Sentence no. 22 ⮭
English: The man kept silent
Type: ontological
Adyghe
22
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| ŝərətə-m | paje | λ̣ə-m | zjə | ə-ʔʷa-ʁ-ep |
| modest- obl | because_of | man- obl | nothing | 3 sg . erg -speak- pst - neg |
| The man is so modest that he didn’t say anything. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
22
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| ŝərətənəʁe | feṣ̂-ew | λ̣ə-m | zjə | ə-ʔʷa-ʁ-ep |
| modesty | for- adv | man- obl | nothing | 3 sg . erg -speak- pst - neg |
| Modest, the man remained silent. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
22
Status: alternate; causal marker: paje
| ŝərətənəʁe-m | paje | λ̣ə-m | ə-že | qə-ze-tər-jə-xə-ʁ-ep |
| modesty- obl | because_of | man- obl | 3 sg . pr -mouth | csl - rec . io - loc -3 sg . erg -take- pst - neg |
| The man, out of modesty, did not open his mouth. | ||||
22
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| ŝərətənəʁe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-m | ə-že | qə-ze-tər-jə-xə-ʁ-ep |
| modesty- obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | man- obl | 3 sg . pr -mouth | csl - rec . io - loc -3 sg . erg -take- pst - neg |
| The man, out of modesty, did not open his mouth. | ||||
22
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| ŝərətənəʁe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | λ̣ə-m | ə-že | qə-ze-tər-jə-xə-ʁ-ep |
| modesty- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | man- obl | 3 sg . pr -mouth | csl - rec . io - loc -3 sg . erg -take- pst - neg |
| The man, out of modesty, did not open his mouth. | ||||
22
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| ŝərətənəʁe-m | feṣ̂ | λ̣ə-m | ə-že | qə-ze-tər-jə-xə-ʁ-ep |
| modesty- obl | for | man- obl | 3 sg . pr -mouth | csl - rec . io - loc -3 sg . erg -take- pst - neg |
| The man, out of modesty, did not open his mouth. | ||||
22
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| ŝərətə-m | jə-ṣ̂ʷaʁe-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-m | zjə | ə-ʔʷa-ʁ-ep |
| modest- obl | poss -benefit- ins | man- obl | nothing | 3 sg . erg -speak- pst - neg |
| The man is so modest that he didn’t say anything. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
Albanian
22
Status: main; causal marker: per shkak te GEN
| Burr-i | nuk | flis-te | për | shkak | të | modesti-së. |
| man- nom . sg . def . m | neg | speak- impf .3 sg | for | reason. acc . sg . indf . m | art | modesty- gen . sg . def . f |
| The man kept silent out of modesty. | ||||||
Arabic
22
Status: main; causal marker: li GEN
| sʕamit-a | r-radʒul-u | li=tawaadʕuʕ-i=hi |
| be_quiet. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | because_of=modesty( m ). s - gen =3 s . m . poss |
| The man kept silent out of modesty. | ||
22
Status: alternate; causal marker: min GEN
| baqij-a | r-radʒul-u | sʕaamit-a-n | mina | t-tawaadʕuʕ-i |
| stay. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | silent. m . s - acc - indef | from | def -modesty( m ). s - gen |
| The man kept silent out of modesty. | ||||
22
Status: alternate; causal marker: dzaraa?a GEN
| baqij-a | r-radʒul-u | sʕaamit-a-n | dʒaraaʔ-a | tawaadʕuʕ-i=hi |
| stay. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | silent. m . s - acc - indef | consequence- acc | modesty( m ). s - gen =3 s . m . poss |
| The man kept silent out of modesty. | ||||
Armenian (Eastern)
22
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Tġamard-ə | hamestut‘yun-ic‘ | lŕec‘. |
| man- def | modesty- abl | keep_silent. aor .3 sg |
| The man kept silent out of modesty. | ||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
22
Status: main; causal marker: man
| úrza | la | humzə́m-lə | mən | macixúyta |
| man( m ) | neg | speak. pst - ls .3 m | from | humility( f ) |
