Sentence no. 20 ⮭
English: The child laughed
Type: ontological
Adyghe
20
Status: main; causal marker: fesce
| sabəjə-r | gʷəṣ̂ʷaʁʷe-m | feṣ̂-(č̣ʼe) | qe-šʼxə-ʁ |
| child- abs | joy- obl | for- ins | csl -laugh- pst |
| The child laughed with joy. | |||
20
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| sabəjə-r | gʷəṣ̂ʷe-rjə | qe-šʼxə-ʁ |
| child- abs | rejoice- add | csl -laugh- pst |
| The child was happy and laughed. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||
20
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| sabəjə-r | gʷəṣ̂ʷaʁʷe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | qe-šʼxə-ʁ |
| child- abs | joy- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | csl -laugh- pst |
| The child laughed with joy. | |||
20
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| sabəjə-r | gʷəṣ̂ʷaʁʷe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | qe-šʼxə-ʁ |
| child- abs | joy- obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | csl -laugh- pst |
| The child laughed with joy. | |||
20
Status: alternate; causal marker: apq qjacew
| sabəjə-r | gʷəṣ̂ʷaʁʷe-m | ə-pq | q-jə-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | qe-šʼxə-ʁ |
| child- abs | joy- obl | 3 sg . pr -body | csl - loc -go_out- ins | csl -laugh- pst |
| The child laughed with joy. | ||||
Albanian
20
Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM
| Fëmij-a | qesh-i | nga | gёzim-i. |
| child- nom . sg . def . f | laugh- aor .3 sg | from | joy. nom . sg . def . m |
| The child laughed with joy. | |||
20
Status: alternate; causal marker: me ACC
| Fëmij-a | qesh-i | me | gëzim. |
| child- nom . sg . def . f | laugh- aor .3 sg | with | joy. acc . sg . indf . m |
| The child laughed with joy. | |||
Arabic
20
Status: main; causal marker: min GEN
| dʕaħik-a | tʕ-tʕifl-u | mina | l-faraħ-i |
| laugh. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -child( m ). s - nom | from | def -joy( m ). s - gen |
| The child laughed with joy. | |||
Armenian (Eastern)
20
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Erexa-n | uraxut‘yun-ic‘ | cicaġec‘. |
| child- def | happiness- abl | laugh. aor .3 sg |
| The child laughed with joy. | ||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
20
Status: main; causal marker: man
| yála1 | súra2 | gxə́c-lə | mən xadúyta |
| child1,2 | laugh. pst - ls .3 m | from | pleasure( f ) |
| The child laughed out of joy. | |||
Basque
20
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| Ume-a-k | alaitasun-ez | egi-ten | zuen | barre. |
| child- sg - erg | joy- ins | do- ipfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg | laughter |
| The child laughed with joy. | ||||
Belarusian
20
Status: main; causal marker: ad GEN
| dzic-ja | zasmjaja-l-a-sja | ad | radasc-i |
| child- nom . sg | laugh- pst - sg . n - refl | prep | joy- gen . sg |
| The child laughed out of joy. | |||
Catalan
20
Status: main; causal marker: de
| El | nen | re-ia | d' | alegri-a. |
| def . sg . m | child( m ). sg | laugh- ipfv .3 sg | from | happiness( f )- sg |
| The child was laughing out of joy. | ||||
Chinese (Mandarin)
20
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| zhègè | xiǎohái | kāixīn-de | xiào-le |
| this | child | happy- adjm | laugh- pfv |
| The child started to laugh out of joy. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adverb, not a nominal phrase. | |||
Chuvash (Maloe Karachkino)
20
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| aʨa | savən-n-i-be | kol-z=er-ʨ-ë |
| child | enjoy- pc _ pst - p _3- ins | laugh- cv _ sim =let- cop _ pst -3 sg |
| The child laughed because he was excited. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||
English
20
Status: main; causal marker: with
| The child laughed with joy. |
| The child laughed with joy. |
Erzya
20
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| èjkakšo-sʲ | raka-zev-sʲ | kenjardo-ma-dontʲ èjstè |
| child- nom . def | laugh- inch - pst .3 sg | rejoice- nmlz - abl . def |
| The child laughed with joy. | ||
Filipino
20
