NoCaCoDa

Adyghe

3

Status: main; causal marker: paje

ʔʷəʁʷe-m	paje	bzəλfəʁe-r	ma-pske
smoke- obl	because_of	woman- abs	dyn -cough
A woman coughs from smoke.

3

Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.

bzəλfəʁe-r	ʔʷəʁʷe-m	j-e-ʁa-pske
smoke- obl	woman- abs	3 sg . erg - dyn - caus -cough
The smoke makes the woman cough.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject.

3

Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.

bzəλfəʁe-r	zə-č̣ʼa-pske-re-r	ʔʷəʁʷe-r	arə
woman- abs	rel . io - rsn -cough- dyn - abs	smoke- abs	cop
What makes a woman cough is smoke.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event.

3

Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace

ʔʷəʁʷe-m	qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe	bzəλfəʁe-r	ma-pske
smoke- obl	csl - loc -go_out- ins	woman- abs	dyn -cough
A woman coughs from smoke.

3

Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew

ʔʷəʁʷe-m	qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew	bzəλfəʁe-r	ma-pske
smoke- obl	csl - loc -go_out- adv	woman- abs	dyn -cough
A woman coughs from smoke.

3

Status: alternate; causal marker: jalazece

ʔʷəʁʷe-m	jə-lažʼe-č̣ʼe	bzəλfəʁe-r	ma-pske
smoke- obl	poss -guilt- ins	woman- abs	dyn -cough
A woman coughs from smoke.

3

Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce

ʔʷəʁʷe-m	feṣ̂(-č̣ʼe)	bzəλfəʁe-r	ma-pske
smoke- obl	for(- ins )	woman- abs	dyn -cough
A woman coughs from smoke.

3

Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece

ʔʷəʁʷe-m	jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe	bzəλfəʁe-r	ma-pske.
smoke- obl	poss -evil- ins	woman- abs	dyn -cough
A woman coughs from smoke.

3

Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce

ʔʷəʁʷe-m	jə-zerar-č̣ʼe	bzəλfəʁe-r	ma-pske.
smoke- obl	poss -harm- ins	woman- abs	dyn -cough
A woman coughs from smoke.

Albanian

3

Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM

Grua-ja	po	kollit-et	nga	tym-i.
woman- nom . sg . def . f	prog	cough. prs . inact .3 sg	from	smoke- nom . sg . def . m
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

3

Status: alternate; causal marker: per shkak te GEN

Grua-ja	po	kollite-t	për	shkak	të	tym-it.
woman- nom . sg . def . f	prog	cough- prs . inact .3 sg	for	reason. acc . sg . indf . m	art	smoke- gen . sg . def . m
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

Arabic

3

Status: main; causal marker: min GEN

t-asʕul-u	l-marʔat-u	mina	d-duχaan-i
3 s . f -cough. prs . ipfv -3 s . f	def -woman-( f ). s - nom	from	def -smoke( m ). s - gen
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

3

Status: alternate; causal marker: bi sababi GEN

t-asʕul-u	l-marʔat-u	bi=sabab-i	d-duχaan-i
3 s . f -cough. prs . ipfv -3 s . f	def -woman( f ). s - nom	with=reason( m ). s - gen	def -smoke( m ). s - gen
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

Armenian (Eastern)

3

Status: main; causal marker: ABL

Cx-ic‘	kin-ə	haz-um=ē.
smoke- abl	woman- def	cough- ptcp _ prs =be. prs .3 sg
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic

3

Status: main; causal marker: but

báxta	+bəššál=əla	ka	but	tə́nna
woman( f )	cough. prog =3 f	to	about	smoke( m )
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

Basque

3

Status: main; causal marker: MOT

Emakume-a	ke-a-gatik	ari	da	eztul-ka.
woman- sg [ abs ]	smoke- sg - mot	prog	aux . prs . abs 3 sg	cough- adv
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

3

Status: alternate; causal marker: GEN ondorioz

Emakume-a	ke-a-ren	ondorio-z	ari	da	eztul-ka.
woman- sg [ abs ]	smoke- sg - gen	result- ins	prog	aux . prs . abs 3 sg	cough- adv
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

Belarusian

3

Status: main; causal marker: ad GEN

žančyn-a	kašlja-e	ad	dym-u
woman- nom . sg	cough- prs .3 sg	prep	smoke- gen . sg
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

Catalan

3

Status: main; causal marker: a causa de

La	don-a	estosseg-a	a	caus-a	del	fum.
def . sg . f	woman( f )- sg	cough- prs .3 sg	to	cause( f )- sg	from. def . sg . m	smoke( m ). sg
The woman coughs because of the smoke.