| The man kept silent because of modesty. | ||||
Basque
22
Status: main; causal marker: MOT
| Gizon-a | isil-ik | gera-tu | zen | apaltasun-a-gatik. |
| man- sg [ abs ] | quiet- part | remain- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg | modesty- sg - mot |
| The man kept silent out of modesty. | ||||
Belarusian
22
Status: main; causal marker: praz ACC
| mužčyn-a | praz | sciplasc' | pramaŭča-ŭ |
| man- nom . sg | prep | modesty[ acc . sg ] | keep_quiet- pst [ sg . m ] |
| The man kept silent because of modesty. | |||
22
Status: alternate; causal marker: z-za GEN
| mužčyn-a | z-za | sciplasc-i | pramaŭča-ŭ |
| man- nom . sg | prep | modesty- gen . sg | keep_quiet- pst [ sg . m ] |
| The man kept silent because of modesty. | |||
Catalan
22
Status: main; causal marker: per
| L' | home | es | va | call-ar | per | modesti-a. |
| def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | refl | go. prs .3 sg | shut_up- inf | for | modesty( f )- sg |
| The man was silent because of modesty. | ||||||
Chinese (Mandarin)
22
Status: main; causal marker: yinwei er
| zhègè | nánrén | yīnwéi | hàixiū | ér | chénmò |
| this | man | because | modest | and | silent |
| The man is silent out of modesty. | |||||
Chuvash (Maloe Karachkino)
22
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| arʑɨn | skomnɨ | pol-n-i-be | nim=de | kalaɕ-ma-rʲ-ə |
| man | modest | be- pc _ pst - p _3- ins | nothing= add | tell- neg - pst -3 sg |
| The man kept silent because he was modest. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
English
22
Status: main; causal marker: out of
| The man kept silent out of modesty. |
| The man kept silent out of modesty. |
Erzya
22
Status: main; causal marker: kise GEN
| cёra-sʲ | čatmen-sʲ | vizdev-ma-stʲ | kisè |
| man- nom . def | keep_silence- pst .3 sg | be_shy- nmlz - gen . def | out |
| The man humbly remained silent. | |||
Filipino
22
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Nan-[s]atíli-ng | tahímik | ang=laláki | dáhil | sa | pangingimíˀ. |
| av . pfv -stay- lk | calm | nom =man | because | obl | modesty |
| The man kept silent out of modesty. | |||||
French
22
Status: main; causal marker: par
| L’ | homme | n’ | a | rien | dit | par | modestie. |
| def . m | man( m ) | neg | have. prs .3 sg | nothing | say. ptcp . prf | by | modesty( f ) |
| The man didn't say a word out of modesty. | |||||||
German
22
Status: main; causal marker: aus DAT
| Der | Mann | schwieg | aus | Höflichkeit. |
| def . nom | man( m )[ sg . nom ] | be_silent. pst .3 sg | from | politeness( f )[ sg . dat ] |
| The man kept silent out of politeness. | ||||
Guro
22
Status: main; causal marker: le wi ma
| gɔnɛ | zàn | ká | wɩ́ | dʋ | fɩ | lɛ | lo | bò | cɔ́ɛ̀nɛ́ | le | wɩ́ | jǐ |
| male | resp | neg | affair | indf | speak | pfv . neg | neg | self | small | poss | affair | in |
| The man kept silent because of modesty. | ||||||||||||
Indonesian (Standard)
22
Status: main; causal marker: karena
| laki-laki | itu | diam | karena | kesopanan. |
| man | that | silent | because | modesty |
| The man kept silent out of modesty. | ||||
Italian
22
Status: main; causal marker: per
| l’ | uomo | è | stato | zitto | per | modestia |
| def . m . sg | man | be. prs .3 sg | be. pst . ptcp . m . sg | silent. m . sg | for | modesty |
| The man kept silent out of modesty. | ||||||
Japanese
22
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Dansei-wa | kenkyo-sa-kara | chinmoku-o | tamot-ta. |
| man- top | modest- nmlz - abl | silence- acc | keep- pst |
| The man kept silent out of modesty. | |||
22
Status: alternate; causal marker: yue
| Dansei-wa | kenkyo-sa | yue | damat-te-i-ta. |
| man- top | modest- nmlz | reason | be_silent- cvb - incm - pst |
| The man kept silent due to modesty. | |||