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| T<um>áwaˀ | ang=bátaˀ | dáhil | sa | sayá. |
| < av . pfv >laugh | nom =child | because | obl | joy |
| The child laughed because of joy. | ||||
French
20
Status: main; causal marker: de
| L’ | enfant | rit | de | joie. |
| def . m | child( m ) | laugh. prs .3 sg | of | joy( f ) |
| The child laughs out of joy. | ||||
German
20
Status: main; causal marker: vor DAT
| Das | Kind | lach-t | vor | Freude. |
| def . nom | child( n )[ sg . nom ] | laugh- prs .3 sg | before | joy( f )[ sg . dat ] |
| The child laughed with joy. | ||||
Guro
20
Status: main; causal marker: le wi ma
| nɛ́ | à | yélí | sí-nâ | à | jì | nànà-lɩ | le | wɩ́ | ma |
| child | cop | laughter | leave- prog | 3 sg . nsbj | inside | be.satisfied- ger | poss | affair | on |
| The child laughed out of satisfaction. | |||||||||
Indonesian (Standard)
20
Status: main; causal marker: dengan
| anak | itu | tertawa | dengan | riang/gembira |
| child | that | laugh | with | joy |
| The child laughed with joy. | ||||
Italian
20
Status: main; causal marker: per
| il | bambino | si | è | messo | a | ridere | per | la | contentezza |
| def . m . sg | child | refl .3 sg | be. prs .3 sg | put. pst . ptcp . m . sg | to | laugh. inf | for | def . f . sg | joy |
| The child began to laugh with joy. | |||||||||
20
Status: alternate; causal marker: da
| il | bambino | si | è | messo | a | ridere | dalla | contentezza |
| def . m . sg | child | refl .3 sg | be. prs .3 sg | put. pst . ptcp . m . sg | to | laugh. inf | from. def . f . sg | joy |
| The child began to laugh with joy. | ||||||||
Japanese
20
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Kodomo-wa | ureshiku-te | wara-i-dash-ita. |
| child- top | happy- cvb | laugh- cvb -begin- pst |
| The child, rejoiced, began to laugh. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||
20
Status: alternate; causal marker: GEN amari
| Kodomo-wa | ureshisa-no | amari | hageshi-ku | wara-i-dash-ita. |
| child- top | joy- gen | excessiveness | violent- adv | laugh- cvb -begin- pst |
| The child laughed vigorously with joy. | ||||
Karelian
20
Status: main; causal marker: EL
| laps | nagra-b | ilo-s |
| child | laugh-3 sg | joy- el |
| The child laughs with joy. | ||
Kazakh
20
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| kiškentay | bala | qwanïš-tan | kül-ip | tur |
| little | child. nom | joy- abl | laugh- cvb | stand. prs 2.3 sg |
| The child laughed with joy. | ||||
Khanty (Northern)
20
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| ńawrɛm | amət-man | nuχ | ńăχat-əs |
| child | rejoice- cvb | up | laugh- pst |
| The child rejoiced and started to laugh. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
Khmer
20
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| koun | saəc | sɒpbaːj | daoj1 | saː2 | səckdəj | riːk3 | riəj4 | knoŋ | cət rəbɒh viə |
| child | laugh | cheer | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | nmlz | rejoice3,4 | in | heart | poss | 3 |
| The child laughed with joy. | |||||||||
Khwarshi
20
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| q’ale | qwaqwa-ƛa-na | ʁeʁu | b-ah-nu-qo-žo |
| child | haha- quot - evd | joy | vi -get_up- msd - poss - abl |
| The child laughed with joy. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | |||
20
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| ʁeʁu-n | ah-na | uža | qwaqwa-jƛa |
| joy- add | get_up- cnv | son | haha- quot . aor |
| The son, delighted, laughed. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
Kumyk
20
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| jaš | šatlyqʼ-tan | kʲule-d-i |
| child | joy- abl | laugh- pst -3 sg |
| The child laughed with joy. | ||
Latvian
20
Status: main; causal marker: no GEN
| Bērn-s | iesmēj-ā-s | no | priek-a. |
| child- nom . sg | laugh. pst -3- rfl | from | joy- gen . sg |
| The child started to laugh out of joy. | |||
20
Status: alternate; causal marker: LOC
| Bērn-s | iesmēj-ā-s | priek-ā. |
| child- nom . sg | laugh. pst -3- rfl | joy- loc . sg |
| The child started to laugh out of joy. | ||
