Sentence no. 23 ⮭
English: The woman grabbed her brother’s hand
Type: ontological
Adyghe
23
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| qa-šʼt-jə, | bzəλfəʁe-m | ə-šə | ə-ʔe | ə-pχʷeta-ʁ |
| csl -be_scared- add | woman- obl | 3 sg . pr -brother | 3 sg . pr -hand | 3 sg . erg -grab- pst |
| Frightened, the woman grabbed her brother's hand. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
23
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| zere-šʼta-ʁe-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-m | ə-šə | ə-ʔe | ə-pχʷeta-ʁ |
| rel . fct -be_scared- pst - obl | poss -evil- ins | woman- obl | 3 sg . pr -brother | 3 sg . pr -hand | 3 sg . erg -grab- pst |
| The woman grabbed her brother's hand in fear. | |||||
23
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| zere-šʼta-ʁe-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-m | ə-šə | ə-ʔe | ə-pχʷeta-ʁ |
| rel . fct -be_scared- pst - obl | poss -harm- ins | woman- obl | 3 sg . pr -brother | 3 sg . pr -hand | 3 sg . erg -grab- pst |
| The woman grabbed her brother's hand in fear. | |||||
23
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| šʼəneʁʷe | feṣ̂-ew | bzəλfəʁe-m | ə-š | ə-ʔe | ə-pχʷeta-ʁ. |
| fear | for- adv | woman- obl | 3 sg . pr -brother | 3 sg . pr -hand | 3 sg . erg -grab- pst |
| The woman grabbed her brother's hand in fear. | |||||
23
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| šʼənaʁʷe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-m | ə-šə | ə-ʔe | ə-pχʷeta-ʁ |
| fear- obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | woman- obl | 3 sg . pr -brother | 3 sg . pr -hand | 3 sg . erg -grab- pst |
| The woman grabbed her brother's hand in fear. | |||||
23
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| šʼənaʁʷe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | bzəλfəʁe-m | ə-šə | ə-ʔe | ə-pχʷeta-ʁ |
| fear- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | woman- obl | 3 sg . pr -brother | 3 sg . pr -hand | 3 sg . erg -grab- pst |
| The woman grabbed her brother's hand in fear. | |||||
Albanian
23
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Grua-ja, | plot | frikë, | shtrëngo-i | dor-ën | e | vëlla-it | të | saj. |
| woman- nom . sg . def . f | full | fear. acc . sg . indf . f | clench- aor .3 sg | hand- acc . sg . def . f | art | brother- gen . sg . def . m | art | gen .3 f |
| The woman, struck with fear, grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||
Arabic
23
Status: main; causal marker: bi GEN
| ʔamsak-ati | l-marʔat-u | bi=χawf-i-n | bi=jad-i | ʔaχ-ii=haa |
| grab. pst . pfv -3 s . f | def -woman( f ). s - nom | with=fear( m ). s - gen - indef | with=hand( f ). s - gen | brother( m ). s - gen =3 s . f . poss |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | ||||
Armenian (Eastern)
23
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Kin-ə | vax-ic‘ | bŕnec‘ | eġbor | jeŕk‘-ə. |
| woman- def | fear- abl | hold. aor .3 sg | brother. gen | hand- def |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | ||||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
23
Status: main; causal marker: man
| báxta | mən | +zdúyta | íd=ət | axun-о | dvə́k-la |
| woman( f ) | from | fear( f ) | hand( f )= rel | brother( m )- p .3 f | seize. pst - ls .3 f |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | |||||
Basque
23
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Emakume-a-k | bere | anaia-ren | esku-a | euts-i | zuen | beldur-tu-rik. |
| woman- sg - erg | refl | brother[ sg ]- gen | hand- sg [ abs ] | grab- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg | be_afraid- pfv - part |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
Belarusian