Karelian
22
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| n.a. |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Kazakh
22
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| er1 | adam2 | qarapayïmdï-lïɣ-ï-nan | ünde-me-y tur |
| man1,2. nom | shy- nmlz - poss .3- abl | sound- neg - cvb | stand. prs 2.3 sg |
| The man keeps silent out of modesty. | |||
Khanty (Northern)
22
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| iki | ńumša-jəλ | păta | χөsλa | wɵ-s |
| man | modest- poss .3 sg | for | tacitly | be- pst |
| The man did not say anything out of modesty. | ||||
Khmer
22
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| kɔat | mɯn | chlaɯj | nɯŋ | sɒmnuə | nih | tẹː | daoj1 | saː2 | səckdəj | khlaːc | rɔbɒh kẹː |
| 3 | neg | answer | prep | question | this | neg | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | nmlz | be_afraid | poss | 3 |
| He didn't answer the question out of fear. | |||||||||||
Khwarshi
22
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| iłi-lo | č’uħi-ƛ’o | sabałana | žu | una-bč’u | j-ejča |
| 3 sg . o - gen 2 | pride- super | because_of | 3 sg . abs | talk- neg . cvb | ii -be\ aor |
| (The woman) did not talk (to men) because of being proud. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | |||||
Kumyk
22
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| er1 | giši2 | salamatlyqʼ-tan | sёz ajt-ma-d-y |
| man1,2 | modesty- abl | word | speak- neg - pst -3 sg |
| The man humbly remained silent. | |||
22
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
| er1 | giši2 | salamatlyqʼ | učun | sёz ajt-ma-d-y |
| man1,2 | modesty | because_of | word | speak- neg - pst -3 sg |
| The man remained silent out of modesty. | ||||
Latvian
22
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Vīriet-is | kautri | klusēj-a. |
| man- nom . sg | modestly | keep.silent. pst -3 |
| The man was modetsly keeping silent. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adverb, not a nominal phrase. | ||
22
Status: alternate; causal marker: GEN del
| Kautrīgum-a | dēļ | vīriet-is | klusēj-a. |
| modesty- gen . sg | because.of | man- nom . sg | keep.silent. pst -3 |
| The man was keeping silent out of modesty. | |||
Lezgian
22
Status: main; causal marker: SREL
| lawɣasuzwil-elaj | ʔitim-di | sa | tʃyqʔ-∅=ni | ʔawu-na-tʃ |
| modesty- srel | man. s - erg | one | sound. s - abs =and | make- aor - neg |
| The man didn't tell a word out of modesty. | ||||
Lithuanian
22
Status: main; causal marker: is GEN
| Žmog-us | iš | kuklum-o | niek-o | ne-pasak-ė. |
| person( m )- nom . sg | out_of | modesty( m )- gen . sg | nothing- gen | not-say- pst .3 |
| The man did not say anything out of modesty. | ||||
22
Status: alternate; causal marker: per ACC
| Žmog-us | per | kuklum-ą | niek-o | ne-pasak-ė. |
| person( m )- nom . sg | through | modesty( m )- acc . sg | nothing- gen | not-say- pst .3 |
| The man did not say anything due to his modesty. | ||||
Moksha
22
Status: main; causal marker: CSL
| al'ɛ-s' | istəvajši-nksə | mez'-gə | iz' | kor̥tə |
| man- def . sg | smart- csl | what- add | what- add | speak. cn |
| The man said nothing out of "correctness." | ||||
Norwegian (Bokmål)
22
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Mann-en | tidde | beskjeden-t. |
| man- def . sg | keep_silent. pst | shy- indf . n |
| The man spoke modestly. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adverb, not a nominal phrase. | ||
Polish
22
Status: main; causal marker: przez ACC
| Mężczyn-a | milcza-ł | przez | skromność. |
| man- nom . sg | keep_silent- pst [ m . sg ] | through | modesty[ acc . sg ] |
| The man kept silent out of modesty. | |||
Russian
22
Status: main; causal marker: iz GEN
| Mužčin-a | molča-l | iz | skromnost-i. |
