Sentence no. 26 ⮭
English: The water looks bright
Type: ontological
Adyghe
26
Status: main; causal marker: fesce
| psə-r | maze-m | feṣ̂(-č̣ʼe) | qe-ẑəwə-re-m | fed |
| water- abs | moon- obl | for- ins | csl -sparkle- dyn - obl | similar |
| Because of the moon, the water looks like it’s glowing. | ||||
26
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| psə-r | maze-m | q-j-e-ʁe-ẑəwə |
| water- abs | moon- obl | csl -3 sg . erg - dyn - caus -sparkle |
| The moon illuminates the water. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
Albanian
26
Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM
| Uj-i | duk-et | i | ndritsh-ëm | nga | hën-a. |
| water- nom . sg . def . m | seem- prs .3 sg | art | bright- sg . m | from | moon- nom . sg . def . f |
| The water looks bright because of the moon. | |||||
Arabic
26
Status: main; causal marker: bi sababi GEN
| j-abd-uu | l-maaʔ-u | mutalaʔliʔ-a-n | bi=sabab-i | l-qamar-i |
| 3 s . m -seem. prs . ipfv -3 s . m | def -water( m ). s - nom | sparkling. m . s - acc - indef | wiht=reason( m ). s - gen | def -moon( m ). s - gen |
| The water looks bright because of the moon. | ||||
Armenian (Eastern)
26
Status: main; causal marker: GEN patcarov
| Lusn-i | patčaŕ-ov | ĵur-ə | bac‘ | guyn-i=ē | t‘v-um. |
| moon- gen | cause- ins | water- def | light | colour- gen / dat =be. prs .3 sg | seem- ptcp _ prs |
| The water looks bright because of the moon. | |||||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
26
Status: main; causal marker: but
| míyya | mabyún=əna | +sə́pyə | ka | but | +sára |
| water( pl ) | seem. prog =3 pl | clear. pl | to | about | moon( m ) |
| The water looks clear because of the moon. | |||||
Basque
26
Status: main; causal marker: MOT
| Ur-a-k | disdiratsu | dago-ela | dirudi | ilargi-a-rengatik. |
| water- sg - erg | brilliant | abs 3 sg . prs .stay- compl | abs 3 sg . prs .seem. erg 3 sg | moon- sg - mot |
| The water looks bright because of the moon. | ||||
Belarusian
26
Status: main; causal marker: z-za GEN
| vad-a | zda-ecca | svetl-aj | z-za | mesjac-a |
| water- nom . sg | seem- prs .3 sg | light- ins . sg . f | prep | moon- gen . sg |
| The water looks clear because of the moon. | ||||
26
Status: alternate; causal marker: praz ACC
| vad-a | zda-ecca | svetl-aj | praz | mesjac |
| water- nom . sg | seem- prs .3 sg | light- ins . sg . f | prep | moon[ acc . sg ] |
| The water looks clear because of the moon. | ||||
Catalan
26
Status: main; causal marker: degut a
| L' | aigu-a | brill-a | degut | a | la | llun-a. |
| def . sg . f | water( f )- sg | shine- prs .3 sg | be_due. ptcp . sg . m | to | def . sg . f | moon( f )- sg |
| The water looks bright because of the moon. | ||||||
Chinese (Mandarin)
26
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| zhègè | shuǐ | bèi | yuèguāng | zhàoliàng |
| this | water | pass | moonlight | illuminate |
| The water looks light because of the moon. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||||
Chuvash (Maloe Karachkino)
26
Status: main; causal marker: pergi
| ʂu | ojək | pergi | ɕudə | tojən-at |
| water | moon | post | light | seem- npst [3 sg ] |
| The water looks bright because of the moon. | ||||
English
26
Status: main; causal marker: because of
| The water looks bright because of the moon. |
| The water looks bright because of the moon. |
Erzya
26
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| vedesʲ | nejavi | valdo-ks | kov-dontʲ |
| water- nom . def | seems | light- trans | moon- abl . def |
| The water appears bright because of the moon. | |||
26
Status: alternate; causal marker: kise GEN
| vedʲ-sʲ | marjav-i | valdo | kov-o-nʲ | svetè-nʲ | kisè |
| water- nom . def | seem- prs .3 sg | light | moon- inf - gen | light- gen | because_of |
| The water appears bright because of the moon. | |||||
Filipino
26
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Maliwánag | ang=túbig | dáhil | sa | buwán. |
| bright | nom =water | because | obl | moon |
| The water looks bright because of the moon. | ||||
French
26
Status: main; causal marker: a cause de
| L’ | eau | sembl-e | claire | à | cause | de | la | Lune. |
| def . f | water( f ) | seem- prs .3 sg | bright. f | to | cause | of | def . f | moon( f ) |
| The water looks bright because of the moon. | ||||||||
German
26
Status: main; causal marker: wegen GEN
| Das | Wasser | wirk-t | hell | wegen | des | Mond-es. |
| def . nom | water( n )[ sg . nom ] | look- prs .3 sg | bright | because_of | def . gen | moon( m )- sg . gen |
| The water looks bright because of the moon. | ||||||
26
Status: alternate; causal marker: wegen DAT
