Sentence no. 27 ⮭
English:
Type: ontological
Adyghe
27
Status: main; causal marker: jahatarce
| jə-he | jə-hatər-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-r | deʁʷ-ew | šeḳʷa-ʁ |
| poss -dog | poss -in- ins | man- abs | good- adv | hunt- pst |
| The man successfully went hunting thanks to the dog. | ||||
27
Status: alternate; causal marker: jaswakece
| jə-he | jə-ṣ̂ʷaʁe-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-r | deʁʷ-ew | šeḳʷa-ʁ |
| poss -dog | poss -benefit- ins | man- abs | good- adv | hunt- pst |
| The man successfully went hunting thanks to the dog. | ||||
Albanian
27
Status: main; causal marker: fale DAT
| Falë | qen-it | të | tij, | burr-i | pat-i | një | gjueti | të | suksessh-me. |
| thanks_to | dog- dat . sg . def . m | art | gen .3 m | man- nom . sg . def . m | have- aor .3 sg | art . indf | hunt. acc . sg . indf . f | art | successful- sg . f |
| Thanks to his dog, the man had a successful hunt. | |||||||||
Arabic
27
Status: main; causal marker: bi fadgli GEN
| wuffiq-a | r-radʒul-u | fii | sʕ-sʕajd-i | bi=fadʕl-i | kalb-i=hi |
| give_luck. pass . pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | in | def -hunt( m ). s - gen | with=advantage( m ). s - gen | dog( m ). s - gen =3 s . m . poss |
| The man had a successful hunt because of his dog. | |||||
Armenian (Eastern)
27
Status: main; causal marker: isnorhiv DAT
| I1=šnorhiv2 | šan | tġamard-ə | haĵoġ | ors-i=ē | gnac‘-el. |
| thanks_to1,2 | dog. dat | man- def | successful | hunt- gen / dat =be. prs .3 sg | go- ptcp _ pf |
| Thanks to his dog, the man successfully went on a hunt. | |||||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
27
Status: main; causal marker: but
| úrza | gə́ns | xə́š-lə | +séda | ka | but | cálba |
| man( m ) | good | go. pst - ls .3 m | hunting( m ) | to | about | dog( m ) |
| The man had a successful hunt because of his dog. | ||||||
27
Status: alternate; causal marker: avə +raba basima ka
| úrza | gə́ns | xə́š-lə | +séda | ávə-Ø | +rába | basíma | ka | cálba |
| man( m ) | good | go. pst - ls .3 m | hunting( m ) | be. prs - ss .3 m | many | pleasant. m | to | dog( m ) |
| The man had a successful hunt, thanks to his dog. | ||||||||
Basque
27
Status: main; causal marker: DAT esker
| Txakurr-a-ri | esker, | ehiza | on-a | iza-n | zuen | gizon-a-k. |
| dog- sg - dat | thanks_to | hunt | good- sg [ abs ] | be- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg | man- sg - erg |
| Thanks to his dog, the man had a successful hunt. | ||||||
Belarusian
27
Status: main; causal marker: dzjakujucy DAT
| mužčyn-a | ŭdala | sxadzi-ŭ | na | paljavann-e | dzjakujučy | sabak-u |
| man- nom . sg | successfully | go- pst [ sg . m ] | prep | hunt- acc . sg | prep | dog- dat . sg |
| The man had a successful hunt because of his dog. | ||||||
Catalan
27
Status: main; causal marker: gracies a
| L' | home | ha | caç-at | molt | gràci-es | al | seu | gos. |
| def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | have. prs .3 sg | hunt- ptcp . sg . m | a_lot | grace( f )- pl | to. def . sg . m | 3 sg . poss . sg . m | dog( m ). sg |
| The man had a successful hunt thanks to his dog. | ||||||||
Chinese (Mandarin)
27
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| yóuyú | tā-de | gǒu-de | bāngzhù, | zhègè | nánrén | shòuliè | chénggōng |
| due_to | he- poss | dog- poss | help | this | man | hunting | successful |
| The man hunted successfully thanks to his dog. | |||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | |||||||
Chuvash (Maloe Karachkino)
27
Status: main; causal marker: pergi
| arʑɨn | oxota-ja | jɨdə | bergi | lajək | kaj-za | gilʲ-ʨ-ë |
| man | hunt- obj | dog | post | good | go- cv _ sim | come- pst -3 sg |
| The man had a successful hunt because of his dog | ||||||
English
27
Status: main; causal marker: thanks to
| Thanks to his dog, the man had a successful hunt. |
| Thanks to his dog, the man had a successful hunt. |
Erzya
27
Status: main; causal marker: maro GEN
| cёra-sʲ | vadrja-sto | jaka-sʲ | oxota-v | kiska-nʲ | pomoga-mo-stʲ | maro |
