Sentence no. 30 ⮭
English: The people died
Type: ontological
Adyghe
30
Status: main; causal marker: apq qjacew
| č̣əgʷə.səsənəʁe-m | ə-pq | q-jə-č̣ʼ-ew | c̣əf-xe-r | xe-ḳʷeda-ʁe-x |
| earthquake- obl | 3 sg . pr -flesh | csl - loc -go_out- adv | human- pl - abs | loc -disappear- pst - pl |
| People died due to the earthquake. | ||||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| č̣əgʷə.səsənəʁe-m | c̣əf-xe-r | ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁe-x |
| earthquake- obl | human- pl - abs | 3 sg . erg -kill- pst - pl |
| The earthquake killed people. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| c̣əf-xe-r | zə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁe-r | č̣əgʷə.səsənəʁe-r | arə |
| human- pl - abs | rel . erg -kill- pst - abs | earthquake- abs | cop |
| What killed people was the earthquake. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | |||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| č̣əgʷə.səsənəʁe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | c̣əf-xe-r | xe-ḳʷeda-ʁe-x |
| earthquake- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | human- pl - abs | loc -disappear- pst - pl |
| People died due to the earthquake. | |||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: jalazece
| č̣əgʷə.səsənəʁe-m | jə-lažʼe-č̣ʼe | c̣əf-xe-r | xe-ḳʷeda-ʁe-x |
| earthquake- obl | poss -benefit- ins | human- pl - abs | loc -disappear- pst - pl |
| People died due to the earthquake. | |||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| č̣əgʷə.səsənəʁe-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | c̣əf-xe-r | xe-ḳʷeda-ʁe-x |
| earthquake- obl | poss -evil- ins | human- pl - abs | loc -disappear- pst - pl |
| People died due to the earthquake. | |||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| č̣əgʷə.səsənəʁe-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | c̣əf-xe-r | xe-ḳʷeda-ʁe-x |
| earthquake- obl | poss -harm- ins | human- pl - abs | loc -disappear- pst - pl |
| People died due to the earthquake. | |||
Albanian
30
Status: main; causal marker: per shkak te GEN
| Njerëz-it | vdiq-ën | për | shkak | të | tërmet-it. |
| human- nom . pl . def . m | die- aor .3 pl | for | reason. acc . sgindf . m | art | earthquake- gen . sg . def . m |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | |||||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: nga NOM
| Njerëz-it | vdiq-ën | nga | tërmet-i. |
| human- nom . pl . def . m | die- aor .3 pl | from | earthquake- nom . sg . def . m |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | |||
Arabic
30
Status: main; causal marker: bi sababi GEN
| maat-a | n-naas-u | bi=sabab-i | l-hazzat-i | l-ʔardʕijj-at-i |
| die. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man. pl . m - nom | with=reason( m ). s - gen | def -shaking( f ). s - gen | def -terrestrial- s . f - gen |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | ||||
Armenian (Eastern)
30
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Mardik | mahac‘-an | erkrašarž-ic‘. |
| person: pl | die- aor .3 pl | earthquake- abl |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | ||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: GEN patcarov
| Mardik | mahac‘-an | erkrašarž-i | patčaŕ-ov. |
| person: pl | die- aor .3 pl | earthquake- gen | cause- ins |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | |||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
30
Status: main; causal marker: but
| +álma | mə́t-lun | ka | but +rodána | |
| people( m ) | die. pst - ls .3 pl | to | about | earthquake( m ) |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | ||||
Basque
30
Status: main; causal marker: GEN ondorioz
| Jende-a | lurrikara-ren | ondorio-z | hil | zen. |
| people- sg [ abs ] | earthquake[ sg ]- gen | result- ins | die[ pfv ] | aux . pst . abs 3 sg |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | ||||
Belarusian
30
Status: main; causal marker: z-za GEN
| ljudz-i | zaginu-l-i | z-za | zemljatras-u |
| person\ pl - nom . pl | die- pst - pl | prep | earthquake- gen . sg |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | |||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: praz ACC