| Das | Wasser | wirk-t | hell | wegen | dem | Mond. |
| def . nom | water( n )[ sg . nom ] | look- prs .3 sg | bright | because_of | def . dat | moon( m )[ sg . dat ] |
| The water looks bright because of the moon. | ||||||
Guro
26
Status: main; causal marker: le wi ma
| yí | yuɛ́ | kɛlɛ́ | sese | mɔnɛ | le | wɩ́ | ma |
| water | eye | make\ pfv | clear | lune | poss | affair | on |
| The water looks clear because of the moon. | |||||||
Indonesian (Standard)
26
Status: main; causal marker: karena
| air-nya | terlihat | jernih | karena | cahaya1 bulan2 |
| water- poss .3 | look | bright | because | lightmoon1,2 |
| The water looks bright because of the lightmoon. | ||||
Italian
26
Status: main; causal marker: per
| l’ | acqua | sembra | chiara | per | il | riflesso | della | luna |
| def . f . sg | water | seem. prs .3 sg | clear. f . sg | for | def . m . sg | reflection | of. def . f . sg | moon |
| The water looks bright because of the moon. | ||||||||
Japanese
26
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| Mizu-ga | tsukiakari-de | kagayai-te | mie-ru. |
| water- nom | moonlight- ins | shine- cvb | be_visible- prs |
| The water looks bright because of the moonlight. | |||
Karelian
26
Status: main; causal marker: EL2
| vez‘i | om | valgei | kuu-s-piä |
| water | be.3 sg | light | moon- el -out |
| The water is light because of the moon. | |||
26
Status: alternate; causal marker: tahte GEN
| vez‘i | n‘ägu-b | vauged | kuulma-že-n | tähte |
| water | appear-3 sg | light | луна- dim - gen | because_of |
| The water appears light because of the moon. | ||||
Kazakh
26
Status: main; causal marker: COM
| sw | ay-dïŋ | säwle-si-men | žarïq | bol-ïp | tur |
| water. nom | moon- gen | light- poss .3- com | light | be- cvb | stand. prs 2.3 sg |
| The water appears light because of the moon. | |||||
Khanty (Northern)
26
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| jiŋk | tiλəš | păta | nuwi-ja | wantəs-əλ |
| water | moon | for | light- dat | look- npst |
| The water looks light because of the moon. | ||||
Khmer
26
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| nəw | pẹːl | nih | tɯk | tɔnlẹː | miən | poa | prak | daoj1 | saː2 | caŋ | pɔnlɯː preah3 can4 |
| in | time | this | water | river | have | colour | silver | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | reflect | light | moon3,4 |
| The water in river is silver now because it reflects the moonlight. | |||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||||
26
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| nəw | pẹːl | nih | tɯk | tɔnlẹː | miən | poa | prak | daoj1 | saː2 | miən | pɔnlɯː preah3 can4 |
| in | time | this | water | river | have | colour | silver | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | have | light | moon3,4 |
| The water in river is silver now because of the moonlight. | |||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||||
26
Status: alternate; causal marker: daoj sa
| nəw | pẹːl | nih | tɯk | tɔnlẹː | miən | poa | prak | daoj1 | saː2 | pɔnlɯː preah3 can4 |
| in | time | this | water | river | have | colour | silver | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | light | moon3,4 |
| The water in river is silver now because of the moonlight. | ||||||||||
Khwarshi
26
Status: main; causal marker: POSS ABL
| ła | žejla | l-eq’e-he | buca-qo-žo |
| water | light | iv -become- prs | moon- poss - abl |
| The water became clear because of the moon. | |||
26
Status: alternate; causal marker: gossal
| ła | žejla | l-eq’e-he | buca | gossal |
| water | light | iv -become- prs | moon | be- tmp |
| The water became clear because of the moon. | ||||
Kumyk
26
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
| su | aj | učun | jaryqʼ | gʲor-u'n'-e |
| water | moon | because_of | light | see- refl - npst .3 sg |
| The water appears bright because of the moon. | ||||
Latvian
26
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Ūden-s | mēnes-s | gaism-ā | šķiet | gaiš-s. |
| water- nom . sg | moon- gen . sg | light- loc . sg | seem. prs .3 | bright- nom . sg . m |
| The water looks bright in the moonlight. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||
26
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Ūden-s | no | mēnes-s | gaism-as | šķiet | gaiš-s. |
| water- nom . sg | from | moon- gen . sg | light- gen . sg | seem. prs .3 | bright- nom . sg . m |
| The water looks bright from the moonlight. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | |||||
Lezgian
26
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| warz-∅ | ʔaw-aj-wil-aj | jad-∅ | ʔekyz | ʔakwa-zwa |
