Sentence no. 19 ⮭
English: The child began to cry
Type: ontological
Adyghe
19
Status: main; causal marker: paje
| sabəjə-r | zere-šʼta-ʁe-m | paje | qe-ʁə-ʁ |
| child- abs | rel . fct -be_scared- pst - obl | because_of | csl -cry- pst |
| The child cried with fear. | |||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| sabəjə-r | šʼəna-ʁ-ew | qe-ʁə-ʁ |
| child- abs | be_afraid- pst - adv | csl -cry- pst |
| The child, afraid, began to cry. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| sabəjə-r | šʼəna-ʁe-tjə | qe-ʁə-ʁ |
| child- abs | be_afraid- pst - cs | csl -cry- pst |
| The child cried with fear. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| sabəjə-r | šʼənaʁʷe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | qe-ʁə-ʁ |
| child- abs | fear- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | csl -cry- pst |
| The child cried with fear. | |||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| sabəjə-r | šʼənaʁʷe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | qe-ʁə-ʁ |
| child- abs | fear- obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | csl -cry- pst |
| The child cried with fear. | |||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| sabəjə-r | šʼənaʁʷe-m | feṣ̂(-č̣ʼe) | qe-ʁə-ʁ |
| child- abs | fear- obl | for- ins | csl -cry- pst |
| The child cried with fear. | |||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: apq qjacew
| sabəjə-r | šʼənaʁʷe-m | ə-pq | q-jə-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | qe-ʁə-ʁ |
| child- abs | fear- obl | 3 sg . pr -body | csl - loc -go_out- ins | csl -cry- pst |
| The child cried with fear. | ||||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| sabəjə-r | zere-šʼta-ʁe-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | qe-ʁə-ʁ |
| child- abs | rel . fct -be_scared- pst - obl | poss -evil- ins | csl -cry- pst |
| The child cried with fear. | |||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| sabəjə-r | zere-šʼta-ʁe-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | qe-ʁə-ʁ |
| child- abs | rel . fct -be_scared- pst - obl | poss -harm- ins | csl -cry- pst |
| The child cried with fear. | |||
Albanian
19
Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM
| Fëmij-a | fillo-i | të | qaj-ë | nga | frik-a. |
| child- nom . sg . def . f | begin- aor .3 sg | sbjv | cry. prs . sbjv .3 sg | from | fear- nom . sg . def . f |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | |||||
Arabic
19
Status: main; causal marker: min GEN
| bak-aa | tʕ-tʕifl-u | mina | l-χawf-i |
| cry. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -child( m ). s - nom | from | def -fear( m ). s - gen |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | |||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: bi GEN
| bak-aa | tʕ-tʕifl-u | bi=sabab-i | l-χawf-i |
| cry. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -child( m ). s - nom | with=reason( m ). s - gen | def -fear( m ). s - gen |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | |||
Armenian (Eastern)
19
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Erexa-n | vax-ic‘ | lac‘ec‘. |
| child- def | fear- abl | cry. aor .3 sg |
| The child cried out of fear. | ||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
19
Status: main; causal marker: man
| yála1 | súra2 | bxí-lə | mən +zdúyta |
| child( m )1,2 | cry. pst - ls .3 m | from | fear( f ) |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | |||
Basque
19
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Ume-a | beldurr-a-k | jo-ta | negarr-ez | has-i | zen. |
| child- sg [ abs ] | fear- sg - erg | hit- ptcp | tear- ins | begin- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Ume-a | beldur-tu-rik | negarr-ez | has-i | zen. |
| child- sg [ abs ] | be_afraid- pfv - part | tear- ins | begin- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
Belarusian
19
Status: main; causal marker: ad GEN
| dzic-ja | zaplaka-l-a | ad | strax-u |
| child- nom . sg | cry- pst - sg . n | prep | fear- gen . sg |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | |||
Catalan
19
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| El | nen | va | començ-ar | a | crid-ar | espant-at. |
| def . sg . m | child( m ). sg | go. prs .3 sg | start- inf | to | cry- inf | scare- ptcp . sg . m |
| The child began to cry frightened. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
Chinese (Mandarin)
19
Status: main; causal marker: yinwei er
| zhègè | xiǎohái | yīnwéi | hàipà | ér | kūqì |
| this | child | because | fear | and | cry |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | |||||
Chuvash (Maloe Karachkino)
19
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| aʨa | xəra-n-i-be | məgər-z=er-ʨ-ë |
| child | be_afraid- pc _ pst - p _3- ins | cry- cv _ sim =let- pst -3 sg |
| The child began to cry because he was afraid. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||
English
19
Status: main; causal marker: out of
| The child began to cry out of fear. |
| The child began to cry out of fear. |
Erzya
19