| man- nom . def | good- adv | walk- pst .3 sg | hunting- all | dog- gen | help- nmlz - gen . def | thanks_to |
| The man successfully went hunting thanks to the dog. | ||||||
Filipino
27
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Dáhil | sa | áso, | nag-tagumpáy | ang=laláki | sa | pangangáso=niyá. |
| because | obl | dog | av . pfv -victory | nom =man | obl | hunt=3 sg . gen |
| Thanks to the dog, the man had a successful hunt. | ||||||
French
27
Status: main; causal marker: grace a
| L’ | homme | a | réussi | à | la | chasse | grâce | à | son | chien. |
| def . m | man( m ) | have. prs .3 sg | achieve. ptcp . prf | to | def . f | hunt( f ) | thanks | to | poss .3 sg . m | dog( m ) |
| The man had a successful hunt thanks to his dog. | ||||||||||
German
27
Status: main; causal marker: wegen GEN
| Wegen | des | Hund-es | hat-te | der | Mann | ein-e | erfolgreich-e | Jagd. |
| because_of | def . gen | dog( m )- sg . gen | have- pst .3 sg | def . nom | man( m )[ sg . nom ] | indf - acc | successful- acc | hunt( f )[ sg . acc ] |
| Thanks to his dog, the man had a successful hunt. | ||||||||
27
Status: alternate; causal marker: wegen DAT
| Wegen | dem | Hund | hat-te | der | Mann | ein-e | erfolgreich-e | Jagd. |
| because_of | def . dat | dog( m )[ sg . dat ] | have- pst .3 sg | def . nom | man( m )[ sg . nom ] | indf - acc | successful- acc | hunt( f )[ sg . acc ] |
| Thanks to his dog, the man had a successful hunt. | ||||||||
Guro
27
Status: main; causal marker: wii
| gɔnɛ | zàn | le | dɔ̌n | lɛ́-sɔɔ́ | à | le | bɛnɛ | wiǐ |
| male | resp | poss | hunting | reach\ pfv | 3 sg . nsbj | poss | dog | because |
| The man had a successful hunt because of his dog. | ||||||||
Indonesian (Standard)
27
Status: main; causal marker: karena
| karena | anjing-nya, | dia | berhasil | dalam | berburu |
| because | dog- poss .3 | he | succeed | in | hunt |
| Thanks to his dog, he is successful in hunting. | |||||
Italian
27
Status: main; causal marker: grazie a
| la | caccia | dell’ | uomo | è | stata | proficua | grazie | al | cane |
| def . f . sg | hunting | of. def . m . sg | man | be. prs .3 sg | be. pst . ptcp . f . sg | fruitful. f . sg | thanks | to. def . m . sg | dog |
| The hunt of the man was successful thanks to his dog. | |||||||||
27
Status: alternate; causal marker: per merito di
| la | caccia | dell’ | uomo | è | stata | proficua | per | merito | del | cane |
| def . f . sg | hunting | of. def . m . sg | man | be. prs .3 sg | be. pst . ptcp . f . sg | fruitful. f . sg | for | merit | of. def . m . sg | dog |
| The hunt of the man was successful thanks to his dog. | ||||||||||
Japanese
27
Status: main; causal marker: GEN okage-de
| Inu-no | okage-de | otoko-wa | kari-ni | seikō-sh-ita. |
| dog- gen | thanks_to- ins | man- top | hunting- dat | success- vblz - pst |
| Thanks to his dog, the man had a successful hunt. | ||||
Karelian
27
Status: main; causal marker: tahte GEN
| mužik | udačno | käve-i | ohota-le | koira-n | tähte |
| man | successfully | go- pst | hunt- all | dog- gen | because_of |
| The man successfully went hunting thanks to the dog. | |||||
27
Status: alternate; causal marker: EL
| häin | tä-s | koira-s | hüvä | om | käv‘e-nu | ohota-le |
| 3 sg | this- el | dog- el | good | be.3 sg | go- act . ptcp | hunt- all |
| He was good at hunting thanks to this dog. | ||||||
Kazakh
27
Status: main; causal marker: GEN arqasinda
| er1 | adam2 | iyt-tiŋ | arqasïnda | aŋšwlïq-qa | sät-ti | bar-ïp | kel-di |
| man1,2. nom | dog- gen | due | to | hunting- dat | luck- adj | go- cvb | come- pst .3 sg |
| The man was lucky in hunting thanks to the dog. | |||||||
Khanty (Northern)
27
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| iki | jăma | wɵntijəλ-əs | amp-əλ | păta |
| man | well | hunt- pst | dog- poss .3 sg | for |
| The man hunted successfully thanks to his dog. | ||||
Khmer
27
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| neak1 | prɒmaɲ2 | cap | sat | baːn | craən | daoj3 | saː4 | chkae | rɔbɒh kɔat svak |