| moon. s - abs | be- aop - abst - inel | water. s - abs | light | be_seen- impf |
| The water looks light because of the presence of the moon. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||
Lithuanian
26
Status: main; causal marker: del GEN
| Vanduo | atrod-o | balt-as | dėl | mėnesien-os. |
| water( m ). nom . sg | seem- prs .3 | light- m . nom . sg | because_of | moonlight( f )- gen . sg |
| The water looks light because of the moon. | ||||
Moksha
26
Status: main; causal marker: inksa GEN
| vec' | n'ɛj-ev-i | valctə | kof-t' | inksə |
| water. def . sg | see- pass - npst .3[ sg ] | light. el | month- def . sg . gen | because_of |
| The water appears bright because of the moon. | ||||
Norwegian (Bokmål)
26
Status: main; causal marker: pa grunn av
| Vann-et | virke-r | lys-t | på | grunn | av | måne-n. |
| water- def . sg | seem- prs | light- indf . n | on | soil | from | moon- def . sg |
| The water appears bright because of the moon. | ||||||
Polish
26
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Wod-a | wydaje | się | przezroczyst-a | w | świetl-e księżyc-a |
| water- nom . sg | seem. prs .3 sg | refl | in | light- loc . sg | moon- gen . sg |
| The water looks transparent in the moonlight. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | |||||
Russian
26
Status: main; causal marker: iz-za GEN
| Vod-a | kaž-et-sja | svetl-oj | iz-za | lun-y. |
| water( f )- nom . sg | seem( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl | bright- f . ins . sg | out.of-behind | moon( f )- gen . sg |
| The water looks bright because of the moon. | ||||
Serbian
26
Status: main; causal marker: od GEN
| vod-a | se | čin-i | sjajn-om | od | mesečin-e |
| water- nom . sg | refl | seem- prs .3 sg | bright- ins . f . sg | prep | moonlight- gen . sg |
| The water looks bright because of the moonlight. | |||||
Shughni
26
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
| Yā | x̌ac | svetly | dives-t | az | rui | mêst. |
| dem 3. f . sg | water( f ) | bright | show- npst .3 sg | el | caus | crescent |
| The water looks bright because of the moon. | ||||||
Slovenian
26
Status: main; causal marker: zaradi GEN
| Vod-a | se | lesketa | zaradi | Lun-e. |
| water( f )- nom . sg | refl | glitter( ipfv ). prs .3 sg | because.of | moon( f )- gen . sg |
| The water looks bright because of the moon. | ||||
Spanish
26
Status: main; causal marker: por
| el | agua | se | ve | brillante | por | la | luna |
| def . sg . f | water( f )- sg | refl | see- prs .3 sg | bright- sg . f | because_of | def . sg . f | moon( f )- sg |
| The water looks bright because of the moon. | |||||||
Swedish
26
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Mån-en | få-r | vattn-et | att | se | ljus-t | ut. |
| moon- def . c . sg | get- prs | water- def . n . sg | that | see. inf | light- def . n . sg | out |
| The moon makes the water light. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||||||
26
Status: alternate; causal marker: pa grund av
| Vattn-et | se-r | ljus-t | ut | på | grund | av | den | stor-a | mån-en. |
| water- def . n . sg | see- prs | light- def . n . sg | out | on | ground | of | def . n . sg | big- def | moon- def . c . sg |
| The water looks light because of the large moon. | |||||||||
Telugu
26
Status: main; causal marker: valla
| nīḷḷu | caṁdruni | valla | prakāšis-tunn-āyi. |
| water( pl ) | moon. sg . obl | by | shine- prs -3 pl . n |
| The water is shining due to the moon. | |||
26
Status: alternate; causal marker: karanamga
| nīḷḷu | caṁdruni | kāraṇaṁgā | prakašis-tunn-āyi. |
| water( pl ) | moon. sg . obl | because_of | shine- prs -3 pl . n |
| The water is shining because of the moon. | |||
Udmurt (South)
26
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Vu | adǯ́-iśk-e | ĺugyt | toleź-leś. |
| water | see- detr - prs .3 sg | bright | moon- abl |
| The water looks bright because of the moon. | |||
Ukrainian
26
Status: main; causal marker: vid GEN
| Вод-а | зда-єть-ся | світл-ою | від | місяц-я. |
| water( f )- nom . sg | seem- prs .3 sg - refl | bright- ins . sg . f | from | moon( m )- gen . sg |
| The water looks bright because of the moon. | ||||
Urdu
26
Status: main; causal marker: me
| pānī | camak | rah-ā | hɛ | cāṁd | kī | rošnī | meṁ. |
| water( m ). sg . dir | gleam | dur - m . sg | prs .3 sg | moon( m ). sg . obl | adjz . f | light( f ). sg . obl | in |
| The water gleams in the moon light. | |||||||
Yupik (Siberian)
26
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
| məq | niʁuɣraːxt-u-q | tanqi-m | apaɬa-nəŋ |
| water. abs . sg | dawn- ind . intr -3 sg | moon- rel . sg | cause- ins . pl |
| The water brightens because of the moon. | |||