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| èjkakšo-sʲ | avarʲgad-sʲ | pele-ma-dontʲ |
| child- nom . def | cry- pst .3 sg | be_afraid- nmlz - abl . def |
| The child cried out in fear. | ||
Filipino
19
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Um-iyák | ang=bátaˀ | dáhil | sa | tákot. |
| av . pfv -cry | nom =child | because | obl | fear |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | ||||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: sa
| Um-iyák | sa | tákot | ang=bátaˀ. |
| av . pfv -cry | obl | fear | nom =child |
| The child began to cry with fear. | |||
French
19
Status: main; causal marker: de
| L’ | enfant | pleur-e | de | peur. |
| def . m | child( m ) | cry- prs .3 sg | of | fear( f ) |
| The child cries from fear. | ||||
German
19
Status: main; causal marker: aus DAT
| Das | Kind | fing | aus | Angst | an | zu | weinen. |
| def . nom | child( n )[ sg . nom ] | begin. pst .3 sg | from | fear( f )[ sg . dat ] | to | to | cry. inf |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | |||||||
Guro
19
Status: main; causal marker: le wi ma
| nɛ́ | à | wúɔ-nâ | káná | zɛ̀-nɛ | à | jì | le | wɩ́ | ma |
| child | cop | cry | sow- prog | fear | put- ger | 3 sg . nsbj | inside | poss | affair on |
| The child began to cry because he was frightened. | |||||||||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: lee
| nɛ́ | à | wúɔ-nâ | káná | lèè |
| child | cop | cry | sow- prog | fear at |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | ||||
Indonesian (Standard)
19
Status: main; causal marker: karena
| anak | itu | mulai | menangis | karena | ketakutan. |
| child | that | begin | cry | because | fear |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | |||||
Italian
19
Status: main; causal marker: per
| il | bambino | si | è | messo | a | piangere | per | lo | spavento |
| def . m . sg | child | refl .3 sg | be. prs .3 sg | put. pst . ptcp . m . sg | to | cry. inf | for | def . m . sg | fright |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | |||||||||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: da
| il | bambino | si | è | messo | a | piangere | dallo | spavento |
| def . m . sg | child | refl .3 sg | be. prs .3 sg | put. pst . ptcp . m . sg | to | cry. inf | from. def . m . sg | fright |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | ||||||||
Japanese
19
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| Kodomo-wa | kyōfu-de | nak-i-dash-ita |
| child- top | fear- ins | cry- cvb -begin- pst |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | ||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: GEN amari
| Kodomo-wa | kyōfu-no | amari | nak-i-dash-ita |
| child- top | fear- gen | excessiveness | cry- cvb -begin- pst |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | |||
Karelian
19
Status: main; causal marker: EL
| laps | it‘ko-b | varu-s |
| child | cry-3 sg | fear- el |
| The child is crying in fear. | ||
Kazakh
19
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| kiškentay | bala | qorqïnïš-tan | žïla-p | tur |
| little | child. nom | fear- abl | cry- cvb | stand. prs 2.3 sg |
| The child started crying in fear. | ||||
Khanty (Northern)
19
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| ńawrɛm | pakən-man | χoλλəp-a | pit-əs |
| child | get_scared- cvb | cry- dat | become- pst |
| The child got scared and began to cry. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
Khmer
19
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| niəŋ | jʊm | daoj1 | saː2 | səckdəj | phit phej |
| young_girl | cry | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | nmlz | fear | be_afraid |
| She cried from fear. | |||||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh tae
| niəŋ | jʊm | prʊəh1 | tae2 | səckdəj | phit phej |
| young_girl | cry | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 1,2 | nmlz | fear | be_afraid |
| She cried from fear. | |||||
Khwarshi
19
Status: main; causal marker: POSS ABL
| b-uƛa-nu-qo-žo | ija-na | q’ale |
| vi -be_afraid- msd - poss - abl | cry- evd | child |
| The child cried out in fear. | ||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| uža | ij-ja | ujƛa | uƛ-zal |
| son | cry- aor | be_afraid\ aor | be_afraid- tmp |
| The son cried out in fear. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: POSS TRNS
| uža | ij-ja | ujƛa | uƛ-nu-qo-jža |
| son | cry- aor | be_afraid\ aor | be_afraid- msd - poss - trns |
| The son cried out in fear. | |||
Kumyk
19
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| jaš | qʼorqʼ-up | jyla-d-y |
| child | be_afraid- cv _ perf | cry- pst -3 sg |
| The child, frightened, began to cry. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: abl
| jaš | qʼorqʼuw-dan | jyla-d-y |
| child | fear- abl | cry- pst -3 sg |
| The child was crying out of fear. | ||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
| jaš | qʼorqʼuw | učun | jyla-d-y |
| child | fear | because_of | cry- pst -3 sg |
| The child cried out in fear. | |||
Latvian
19
Status: main; causal marker: no GEN
| Bērn-s | ieraudāj-ā-s | no | bail-ēm. |