| man( m )- nom . sg | keep.silent( ipfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | out.of | modesty( f )- gen . sg |
| The man kept silent out of modesty. | |||
22
Status: alternate; causal marker: iz-za GEN
| Mužčin-a | molča-l | iz-za | zastenčivost-i. |
| man( m )- nom . sg | keep.silent( ipfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | out.of-behind | shyness( f )- gen . sg |
| The man kept silent due to his shyness. | |||
22
Status: alternate; causal marker: po DAT
| Mužčin-a | po | skromnost-i | promolča-l. |
| man( m )- nom . sg | by | modesty( f )- dat . sg | keep.silent( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] |
| The man kept silent out of modesty. | |||
Serbian
22
Status: main; causal marker: iz GEN
| muškarac | je | iz | skromnost-i | prećuta-o |
| man. nom . sg | be. prs .3 sg | prep | modesty- gen . sg | keep_silent- pst . ptcp |
| The man kept silent out of modesty. | ||||
Shughni
22
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Yu | čorik=i | aloawle | čū-d | xu | qaror-aθ | nūs-t. |
| dem 3. m . sg | man( m )=3 sg | shame | do- pst | refl | quiet- adv | sit- pst |
| The man did not say anything, modestly. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event | ||||||
Slovenian
22
Status: main; causal marker: zaradi GEN
| Človek | je | molča-l | zaradi | svoj-e | skromnost-i. |
| man( m )[ nom . sg ] | aux .3 sg | keep.silent( ipfv )- lpt [ m . sg ] | because.of | one’s- f . gen . sg | modesty( f )- gen . sg |
| The man kept silent out of modesty. | |||||
22
Status: alternate; causal marker: iz GEN
| Človek | je | molča-l | iz | skromnost-i. |
| man( m )[ nom . sg ] | aux .3 sg | keep.silent( ipfv )- lpt [ m . sg ] | out.of | modesty( f )- gen . sg |
| The man kept silent out of modesty. | ||||
Spanish
22
Status: main; causal marker: por
| el | hombre | guard-ó | silencio | por | pudor |
| def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | remain_silent. aor .3 sg | silence( m ). sg | because_of | modesty( m )- sg |
| The man was silent because of modesty. | |||||
Swedish
22
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Mann-en | teg | för | att | han | var | blyg. |
| man- def . c . sg | be_silent. pst | for | that | he. anim | be. pst | shy |
| The man kept silent because he was shy. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
22
Status: alternate; causal marker: av
| Mann-en | teg | av | blyghet. |
| man- def . c . sg | be_silent. pst | of | shyness |
| The man kept silent out of modesty. | |||
Telugu
22
Status: main; causal marker: valla
| atanu | vinayaṁ | valla | šāntaṁ-gā | unn-āḍu. |
| that_man. sg | complaisance. sg . obl | by | peace. sg - advz | be. prs -3 sg . m |
| The man kept silent due to complaisance. | ||||
Udmurt (South)
22
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Vostem | piosmurt | no=myr | ə̑-z | vera. |
| modest | man | neg =what | neg . pst -3 | say. sg |
| The modest man did not say anything. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adnominal dependent in the main clause. | ||||
Ukrainian
22
Status: main; causal marker: cerez ACC
| Чоловік | через | соромязливість | промовча-в. |
| man( m ). nom . sg | through | modesty( f ). acc . sg | keep_silent- pst . sg . m |
| The man kept silent out of modesty. | |||
Urdu
22
Status: main; causal marker: ki vajah se
| ādmī | apn-ī | šāistagī | kī | vajah | se | cup | rah-ā. |
| man( m ). sg . dir | own- f | good_manners( f ). sg . obl | adjz . f | reason( f ). sg . obl | from | silent | stay. pfv - sg . m |
| The man kept silent because of his good manners. | |||||||
Yupik (Siberian)
22
Status: main; causal marker: REL
| juk | jimijuɣə-m, | nəpiːχ-t-u-q |
| man. abs . sg | hesitate- rel . sg | be_silent- imm _ pst - ind . intr -3 sg |
| The man remained silent out of embarrassment. | ||