| hunter1,2 | catch | animal | receive | a_lot | daoj _ sa ː3,4 | dog | poss | 3 | successful |
| The hunter caught many animals due to his prosperous dog. | |||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||
27
Status: alternate; causal marker: daoj sa
| neak1 | prɒmaɲ2 | cap | sat | baːn | craən | daoj3 | saː4 | chkae rɔbɒh kɔat |
| hunter1,2 | catch | animal | receive | a_lot | daoj _ sa ː3,4 | dog | poss | 3 |
| The hunter caught many animals due to his dog. | ||||||||
27
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh tae
| neak1 | prɒmaɲ2 | cap | sat | baːn | craən | prʊəh3 | tae4 | chkae rɔbɒh kɔat |
| hunter1,2 | catch | animal | receive | a_lot | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 3,4 | dog | poss | 3 |
| The hunter caught many animals due to his dog. | ||||||||
27
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| neak1 | prɒmaɲ2 | cap | sat | baːn | craən | prʊəh | chkae | rɔbɒh | kɔat svak |
| hunter1,2 | catch | animal | receive | a_lot | pr ƱƏ h | dog | poss | 3 | successful |
| The hunter caught many animals due to his prosperous dog. | |||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||
Khwarshi
27
Status: main; causal marker: SUPER sabalana
| žikʷa | k’wet’ | ak’-ana | ohota-ƛ’o | ʁoj-ƛ’o | sabałana |
| brace | fine | go- evd | hunting- super | dog- super | because_of |
| The man went hunting well thanks to the dog. | |||||
27
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| žikʷa | beła | b-iha-χ-χa | ʁoj-lo | kumak-ƛ’o-jža |
| man | deer | iii -die- caus - aor | dog- gen 2 | help- super - trns |
| A man killed a deer with the help of a dog. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||
Kumyk
27
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
| er1 | giši2 | oχt-ʁa | ariw | bar-d-y | it učun |
| man1,2 | hunting- dat | beautiful | go- pst -3 sg | dog | because_of |
| The man successfully went hunting because of the dog. | |||||
Latvian
27
Status: main; causal marker: GEN del
| Vīriet-im | veic-ā-s | medīb-ās | suņa | dēļ |
| man- dat . sg | be.successful. pst -3- rfl | hunt- loc . pl | dog. gen . sg | because.of |
| The man hunted successfully because of his dog. | ||||
27
Status: alternate; causal marker: pateicoties DAT
| Vīriet-im | veic-ā-s | medīb-ās | pateic-otie-s | sunim. |
| man- dat . sg | be. | successful. pst -3- rfl | hunt- loc . pl | thank- cnv - rfl dog. dat . sg |
| The man hunted successfully thanks to his dog. | ||||
Lezgian
27
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| ɣyrtʃ-ez | fe-ji | ʔitimd-in | kar-∅ | kitsʔ-iz | kilig-na | tykʔe-na |
| hunt. s - dat | go- aop | man. s - gen | bussines. s - abs | dog. s - dat | watch- aoc | work_out- aor |
| Thanks to his dog, the man who went hunting, was successful. | ||||||
Lithuanian
27
Status: main; causal marker: GEN deka
| Žmog-us | sėkmingai | pamedžioj-o | šun-s | dėka. |
| person( m )- nom . sg | successfully | hunt- pst .3 | dog( m )- gen . sg | thanks_to |
| The man hunted successfully thanks to his dog. | ||||
Moksha
27
Status: main; causal marker: inksa GEN
| al'ɛ-s' | udačnaj | jaka-s' | oxota-s | pin'ə-nc | inksə |
| man- def . sg | successful | walk- pst .3[ sg ] | hunting- ill | dog-3 sg . poss . sg . gen | because_of |
| The man went hunting successfully because of the dog. | |||||
Norwegian (Bokmål)
27
Status: main; causal marker: takket vare
| Mann-en | hadde | hell | med | jakt-a | takke-t | være | hund-en. |
| man- def . sg | have. pst | luck | with | hunting- def . sg | thank- pst . ptcp | be | dog- def . sg . |
| The man was lucky in hunting thanks to the dog. | |||||||
Polish
27
Status: main; causal marker: dzieki DAT
| Dzięki | swemu | ps-u, | polowan-ie | mu | się | uda-ł-o. |
| thanks_to | one’s. dat . sg . m | dog- dat . sg | hunt- nom . sg | (he. dat ) | refl | be_successful- pst - n . sg |
| Thanks to his dog, he had a successful hunt. | ||||||
Russian
27
Status: main; causal marker: blagodarja DAT
| Blagodarja | sobak-e | mužčin-a | otlično | pooxoti-l-sja. |
| thanks | dog( f )- dat . sg | man( m )- nom . sg | very.well | hunt( pfv )- pst - refl |