Lezgian
20
Status: main; causal marker: INEL
| ʃadwil-aj | ʔajal-∅ | qhyre-na |
| joy- inel | child. s - abs | laugh- aor |
| The child laughed with joy. | ||
Lithuanian
20
Status: main; causal marker: is GEN
| Vaik-as | nusijuok-ė | iš | džiaugsm-o. |
| child( m )- nom . sg | begin_to_laugh- pst .3 | out_of | joy( m )- gen . sg |
| The child started to laugh out of joy. | |||
Moksha
20
Status: main; causal marker: ezda GEN
| it'-n'ɛ-s' | raka-z'əv-s' | ken'ɛr'd'-əma-t' | ezdə |
| child- dim - def . sg | laugh- inch - pst .3[ sg ] | rejoice- nzr - def . sg . gen | in. abl |
| The child laughed from joy. | |||
20
Status: alternate; causal marker: CSL
| it'-n'ɛ-s' | raka-z'əv-s' | ken'ɛr'd'-əma-nksə |
| child- dim - def . sg | laugh- inch - pst .3[ sg ] | rejoice- nzr - csl |
| The child laughed from joy. | ||
20
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| ken'ɛr'd'-əma-s' | raka-ft-əz'ə | it'-t' |
| rejoice- nzr - def . sg | laugh- caus - pst .3 sg . o .3 sg . s | child- def . sg . gen |
| Joy makes the child laugh. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
Norwegian (Bokmål)
20
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Barn-et | begyn-te | å | le | av glede. |
| child- def . sg | start- pst | laugh | from | joy |
| The child laughed with joy. | ||||
Polish
20
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Dzieck-o | zaśmia-ł-o | się | radośnie. |
| child- nom . sg | begin_to_laugh- pst - n . sg | refl | cheerfully |
| The child laughed with joy. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adverb, not a nominal phrase. | |||
Russian
20
Status: main; causal marker: ot GEN
| Rebenok | zasmeja-l-sja | ot | radost-i. |
| child( m )[ nom . sg ] | laugh( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl | from | joy( f )- gen . sg |
| The child laughed with joy. | |||
Serbian
20
Status: main; causal marker: od GEN
| dete | se | nasmeja-l-o | od | radost-i |
| child | refl | laugh- pst . ptcp - n . sg | prep | joy- gen . sg |
| The child laughed with joy. | ||||
Shughni
20
Status: main; causal marker: az
| Yu | kūdak | az | xuši | pi-šūnčak | δo-d. |
| dem 3. m . sg | child( m ) | el | happiness | sup -laughter | give- pst |
| The child laughed from happiness. | |||||
Slovenian
20
Status: main; causal marker: od GEN
| Otrok | se | je | smeja-l | od | sreč-e. |
| child( m )[ nom . sg ] | refl | aux .3 sg | laugh( ipfv )- lpt [ m . sg ] | from | joy( f )- gen . sg |
| The child laughed with joy. | |||||
Spanish
20
Status: main; causal marker: de
| el | niño | se | rió | de | alegría |
| def . sg . m | child( m ). sg | refl | laugh. aor .3 sg | from | happiness( f )- sg |
| The child was laughing of joy. | |||||
Swedish
20
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Barn-et | skratta-de | av | glädje. |
| child- def . n . sg | laugh- pst | of | joy |
| The child laughed with joy. | |||
Telugu
20
Status: main; causal marker: to
| pillavāḍu | ānandaṁ | tō | navv-āḍu. |
| boy. sg | happiness. sg . obl | with | laugh. pst -3 sg . m |
| The boy laughed with joy. | |||
Udmurt (South)
20
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Pinal | śerekja-z | šumpot-ə̑sa. |
| child | laugh. pst -3( sg ) | be_glad- cvb |
| The child laughed being rejoiced. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||
Ukrainian
20
Status: main; causal marker: vid GEN
| Дитин-а | розсмія-л-а-ся | від | радост-і. |
| child( f )- nom . sg | burst_out_laughing- pst - sg . f - refl | from | joy( f )- gen . sg |
| The child began to laugh with joy. | |||
Urdu
20
Status: main; causal marker: se
| bacchā | xušī | se | haṁs | paṛ-ā. |
| child( m ). sg . dir | happiness( f ). sg . obl | from | laugh | fall. pfv - sg . m |
| The child burst out laughing from happiness. | ||||
Yupik (Siberian)
20
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
| taʁnuχaq | nəŋljaχ-t-u-q | quja-m | aŋtala-ŋanəŋ |
| child | laugh- imm _ pst - ind . intr -3 sg | joy- rel . sg | size-3 sg . poss . ins . sg |
| The child laughed with joy. | |||