23
Status: main; causal marker: u LOC
| žančyn-a | ŭ | strax-u | sxapi-l-a | brat-a | za | ruk-u |
| woman- nom . sg | prep | fear- loc . sg | grab- pst - sg . f | brother- acc . sg | prep | hand- acc . sg |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | ||||||
23
Status: alternate; causal marker: z-za GEN
| žančyn-a | z-za | strax-u | sxapi-l-a | brat-a | za ruk-u |
| woman- nom . sg | prep | fear- gen . sg grab- pst - sg . f | brother- acc . sg | prep | hand- acc . sg |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | |||||
23
Status: alternate; causal marker: praz ACC
| žančyn-a | praz | strax | sxapi-l-a | brat-a | za | ruk-u |
| woman- nom . sg | prep | fear[ acc . sg ] | grab- pst - sg . f | brother- acc . sg | prep | hand- acc . sg |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | ||||||
Catalan
23
Status: main; causal marker: amb
| La | don-a | va | agaf-ar | la | mà | del | seu | germà | amb | por. |
| def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | go. prs .3 sg | grab- inf | def . sg . f | hand( f ). sg | from. def . sg . m | 3 sg . poss . sg . m | brother( m ). sg | with | fear( f ). sg |
| The woman held onto her elder brother’s arm in fear. | ||||||||||
Chinese (Mandarin)
23
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| zhègè | nǚrén | hàipà-dì | zhuāzhù | tā | xiōngdì-de | shǒu |
| this | woman | fear- advm | grab | her | brother- poss | hand |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s arm out of fear. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adverb, not a nominal phrase. | ||||||
Chuvash (Maloe Karachkino)
23
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| xërarəm | xəra-n-i-be | piʨë-ʂ-ne | alə-ran | jar-z=il-ʨ-ë |
| woman | be_afraid- pc _ pst - p _3- ins | elder_brother- p _3- obj | hand- abl | let- cv _ sim =take- pst -3 sg |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand because she was afraid. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
English
23
Status: main; causal marker: in
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. |
23
Status: alternate; causal marker: out of
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand out of fear. |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand out of fear. |
Erzya
23
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| ava-sʲ | pele-zʲ | kundɨ-ze | kedʲ-te | jalakso-nzo |
| woman- nom . def | be_afraid- cv | grab- pst .3 sg . o .3 sg . s | hand- abl | brother-3 sg . poss .3 sg |
| The woman grabbed her brother's hand in fear. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase | ||||
Filipino
23
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| H<in>awák-an=ng | babáe | ang=kamáy=ng | kanyá-ng | kapatíd | dáhil | sa | tákot. |
| < pv . pfv >seize- lv = gen | woman | nom =hand= gen | 3 sg . gen - lk | sibling | because | obl | fear |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand because of fear. | |||||||
French
23
Status: main; causal marker: par
| La | femme | par | peur | a | pris | son | frère | par | le | bras. |
| def . f | woman( f ) | by | fear( f ) | have. prs .3 sg | take. ptcp . prf | poss .3 sg . m | brother( m ) | by | def . m | arm( m ) |
| The woman held onto her elder brother’s arm in fear. | ||||||||||
German
23
Status: main; causal marker: aus DAT
| Die | Frau | pak-te | aus | Angst | die | Hand | ihr-es | Bruder-s. |
| def . nom | woman( f )[ sg . nom ] | grab- pst .3 sg | from | fear( f )[ sg . dat ] | def . acc | hand( f )[ sg . acc ] | her- gen | brother( m )- sg . gen |
| The woman grabbed her brothers hand in fear. | ||||||||
Guro
23
Status: main; causal marker: le wi ma
| lɩ | zàn, | káná-lɩ | le | wɩ́ | ma, | ye | é | bhʋɩ | kún | é | bɛ | ma |