Chinese (Mandarin)

3

Status: main; causal marker: yinwei er

zhège	nǚrén	yīnwèi	yānwù	ér	késou
this	woman	because	smoke	and	cough
The woman is coughing from the smoke.

Chuvash (Maloe Karachkino)

3

Status: main; causal marker: ABL

xërarəm	tëdëm-ren	ëzër-et
woman	smoke- abl	cough- npst [3 sg ]
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

English

3

Status: main; causal marker: because of

The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

Erzya

3

Status: main; causal marker: ABL

ava-sʲ	koz-ɨ	kačamo-do
woman- nom . def	cough- prs .3 sg	smoke- abl
The woman coughs from the smoke.

Filipino

3

Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa

Na-u~úbo	ang=babáe	dáhil	sa	úsok.
pv - ipfv ~cough	nom =woman	because	obl	smoke
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

French

3

Status: main; causal marker: a cause de

La	femme	touss-e	à	cause	de	la	fumée.
def . f	woman( f )	cough- prs .3 sg	to	cause	of	def . f	smoke( f )
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

German

3

Status: main; causal marker: wegen GEN

Die	Frau	hust-et	wegen	des	Rauch-s.
def . nom	woman( f )[ sg . nom ]	cough- prs .3 sg	because_of	def . gen	smoke( m )- sg . gen
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

3

Status: alternate; causal marker: wegen DAT

Die	Frau	hust-et	wegen	dem	Rauch.
def . nom	woman( f )[ sg . nom ]	cough- prs .3 sg	because_of	def . dat	smoke( m )[ sg . dat ]
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

Guro

3

Status: main; causal marker: lee

lɩ	zàn	à	kɔɔ̀lú	bhʋ-nâ	cɛ́	gòí	léè
woman	resp	cop	cough	knock- prog	hot	smoke	at
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

Indonesian (Standard)

3

Status: main; causal marker: karena

wanita	itu	batuk	karena	asap
woman	that	cough	because	smoke
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

Italian

3

Status: main; causal marker: per

la	donna	tossisce	per	il	fumo
def . f . sg	woman	caugh. prs .3 sg	for	def . m . sg	smoke
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

3

Status: alternate; causal marker: a causa di

la	donna	tossisce	a	causa	del	fumo
def . f . sg	woman	caugh. prs .3 sg	to	cause	of. def . m . sg	smoke
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

Japanese

3

Status: main; causal marker: GEN sei-de

Josei-wa	kemuri-no	sei-de	seki-o	sh-ite-i-ru.
woman- top	smoke- gen	fault- ins	coughing- acc	do- cvb - incm - prs
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

3

Status: alternate; causal marker: INS

Josei-wa	kemuri-de	sekikon-de-i-ru.
woman- top	smoke- ins	cough- cvb - incm - prs
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

Karelian

3

Status: main; causal marker: EL

akk	r‘ügü-b	savu-s
woman	cough-3 sg	smoke- el
The wifeis coughing because of the smoke.

3

Status: alternate; causal marker: perad GEN

in’ehmu	r’ügü-b	tabako-n	savu-n	perad
woman	cough-3 sg	табак- gen	smoke- gen	because_of
The wifeis coughing because of the tobacco smoke.

3

Status: alternate; causal marker: tahte GEN

in‘ehmu	r‘ügi-b	savu-n	tähte
woman	cough-3 sg	smoke- gen	because_of
The wifeis coughing because of the smoke.

Kazakh

3

Status: main; causal marker: GEN kesirinen

bir	äyel	tüt-i-niŋ	kesir-i-nen	žöter-il-ip	žatïr
one	woman. nom	smoke- poss 3- abl	cause- poss 3- abl	cough- pass - cvb	lie. prs 2.3 sg
The woman coughs because of the smoke.