| ljudz-i | zaginu-l-i | praz | zemljatras |
| person\ pl - nom . pl | die- pst - pl | prep | earthquake[ acc . sg ] |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | |||
Catalan
30
Status: main; causal marker: a causa de
| La | gent | ha | mor-t | a | caus-a | del | terratrèmol. |
| def . sg . f | people( f ). sg | have. prs .3 sg | die- ptcp . sg . m | to | cause( f )- sg | from. art . def . sg . m | earthquake( m ). sg |
| People died because of the earthquake. | |||||||
Chinese (Mandarin)
30
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| zhèxiē | rén | yīnwéi | dìzhèn | bèi | qiǎ | zài | kuàngkēng | lǐmiàn, | yīnwéi | wúfǎ | jíshí | yuánjiù, | zuìhòu | tāmén | doū | sǐ-le |
| these | people | because | earthquake | pass | block | in | pit | inside | because | unable | timely | save | finally | they | all | die- pfv |
| Since people were blocked in the mine because of the earthquake and they were not saved on time, they all died. | ||||||||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||||||||||
Chuvash (Maloe Karachkino)
30
Status: main; causal marker: pergi
| ɕɨn-zam | vil-ze | zemletresene | bergi |
| human- pl | die- cv _ sim | earthquake | post |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | |||
English
30
Status: main; causal marker: because of
| The people died because of the earthquake. |
| The people died because of the earthquake. |
Erzya
30
Status: main; causal marker: kuvalma GEN
| loman-tne | čavo-v-stʲ | moda-stʲ | sorno-vto-mo-nʲ | kuvalma |
| human- pl . def | kill- pass - pst .3 pl | earth- gen . def | shake- caus - nmlz - gen | out |
| People died because of the earthquake. | ||||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: kise GEN
| loma-tne | čavo-v-stʲ | zemletresenija-stʲ | kisè |
| human- pl . def | kill- pass - pst .3 pl | earthquake- gen . def | because_of |
| People died because of the earthquake. | |||
Filipino
30
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Na-matáy | ang=mga=táo | dáhil | sa | lindól. |
| pfv . mod . ev -die | nom = pl =person | because | obl | earthquake |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | ||||
French
30
Status: main; causal marker: a cause de
| Des | homme-s | sont | mort-s | à | cause | d’ | un | tremblement | de | terre. |
| indef . pl | man( m )- pl | be. prs .3 pl | die. ptcp . prf - pl | to | cause | of | indef . m | tremor( m ) | of | earth( f ) |
| People died because of the earthquake. | ||||||||||
German
30
Status: main; causal marker: durch ACC
| Die | Mensch-en | starb-en | durch | das | Erdbeben. |
| def . nom | human( m )[ pl . nom ] | die. pst -3 pl | through | def . acc | earthquake( n )[ sg . acc ] |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | |||||
Guro
30
Status: main; causal marker: pa ji nya
| munû | gǎ | tɛ́lɛ́mânyɔ̀ɔ̀nɛ | páì | nya |
| man | pl | die\ pfv | earthquake | track.inside with |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | ||||
Indonesian (Standard)
30
Status: main; causal marker: karena
| orang-orang | meninggal | karena | gempa bumi |
| people | die | because | earthquake |
| The people died because of the earthquaqe. | |||
Italian
30
Status: main; causal marker: a causa di
| le | persone | sono | morte | a | causa | del | terremoto |
| def . f . pl | person. pl | be. prs .3 pl | die. pst . ptcp . f . pl | to | cause | of. def . m . sg | earthquake |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | |||||||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: per
| le | persone | sono | morte | per | il | terremoto |
| def . f . pl | person. pl | be. prs .3 pl | die. pst . ptcp . f . pl | for | def . m . sg | earthquake |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | ||||||
Japanese
30
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| Hitobito-wa | jishin-de | shibō-sh-ita. |
| people- top | earthquake- ins | death- vblz - pst |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | ||
Karelian
30
Status: main; causal marker: tahte GEN
| rahvas | kuul‘-t-he | mua-n | träsin-dan | tähte |
| people | die-3 pl . pst -3 pl | ground- gen | shaking- gen . pl | because_of |
| People died because of the earthquake. | ||||
