18
Status: main; causal marker: z GEN
| Kobiet-a | trzęsie | się | z | zimn-a. |
| woman- nom . sg | shake. prs .3 sg | refl | from2 | cold- gen . sg |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | ||||
Russian
18
Status: main; causal marker: ot GEN
| Ženščin-a | drož-it | ot | xolod-a. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | shiver( ipfv )- prs .3 sg | from | cold( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||
Serbian
18
Status: main; causal marker: od GEN
| žen-a | drht-i | od | hladnoć-e |
| woman- nom . sg | tremble- prs .3 sg | prep | coldness- gen . sg |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||
Shughni
18
Status: main; causal marker: az
| Yā | ɣ̌inik | az | šitoji | laɣ̌dza | kix-t. |
| dem 3. f . sg | woman( f ) | el | cold | shiver | do- pst |
| The woman shivered from the cold. | |||||
Slovenian
18
Status: main; causal marker: od GEN
| Žensk-a | se | trese | od | mraz-a. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | refl | shiver( ipfv ). prs .3 sg | from | cold( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | ||||
Spanish
18
Status: main; causal marker: por
| la | mujer | está | tembl-ando | por | el | frío |
| def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | be. prs .3 sg | tremble- ger | because_of | def . sg . m | cold( m ). sg |
| The woman shivers from the cold. | ||||||
Swedish
18
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Kvinna-n | darra-r | av | köld. |
| woman- def . c . sg | shiver- prs | of | cold |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||
Telugu
18
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| āviḍa | cali-ki | vaṇuku-tuṁdi. |
| that_woman. sg | cold. sg . obl - dat | shiver- prs .3 sg . nm |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | ||
Udmurt (South)
18
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Kyšnomurt | kwaĺekja | keźyt-leś. |
| woman | shiver. prs .3 sg | cold- abl |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | ||
Ukrainian
18
Status: main; causal marker: vid GEN
| Жінк-а | ковта-є | дрижак-ів | від | холод-у |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | swallow- prs .3 sg | trembling- gen . pl | from | cold( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | ||||
Urdu
18
Status: main; causal marker: se
| ɔrat | ṭhaṇḍ | se | kapkapā | rah-ī | hɛ. |
| woman( f ). sg . dir | cold( m ). sg . obl | from | shiver | dur - f | prs .3 sg |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||||
Yupik (Siberian)
18
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
| aʁnaq | uŋələxt-aq-u-q | χutə-m | aŋtala-ŋanəŋ |
| woman. abs . sg | tremble- prs - ind . intr -3 sg | feel_cold- rel . sg | size-3 sg . poss . ins . sg |
| The woman is shivering from the cold. | |||