Khanty (Northern)

3

Status: main; causal marker: ewelt

imi	pɵseŋ	ewəλt	χɵλλˊ-əλ
woman	smoke	from	cough- npst
The woman is coughing from the smoke.

3

Status: alternate; causal marker: pata

imi	pɵseŋ	păta	χɵλλˊ-əλ
woman	smoke	for	cough- npst
The woman is coughing from the smoke.

Khmer

3

Status: main; causal marker: n.a.

niəŋ	srɒk	tɯk1	phnɛ:k2	daoj3	saː4	phsaeŋ	coul	knoŋ	phnɛ:k rɔbɒh niəŋ
young_girl	drip	tear1,2	daoj _ sa ː3,4	smoke	enter	in	eye	poss	girl
She was crying because the smoke made her eyes tear.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase.

3

Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.

niəŋ	srɒk	tɯk1	phnɛ:k2	prʊəh3	tae4	phsaeŋ	coul	knoŋ	phnɛ:k rɔbɒh niəŋ
young_girl	drip	tear1,2	pr ƱƏ h _ tae 3,4	smoke	enter	in	eye	poss	girl
She was crying because the smoke made her eyes tear.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase.

3

Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.

niəŋ	srɒk	tɯk1	phnɛ:k2	maok3	pi:4	phsaeŋ	coul	knoŋ	phnɛ:k rɔbɒh niəŋ
young_girl	drip	tear1,2	maok _ pi ː3,4	smoke	enter	in	eye	poss	girl
She was crying because the smoke made her eyes tear.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase.

3

Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.

niəŋ	srɒk	tɯk1	phnɛ:k2	daoj3	saː4 miən phsaeŋ
young_girl	drip	tear1,2	daoj _ sa ː3.4	have	smoke
She was crying because there was smoke.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase.

3

Status: alternate; causal marker: daoj sa

niəŋ	srɒk	tɯk1	phnɛ:k2	daoj3 saː4 phsaeŋ
young_girl	drip	tear1,2	daoj _ sa ː3,4	smoke
She was crying because of the smoke.

Khwarshi

3

Status: main; causal marker: POSS ABL

ʁini	iʁiƛƛaχ-χo	papruz-lo	gujt’o-qo-žo
woman	cough- prs	cigarette- gen 2	smoke. o - poss - abl
A woman coughs from cigarette smoke.

Kumyk

3

Status: main; causal marker: abl

qʼatyn	tjutjun-nen	χaχ	edi
woman	smoke- abl	cough	be. pst .3 sg
The woman coughs from the smoke.

3

Status: alternate; causal marker: sebepli

qʼatyn	tjutjun	sebepli	χaχ	edi
woman	smoke	for_the_reason_of	cough	be. pst .3 sg
The woman coughs from the smoke.

Latvian

3

Status: main; causal marker: no GEN

Sieviet-e	klepo	no	dūm-iem
woman- nom . sg	cough. prs .3	from	smoke- dat . pl
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

3

Status: alternate; causal marker: GEN del

Sieviet-e	klepo	dūm-u	dēļ.
woman- nom . sg	cough. prs .3	smoke- gen . pl	because.of
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

Lezgian

3

Status: main; causal marker: n.a.

gum-∅	galuqʔ-aj	diʃehli-di	yhy-∅	ja-zawa
smoke. s - abs	get_into- aop	woman. s - erg	cough. s - abs	beat- impf
The woman, who felt the smoke, is coughing.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase.

Lithuanian

3

Status: main; causal marker: nuo GEN

Moter-is	kost-i	nuo	dūm-ų.
woman( f )- nom . sg	cough- prs .3	from	smoke( m )- gen . pl
The woman is coughing from the smoke.

Moksha

3

Status: main; causal marker: ezda GEN

ava-s'	koz-i	kačam-t'	ezdə
woman- def . sg	cough- npst .3[ sg ]	smoke- def . sg . gen	in. abl
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

3

Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.

kačam-s'	koz-ft-əz'ə	ava-t'
smoke- def . sg . nom	cough- caus - pst .3 sg . o .3 sg . s	woman- def . sg . gen
The smoke made the woman cough.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject.