| child- nom . sg | cry- pst -3- rfl | from | fear- dat . pl |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | |||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: LOC
| Bērn-s | ieraudāj-ā-s | bail-ēs. |
| child- nom . sg | cry- pst -3- rfl | fear- loc . pl |
| The child began to cry in fear. | ||
Lezgian
19
Status: main; causal marker: INEL
| kitʃʔewil-aj | ʔajal-∅ | ʃex-na |
| fear- inel | child. s - abs | cry- aor |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | ||
Lithuanian
19
Status: main; causal marker: is GEN
| Vaik-as | pravirk-o | iš | baim-ės. |
| child( m )- nom . sg | begin_to_cry- pst .3 | out_of | fear( f )- gen . sg |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | |||
Moksha
19
Status: main; causal marker: ezda GEN
| ic' | avar'-gəc' | stras't'-t' | ezdə |
| child. def . sg | cry- incp . pst .3[ sg ] | fear. def . sg . gen | in. abl |
| The child cried from fear. | |||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: CSL
| ɛvəd'-əma-nksə | it' | avar'c' |
| be_scared- nzr - csl | child | cry. pst .3[ sg ] |
| Because of fright, the child cried. | ||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: DAT
| ɛvad'-əma-ti | it' | avar'd'-i |
| frighten- nzr - def . sg . dat | child | cry- npst .3[ sg ] |
| Because of fright, the child cried. | ||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| stras't'-s' | avar'-ft-əz'ə | it'-t' |
| fear- def . sg | cry- caus - pst .3 sg . o .3 sg . s | child- def . sg . gen |
| Fear made the child cry. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
Norwegian (Bokmål)
19
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Barn-et | begyn-te | å | gråte | av redsel. |
| child- def . sg | start- pst | cry | from | fear |
| The child started crying in fear. | ||||
Polish
19
Status: main; causal marker: z GEN
| Dzieck-o | zaczę-ł-o | płaka-ć | ze | strach-u. |
| child- nom . sg | begin- pst - n . sg | cry- inf | from2 | fear- gen . sg |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | ||||
Russian
19
Status: main; causal marker: ot GEN
| Rebenok | nača-l | plaka-tʹ | ot | strax-a. |
| child( m )[ nom . sg ] | begin( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | cry( ipfv )- inf | from | fear( m )- gen . sg |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | ||||
Serbian
19
Status: main; causal marker: od GEN
| dete | je | zaplaka-l-o | od | strah-a |
| child | be. prs .3 sg | cry- pst . ptcp - n . sg | prep | fear- gen . sg |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | ||||
Shughni
19
Status: main; causal marker: az
| Yu | kūdak | az | x̌oj | daraw1 nīw2 δo-d3. |
| dem 3. m . sg | child( m ) | el | fear | start_to_cry1,2,3- pst |
| The child cried out of fear. | ||||
Slovenian
19
Status: main; causal marker: od GEN
| Otrok | se | je | zače-l | joka-ti | od | strah-u. |
| child( m )[ nom . sg ] | refl | aux .3 sg | begin( pfv )- lpt [ m . sg ] | cry( ipfv )- inf | from | fear( m )- gen . sg |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | ||||||
Spanish
19
Status: main; causal marker: de
| el | niño | comenz-ó | a | llor-ar | de | miedo |
| def . sg . m | child( m ). sg | begin- aor .3 sg | to | cry- inf | from | fear( m ). sg |
| The child began to cry from fear. | ||||||
Swedish
19
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Barn-et | börja-de | gråta | av | skräck. |
| child- def . n . sg | start- pst | cry. inf | of | fear |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | ||||
Telugu
19
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| pillavāḍu | bhayāniki | ēḍavaḍaṁ | modalu | peṭṭ-āḍu. |
| boy. sg | fear. sg . dat | cry. vn | start | put. pst -3 sg . m |
| The boy began to cry out of fear. | ||||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: to
| pillavāḍu | bhayaṁ | tō | ēḍavaḍaṁ | modalu | peṭṭ-āḍu. |
| boy. sg | fear. sg . obl | with | cry. vn | start | put. pst -3 sg . m |
| The boy began to cry with fear. | |||||
Udmurt (South)
19
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Pinal | bə̑rd-i-z | kurda-sa. |
| child | cry- pst -3( sg ) | be_afraid- cvb |
| The child cried, frightened. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||
19
Status: alternate; causal marker: ABL
| Pinal | bə̑rd-i-z | kurda-m-leś. |
| child | cry- pst -3( sg ) | be_afraid- nmz - abl |
| The child cried out of fear. | ||
Ukrainian
19
Status: main; causal marker: vid GEN
| Дитин-а | розплака-л-а-ся | від | страх-у. |
| child( f )- nom . sg | start_to_cry- pst - sg . f - refl | from | fear( m )- gen . sg |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | |||
Urdu
19
Status: main; causal marker: ke mare
| bacchā | xɔf | ke | māre | ro-n-e | lag-ā. |
| child( m ). sg . dir | fear( m ). sg . obl | adjz . m . sg . obl | because_of | cry- inf - obl | apply. pfv - sg . m |
| The child began to cry out of fear. | |||||
Yupik (Siberian)
19
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
| taʁnuχaq | qija.q | upu-m | aŋtala-ŋanəŋ |
| child. abs . sg | cry.3 sg | fright- rel . sg | size-3 sg . poss . ins . sg |
| The child was crying out of fear. | |||