| woman | resp | be.afraid- ger | poss | affair | on | then | 3 sg . refl | elder.brother | grab\ pfv | 3 sg . refl | arm | on |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand because she was afraid. | ||||||||||||
Indonesian (Standard)
23
Status: main; causal marker: dalam
| wanita | itu | memegang | tangan | kakak | laki-laki-nya | dalam | ketakutan |
| woman | that | grab | hand | young.sibling | man- poss .3 | in | fear |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | |||||||
23
Status: alternate; causal marker: karena
| wanita | itu | memegang | tangan | kakak | laki-laki-nya | karena | ketakutan |
| woman | that | grab | hand | young.sibling | man- poss .3 | because | fear |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | |||||||
Italian
23
Status: main; causal marker: per
| la | donna | per | la | paura | ha | preso | il | braccio | la | mano | del | fratello |
| def . f . sg | woman | for | def . f . sg | fear | have. prs .3 sg | take. pst . ptcp . m . sg | def . m . sg | arm | def . f . sg | hand | of. def . m . sg | brother |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | ||||||||||||
23
Status: alternate; causal marker: da
| la | donna | dalla | paura | ha | preso | il | braccio | la | mano | del | fratello |
| def . f . sg | woman | from. def . f . sg | fear | have. prs .3 sg | take. pst . ptcp . m . sg | def . m . sg | arm | def . f . sg | hand | of. def . m . sg | brother |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | |||||||||||
Japanese
23
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| Josei-wa | kyōfu-de | ani-no | ude-o | tsukan-da. |
| woman- top | fear- ins | elder_brother- gen | arm- acc | grab- pst |
| The woman grabbed her elder brother’s hand in fear. | ||||
23
Status: alternate; causal marker: ABL
| Josei-wa | kyōfu-kara | otōto-no | ude-o | tsukan-da. |
| woman- top | fear- abl | younger_brother- gen | arm- acc | grab- pst |
| The woman grabbed her yonger brother’s hand out of fear. | ||||
Karelian
23
Status: main; causal marker: EL
| akk | varu-s | ot‘ | vel‘l‘e-n | käde-s |
| woman | fear- el | take. pst | brother- gen | hand- in |
| The woman grabbed her brother's hand in fear. | ||||
Kazakh
23
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| äyel1 | adam2 | qorq-ïn-ïš-tan | aɣa-sï-nïn | qol-ïn | usta-p al-dï |
| woman1,2. nom | fear- refl - nmlz - abl | brother- poss .3- abl | hand- acc | hold- cvb | take- pst .3 sg |
| The woman grabbed her brother's hand in fear. | |||||
Khanty (Northern)
23
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| imi | pakən-man | jaj-əλ | još-əλ | katλəm-s-əλλe |
| woman | get_scared- cvb | brother- poss .3 sg | hand- poss .3 sg | grab- pst -3 sg > nsg |
| The woman got scared and grabbed her brothers arm. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
Khmer
23
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| daoj1 | saː2 | ˀaːrɒːm | ɒh | sɒŋkhɯm | khlaŋ | pẹːk | niəŋ | cap | crɒbac | daj | rɔbɒh | pdɛj | jaːŋ khlaŋ |
| daoj _ sa ː1,2 | feeling | drain | hope | strong | too_much | young_girl | grasp | fasten | hand | poss | husband | appearance | strong |
| Ouf of desperation the woman clasped her husband's hand tightly. | |||||||||||||
Khwarshi
23
Status: main; causal marker: POSS ABL
| ʁini | j-uƛ-nu-qo-žo | este-s | leƛ’a | l-aqaχ-χa |
| woman- add | ii -be_afraid- msd - poss - abl | brother- gen 1 | hand | iv -take- aor |
| The woman took her brother's hand because in fear. | ||||
23
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| ʁin-na | j-uƛ-na | este-s | leƛ’a | l-aqaχ-χa |
| woman- add | ii -be_afraid- cnv | brother- gen 1 | hand | iv -take- aor |