3

Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.

koz-ft-əz'ə	ava-t'	kačam-s'
cough- caus - pst .3 sg . o .3 sg . s	woman- def . sg . gen	smoke- def . sg . nom
The smoke made the woman cough.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject.

Norwegian (Bokmål)

3

Status: main; causal marker: pa grunn av

Kvinn-en	hoste-r	på	grunn	av	røyk-en.
woman- def . sg	cough- prs	on	soil	from	smoke- def . sg
The woman coughs because of the smoke.

Polish

3

Status: main; causal marker: z powodu GEN

Kobiet-a	kaszle	z	powod-u	dym-u.
woman- nom . sg	cough. prs .3 sg	from2	reason- gen . sg	smoke- gen . sg
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

Russian

3

Status: main; causal marker: iz-za GEN

Ženščin-a	kašlja-et	iz-za	dym-a.
woman( f )- nom . sg	cough( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	out.of-behind	smoke( m )- gen . sg
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

3

Status: alternate; causal marker: ot GEN

Ženščin-a	kašlja-et	ot	dym-a.
woman( f )- nom . sg	cough( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	from	smoke( m )- gen . sg
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

Serbian

3

Status: main; causal marker: od GEN

žen-a	kašlj-e	od	dim-a
woman- nom . sg	cough- prs .3 sg	prep	smoke- gen . sg
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

3

Status: alternate; causal marker: zbog GEN

žen-a	kašlj-e	zbog	dim-a
woman- nom . sg	cough- prs .3 sg	prep	smoke- gen . sg
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

Shughni

3

Status: main; causal marker: az

Yā	ɣ̌inik	az	dasti	δud	kêx-t.
dem 3. f . sg	woman( f )	el	caus	smoke	cough- pst
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

Slovenian

3

Status: main; causal marker: zaradi GEN

Žensk-a	je	kiha-l-a	zaradi	dim-a.
woman( f )- nom . sg	aux .3 sg	cough( ipfv )- lpt - f . sg	because.of	smoke( m )- gen . sg
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

Spanish

3

Status: main; causal marker: por

la	mujer	está	tos-iendo	por	el	humo
def . sg . f	woman( f ). sg	be. prs .3 sg	cough- ger	because_of	def . sg . m	smoke( m ). sg
The woman coughes because of the smoke.

Swedish

3

Status: main; causal marker: n.a.

Rök-en	fick	kvinna-n	att	hosta.
smoke- def . c . sg	get. pst	woman- def . c . sg	that	cough. inf
The smoke made the woman cough.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject.

3

Status: alternate; causal marker: pa grund av

Kvinna-n	hosta-r	på	grund	av	rök-en.
woman- def . c . sg	cough- prs	on	ground	of	smoke- def . c . sg
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

Telugu

3

Status: main; causal marker: valla

āviḍa	poga	valla	daggu-tuṁdi.
that_woman. sg	smoke. sg . obl	by	cough- prs .3 sg . nm
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

Udmurt (South)

3

Status: main; causal marker: ABL

Kyšnomurt	kyz-e	čyn-leś.
woman	cough- prs .3 sg	smoke- abl
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

Ukrainian

3

Status: main; causal marker: vid GEN

Жінк-а	кахика-є	від	дим-у.
woman( f )- nom . sg	cough- prs .3 sg	from	smoke( m )- gen . sg
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

Urdu

3

Status: main; causal marker: ki vajah se

ɔrat	dhu-eṁ	kī	vajah	se	khāṁs	rah-ī	hɛ.
woman( f ). sg . dir	smoke( m )- sg . obl	adjz . f	reason( f ). sg . obl	from	cough	dur - f	prs .3 sg
The woman is coughing because of the smoke.

Yupik (Siberian)

3

Status: main; causal marker: INS

aʁnaq	qiːw-aq-u-q	puju-məŋ
woman. abs . sg	cough- prs - ind . intr -3 sg	smoke- ins . sg
The woman coughs from the smoke.

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