| Thanks to his dog, the man had a successful hunt. | ||||
Serbian
27
Status: main; causal marker: zahvaljujuchi DAT
| muškarc-u | je | uspe-o | lov | zahvaljujući | ps-u |
| man- dat . sg | be. prs .3 sg | succeed- pst . ptcp | hunting. nom . sg | prep | dog- dat . sg |
| The man had a successful hunt thanks to his dog. | |||||
27
Status: alternate; causal marker: zbog GEN
| muškarc-u | je | uspe-o | lov | zbog | ps-a |
| man- dat . sg | be. prs .3 sg | succeed- pst . ptcp | hunting. nom . sg | prep | dog- gen . sg |
| The man had a successful hunt thanks to his dog. | |||||
Shughni
27
Status: main; causal marker: blagodara
| Yu | čorik | udačnayā | tar | oxota | su-t | blagodar'a | wi | kud=ard. |
| dem 3. m . sg | man( m ) | successful | eq | hunt | go- pst | thanks_to | 3 sg . m . obl | dog= lat |
| Thanks to his dog, the man had a successful hunt. | ||||||||
27
Status: alternate; causal marker: az rui
| Yu | čorik | udačnayā | tar | oxota | su-t | az | rui | wi | kud. |
| dem 3. m . sg | man( m ) | successful | eq | hunt | go- pst | el | caus | 3 sg . m . obl | dog |
| Thanks to his dog, the man had a successful hunt. | |||||||||
Slovenian
27
Status: main; causal marker: zaradi GEN
| Človek | je | zaradi | svoj-ega | ps-a | ime-l | dober | lov. |
| man( m )[ nom . sg ] | aux .3 sg | because.of | one’s- m . gen . sg | dog( m )- gen . sg | have( ipfv )- lpt [ m . sg ] | good[ m . acc . sg ] | hunt( m )[ acc . sg ] |
| Thanks to his dog, the man had a successful hunt. | |||||||
27
Status: alternate; causal marker: zahvaljujoc DAT
| Človek | je | imel | zahvaljujoč | svoj-emu | ps-u | dober | lov. |
| man( m )[ nom . sg ] | aux .3 sg | have( ipfv )- lpt [ m . sg ] | thanks.to | one’s- m . dat . sg | dog( m )- dat . sg | good[ m . acc . sg ] | hunt( m )[ acc . sg ] |
| Thanks to his dog, the man had a successful hunt. | |||||||
Spanish
27
Status: main; causal marker: gracias a
| gracias | a | su | perro, | el | hombre | tuvo | una | caza | éxitos-a |
| thanks | to | poss .3 sg | dog( m ). sg | def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | have. aor .3 sg | indf . sg . f | hunting( f ). sg | successful- sg . f |
| Thanks to his dog, the man had a successful hunt. | |||||||||
Swedish
27
Status: main; causal marker: tack vare
| Jakt-en | gick | bra | tack | vare | hund-en. |
| hunting- def . n . sg | go. pst | fine | thanks | be. subj | dog- def . n . sg |
| The hunting went well thanks to the dog. | |||||
Telugu
27
Status: main; causal marker: valla
| atani | kukka | valla | atani-ki | maṁci | vēṭa | ayi-ṁdi. |
| that_man. sg . obl | dog. sg . obl | by | that_man. sg . obl - dat | good | hunt. sg | become. pst -3 sg . nm |
| Due to his dog, the man had a good hunt. | ||||||
Udmurt (South)
27
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Vorgoron | pajda-jo | vetl-i-z | pə̑jšura-ny | puny-jez | jurtt-ysa. |
| man | profit- attr | go- pst -3( sg ) | hunt- inf | dog- p .3 sg | help- cvb |
| Thanks to his dog, the man had a successful hunt. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
Ukrainian
27
Status: main; causal marker: zavdjaky DAT
| Чоловік | вдало | зходи-в | на | полюванн-я | завдяки | собац-і. |
| man( m ). nom . sg | successfully | go- pst . sg . m | on | hunt( n )- acc . sg | thanks_to | dog( f )- dat . sg |
| Thanks to his dog, the man had a successful hunt. | ||||||
Urdu
27
Status: main; causal marker: ki bedaulat
| us-ke | kutt-e | kī | bedɔlat, | ādmī | ka | šikār | acch-ā | rah-ā. |
| that. obl - adjz . m . sg . obl | dog( m )- sg . obl | adjz . f | owing_to, | man( m ). sg . obl | adjz . m . sg . dir | hunt( m ). sg . dir | good- m . sg . dir | stay. pfv - sg . m |
| Thanks to his dog, the man had a successful hunt. | ||||||||
Yupik (Siberian)
27
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| juk | pinitun | qikmi-m | muʁutə-st-aː |
| man. abs . sg | good | dog- rel . sg | go_hunting- caus - ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg |
| The dog helped the man hunt well. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||