| The woman, afraid, took her brother's hand. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
23
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| ʁini | j-ujƛo | idi-žo | este-s | leƛ’a | l-aqaχ-χa |
| woman | ii -be_afraid\ prss | dem - abl | brother- gen 1 | hand | iv -take- aor |
| The woman is afraid and because of this she took her brother's hand. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
Kumyk
23
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| qʼatyn | qʼorqʼ-up | qʼardaš-yn-y | qʼol-u-n | tut-t-u |
| woman | be_afraid- cv _ perf | brother- p _3- gen | hand- p _3- gen | grab- pst -3 sg |
| The woman, frightened, grabbed her brother's hand. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
Latvian
23
Status: main; causal marker: LOC
| Sieviet-e | bail-ēs | saķēr-a | brāl-i | aiz | rok-as. |
| woman- nom . sg | fear- loc . pl | grab. pst -3 | brother- acc . sg | behind | hand- gen . sg |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s arm in fear. | |||||
23
Status: alternate; causal marker: no GEN
| Sieviet-e | no | bail-ēm | saķēr-a | brāl-i | aiz | rok-as. |
| woman- nom . sg | from | fear- dat . pl | grab. pst -3 | brother- acc . sg | behind | hand- gen . sg |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s arm out of fear. | ||||||
Lezgian
23
Status: main; causal marker: INEL
| kitʃʔewil-aj | diʃehli-di | stχadin | ɣil-∅ | qʔu-na |
| fear- inel | woman. s - erg | brother. s | hand. s - abs | grab- aor |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | ||||
Lithuanian
23
Status: main; causal marker: is GEN
| Moter-is | iš | baim-ės | pačiup-o | brol-į | už | rank-os. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | out_of | fear( f )- gen . sg | grab- pst .3 | brother( m )- acc . sg | behind | hand( f )- gen . sg |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s arm out of fear. | ||||||
Moksha
23
Status: main; causal marker: ezda GEN
| ava-s' | stras't'-t' | ezdə | fat'ɛ-z'ə | brad-ənc | kɛc'tə |
| woman- def . sg | fear- def . sg . gen | in. abl | grab- pst .3 sg . o .3 sg . s | brother-3 sg . poss . sg . gen | hand. el |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | |||||
23
Status: alternate; causal marker: inksa GEN
| ava-s' | stras't'-t' | inksə | fat'ɛ-z'ə | brad-ənc | kɛc'tə |
| woman- def . sg | fear- def . sg . gen | because_of | grab- pst .3 sg . o .3 sg . s | brother-3 sg . poss . sg . gen | hand. el |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | |||||
Norwegian (Bokmål)
23
Status: main; causal marker: i
| Kvinnen | grep | i | redsel | bror-en | i | armen. |
| woman- def . sg | grab. pst | in | fear | brother- def . sg | in | hand- def . sg |
| The woman grabbed her brother's hand in fear. | ||||||
Polish
23
Status: main; causal marker: z GEN
| Kobiet-a | chwyci-ł-a | dłoń | brat-a | ze | strach-u. |
| woman- nom . sg | grab- pst - f . sg | hand[ acc . sg ] | brother- gen . sg | from2 | fear- gen . sg |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | |||||
Russian
23
Status: main; causal marker: v LOC
| Ženščin-a | v | strax-e | sxvati-l-a | ruk-u | svo-ego | brat-a. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | in | fear( m )- loc . sg | grab( pfv )- pst - f . sg | hand( f )- acc . sg | one’s- m . gen . sg | brother( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | ||||||
23
Status: alternate; causal marker: ot GEN
| Ženščin-a | sxvati-l-a | ruk-u | svo-ego | brat-a | ot | strax-a. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | grab( pfv )- pst - f . sg | hand( f )- acc . sg | one’s- m . gen . sg | brother( m )- gen . sg | from | fear( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand out of fear. | ||||||