Kazakh
30
Status: main; causal marker: GEN kesirinen
| adam-dar | žer | silk-in-is-niŋ | kesirinen | qay-ïp | bol-dï |
| person. nom - pl | ground | shake- refl - poss .3- acc | because_of | die- cvb | be- pst .3 sg |
| People died because of the earthquake. | |||||
Khanty (Northern)
30
Status: main; causal marker: ewelt
| mir | tʉt | ewəλt | surm-a | ji-s-ət |
| people | fire | from | death- dat | become- pst -3 pl |
| People died because of the fire. | ||||
Khmer
30
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| puək | neak1 | ne:sa:t2 | trəj3 | slap | daoj4 saː5 tɯk6 cʊmnʊən7 khlaŋ |
| pl | fisherman1,2,3 | die | daoj _ sa ː4,5 | flooding6,7 | strong |
| Fishermen died because of a flooding. | |||||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh tae
| puək | neak1 | ne:sa:t2 | trəj3 | slap | prʊəh4 tae5 tɯk6 cʊmnʊən7 khlaŋ |
| pl | fisherman1,2,3 | die | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 4,5 | flooding6,7 | strong |
| Fishermen died because of a flooding. | |||||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| puək | neak1 | ne:sa:t2 | trəj3 | slap | maok4 | piː5 miən tɯk6 cʊmnʊən7 khlaŋ |
| pl | fisherman1,2,3 | die | maok _ pi ː4,5 | have | flooding6,7 | strong |
| Fishermen died because of a flooding. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
Khwarshi
30
Status: main; causal marker: POSS TRNS
| hadan | b-iš-ša | muk’o | k’ora-nu-qo-jža |
| human | hpl -die- aor | earth | collapse- msd - poss - trns |
| People died because of the earthquake. | |||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| hadan | b-iš-ša | muk’o-n | k’or-ana |
| human | hpl -die- aor | earth- add | collapse- cnv |
| People died because the earth collapsed. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: SUPER ATR
| hadan | b-ih-na | dunijal | žužula-nu-ƛ’o-sa |
| human | hpl -die- evd | world | move- msd - super - atr |
| People died because of the earthquake. | |||
Kumyk
30
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
| adam-lar | terbeniw | učun | 'ol-d-ju |
| man- pl | earthquake | because_of | die- pst -3 sg |
| People died because of the earthquake. | |||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: abl
| adam-lar | terbeniw-den | 'ol-d-ju |
| man- pl | earthquake- abl | die- pst -3 sg |
| People died because of the earthquake. | ||
Latvian
30
Status: main; causal marker: GEN del
| Cilvēk-i | gāj-a | boj-ā | zemestrīc-es | dēļ. |
| man- nom . pl | go. pst -3 | death- loc . sg | earthquake- nge . sg | because.of |
| People died because of the earthquake. | ||||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: LOC
| Cilvēk-i | gāj-a | boj-ā | zemestrīc-ē. |
| man- nom . pl | go. pst -3 | death- loc . sg | earthquake- loc . sg |
| People died in the earthquake. | |||
Lezgian
30
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| zarzala-∅ | xu-n-iz | kilig-na | ʔinsan-ar-∅ | telef | xa-na |
| earthquake. s - abs | become- msd - dat | see- aoc | man- pl - abs | destroyed | become- aor |
| People died because there was an earthquake. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | |||||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: SBDIR
| zarzalad-ikdi | ʔinsan-ar-∅ | telef | xa-na |
| earthquake. s - sbdir | man- pl - abs | destroyed | become- aor |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | |||
Lithuanian
30
Status: main; causal marker: del GEN
| Žmon-ės | žuv-o | dėl | žem-ės | drebėjim-o. |
| person( m )- nom . pl | perish- pst .3 | because_of | earth( f )- gen . sg | quake( m )- gen . sg |
| People died because of the earthquake. | ||||
Moksha
30
Status: main; causal marker: inksa GEN
| lomat'-t'n'ə | kulə-s'-t' | moda-t' | šer̥'k-əma-nc | inksə |
| human- def . pl | die- pst .3- pl | earth- def . sg . gen | shake- nzr -3 sg . poss . sg . gen | because_of |
| People died because of the earthquake. | ||||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: CSL
| lomat'-t'n'ə | kulə-s'-t' | moda-t' | žer'k-əma-nsə |
| human- def . pl | die- pst .3- pl | earth- def . sg . gen | shake- nzr - csl |
| People died because of the earthquake. | |||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| moda-n' | žer̥'k-əma-s' | kulə-ft-əz'n'ə | loma-t'n'ə-n' |