23
Status: alternate; causal marker: s GEN
| Ženščin-a | sxvati-l-a | ruk-u | svo-ego | brat-a | so | strax-u. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | grab( pfv )- pst - f . sg | hand( f )- acc . sg | one’s- m . gen . sg | brother( m )- gen . sg | from.top.of | fear( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand out of fear. | ||||||
| Note: In this particular sentence, the so-called "second genitive" is used (cf. regular genitive "straxa"). | ||||||
Serbian
23
Status: main; causal marker: u LOC
| žen-a | je | u | strah-u | uhvati-l-a | brat-a | za | ruk-u |
| woman- nom . sg | be. prs .3 sg | prep | fear- loc . sg | grab- pst . ptcp - f . sg | brother- acc . sg | prep | hand- acc . sg |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | |||||||
Shughni
23
Status: main; causal marker: LOC
| Yā | ɣ̌inik-i | x̌oj-and | xu | virod | θūst-and | qāp1 δo-d2. |
| dem 3. f . sg | woman( f )-3 sg | fear- loc | refl | brother | hand- loc | grab1,2- pst |
| The woman got hold of her younger brother in fear. | ||||||
Slovenian
23
Status: main; causal marker: v LOC
| Žensk-a | se | je | v | strah-u | prije-l-a | za | rok-o | svoj-ega brat-a. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | refl | in | fear( m )- loc . sg | grab( pfv )- lpt - f . sg | for | hand( f )- acc . sg | one’s- m . gen . sg | brother( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | ||||||||
Spanish
23
Status: main; causal marker: con
| la | mujer | agarr-ó | la | mano | de | su | hermano | con | miedo |
| def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | hold. aor .3 sg | def . sg . f | hand( f ). sg | from | poss .3 sg | brother( m ). sg | with | fear( f ). sg |
| The woman held her brother’s arm with fear. | |||||||||
Swedish
23
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Av | rädsla | grep | hon | tag | i | broder-n-s | arm. |
| of | fear | grab. pst | she. anim | take. nmlz | in | brother- def . c . sg - gen | arm |
| She grabbed her brother's arm in fear. | |||||||
Telugu
23
Status: main; causal marker: to
| āviḍa | tana | tammuḍi | cēyi-ni | bhayaṁ | tō | paṭṭuku-ṁdi. |
| that_woman. sg | refl . poss | younger_brother. sg . obl | hand. sg . obl - acc | fear. sg . obl | with | seize. pst -3 sg . nm |
| The woman grabbed her younger brother’s hand out of fear. | ||||||
Udmurt (South)
23
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Kyšnomurt | kurda-sa | kyrm-iśk-i-z | vyn-yz | bord-y. |
| woman | be_afraid- cvb | catch- detr - pst -3( sg ) | younger_brother- p .3 sg | near- ill |
| The woman got hold of her younger brother in fear. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
Ukrainian
23
Status: main; causal marker: cerez ACC
| Жінк-а | через | страх | схопи-л-а | брат-а | за | рук-у. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | through | fear( m ). acc . sg | grab- pst - sg . f | brother( m )- acc . sg | for | hand( f )- acc . sg |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand out of fear. | ||||||
Urdu
23
Status: main; causal marker: me
| ɔrat | ne | xɔf | meṁ | apn-e | bhāī | kā | hāth | thām | liy-ā. |
| woman( f ). sg . obl | ta | fear( m ). sg . obl | in | own- m . sg . obl | brother( m ). sg . obl | adjz . m . sg . dir | hand( m ). sg . dir | hold | take. pfv - sg . m |
| The woman grabbed her brother’s hand in fear. | |||||||||
Yupik (Siberian)
23
Status: main; causal marker: REL
| aʁna-m | aliŋə-m, | tuwaʁaχt-aː | anəŋa-ni | ixə-qun |
| woman- rel . sg | be_afraid- rel . sg | ?- ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg | brother-3 sg . poss . abs . sg | hand- prl . sg |
| The woman, frightened, grabbed her brother's hand. | ||||