| earth- gen | shake- nzr - def . sg | die- caus - pst .3 pl . o .3 sg . s | human- def . pl - gen |
| The earthquake led to people’s deaths. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||
Norwegian (Bokmål)
30
Status: main; causal marker: pa grunn av
| Mennesk-ene | døde | på | grunn | av | jordskjelv-et. |
| human- def . pl | die. pst | on | soil | from | earthquake- def . sg |
| People died because of the earthquake. | |||||
Polish
30
Status: main; causal marker: w wyniku GEN
| Ludz-ie | zginę-l-i | w | wynik-u | trzęsien-ia | ziem-i. |
| people- nom . pl | perish- pst - vir . pl | in | result- loc . sg | shaking- gen . sg | earth- gen . sg |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | |||||
Russian
30
Status: main; causal marker: iz-za GEN
| Ljud-i | pogib-l-i | iz-za | zemletrjasenij-a. |
| people- nom . pl | perish( pfv )- pst - pl | out.of-behind | earthquake( n )- gen . sg |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | |||
| Note: Other translations have been offered, too. They all failed to meet the inclusion criteria. | |||
Serbian
30
Status: main; causal marker: zbog GEN
| ljud-i | su | poginu-l-i | zbog | zemljotres-a |
| people- nom . pl | be. prs .3 pl | die- pst . ptcp - m . pl | prep | earthquake- gen . sg |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | ||||
Shughni
30
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
| Odam-en=en | az | rui | zamīnǰumb | mū-d. |
| man- pl =3 pl | el | caus | earthquake | die- pst |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | ||||
Slovenian
30
Status: main; causal marker: zaradi GEN
| Ljud-je | so | zaradi | potres-a | umr-l-i. |
| people- nom . pl | aux .3 pl | because.of | earthquake( m )- gen . sg | die( pfv )- lpt - m . pl |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | ||||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: med INS
| Ljud-je | so | med | potres-om | umr-l-i. |
| people- nom . pl | aux .3 pl | between | earthquake( m )- ins . sg | die( pfv )- lpt - m . pl |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | ||||
Spanish
30
Status: main; causal marker: a causa de
| la | gente | mur-ió | a | causa | del | terremoto |
| def . sg . f | people( f ). sg | die- aor .3 sg | to | cause | of. def . sg . m | earthquake( m ). sg |
| People died because of the earthquake. | ||||||
Swedish
30
Status: main; causal marker: pa grund av
| Människ-or-na | omkom | på | grund | av | jordbävning-en. |
| human- pl - def . n . pl | die. pst | on | ground | of | earthquake- def . c . sg |
| People died because of the earthquake. | |||||
Telugu
30
Status: main; causal marker: valla
| jana-lu | bhūkaṁpaṁ | valla | canipōy-āru. |
| people- pl | earthquake. sg . obl | by | pass_away. pst -3 pl . epic |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | |||
30
Status: alternate; causal marker: karanamga
| jana-lu | bhūkaṁpaṁ | kāraṇaṁgā | canipōy-āru. |
| people- pl | earthquake. sg | because_of | pass_away. pst -3 pl . epic |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | |||
Udmurt (South)
30
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Ad́ami-os | kul-i-z-y | muzjem | zurka-n-leś. |
| person- pl | die- pst -3- pl | ground | tremble- vn - abl |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | |||
Ukrainian
30
Status: main; causal marker: cerez ACC
| Люд-и | загину-л-и | через | землетрус. |
| man( m )- nom . pl | perish- pst - pl | through | earthquake( m ). acc . sg |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | |||
Urdu
30
Status: main; causal marker: ki vajah se
| log | zalzal-e | kī | vajah | se | jān | bahak1 | ho2 gay-e. |
| people. pl . dir | earthquake( m )- sg . obl | adjz . f | reason( f ). sg . obl | from | life( f ). sg . dir | miss1,2 | go. pfv - pl . m |
| The people died because of the earthquake. | |||||||
Yupik (Siberian)
30
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| juɣə-t | tuqu-laʁat-u-t, | nunaː-m | uŋələxta-ɬχa-nəŋ |
| human- abs . pl | die-?- ind . intr -3 pl | village- rel . sg | tremble- nmlz - ins . pl |
| People died because of the earthquake. | |||