Sentence no. 31 ⮭
English: All misfortunes happen
Type: ontological
Adyghe
31
Status: main; causal marker: jalazece
| thaməč̣ʼaʁʷ-ew | šʼə-ʔe-r | c̣əfə-m | jə-lažʼe-č̣ʼe | me-χʷə |
| misfortune- adv | loc -be- abs | human- obl | poss -guilt- ins | dyn -happen |
| All troubles happen because of people. | ||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| thaməč̣ʼaʁʷ-ew | šʼə-ʔe-r | c̣əfə-m | jə-lažʼ. |
| misfortune- adv | loc -be- abs | human- obl | poss -guilt |
| Misfortunes, such as they are, are the fault of man. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| thaməč̣ʼaʁʷ-ew | šʼə-ʔe-r | c̣əfə-m | feṣ̂-č̣ʼe | me-χʷə |
| misfortune- adv | loc -be- abs | human- obl | for- ins | dyn -happen |
| All troubles happen because of people. | ||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| thaməč̣ʼaʁʷ-ew | šʼə-ʔe-r | c̣əfə-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | me-χʷə |
| misfortune- adv | loc -be- abs | human- obl | poss -evil- ins | dyn -happen |
| All troubles happen because of people. | ||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| thaməč̣ʼaʁʷ-ew | šʼə-ʔe-r | c̣əfə-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | me-χʷə |
| misfortune- adv | loc -be- abs | human- obl | poss -harm- ins | dyn -happen |
| All troubles happen because of people. | ||||
Albanian
31
Status: main; causal marker: per shkak te GEN
| Të | gjith-a | fatkeqësi-të | ndodh-in | për | shkak | të | njerëz-ve. |
| art | all- nom . pl . f | misfortune- nom . pl . def . f | happen- prs .3 pl | for | reason. acc . sg . indf . m | art | human- gen . pl . m |
| All misfortunes happen because of humans. | |||||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Të | gjith-a | fatkeqësi-të | shkakto-hen | nga | njerëz-it |
| art | all- nom . pl . m | misfortune- nom . pl . def . f | cause- prs . inact .3 pl | from | human- nom . pl . def . m |
| All misfortunes are caused by humans. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causative meaning is expressed in the predicate. | |||||
Arabic
31
Status: main; causal marker: bi sababi GEN
| kull-u | l-masʕaaʔib-i | t-aħduθ-u | bi=sabab-i | l-ʔinsaan-i |
| all- nom | def -problem. pl - gen | 3 s . f -happen. prs . ipfv -3 s . f | with=reason( m ). s - gen | def -man( m ). s - gen |
| All problems happen because of people. | ||||
Armenian (Eastern)
31
Status: main; causal marker: GEN patcarov
| Bolor | džbaxtut‘yun-ner-ə | katarv-um=en | mardkanc‘ | patčaŕ-ov. |
| all | misfortune- pl - def | carry_out: med - ptcp _ prs =be. prs .3 pl | person: pl . gen | cause- ins |
| All misfortunes happen because of humans. | ||||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
31
Status: main; causal marker: but
| cúllə | pís | məndí | váy=əna | ka | but | náša |
| all | bad | thing( m ) | be. prog =3 pl | to | about | man( m ) |
| All bad things happen because of man. | ||||||
Basque
31
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Ezbehar | guzti-ak | gizaki-en | ondorio | dira. |
| misfortune | all- pl . abs | human[ pl ]- gen | result | aux . prs . abs 3 pl |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adnominal dependent in the main clause. | ||||
Belarusian
31
Status: main; causal marker: z-za GEN
| us-e | bed-y | adbyvaj-ucca | z-za | ljudz-ej |
| all- nom . pl | trouble- nom . pl | happen- prs .3 sg | prep | person\ pl - gen . pl |
| All trounles happen because of man. | ||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: praz ACC
| us-e | bed-y | adbyvaj-ucca | praz | ljudz-ej |
| all- nom . pl | trouble- nom . pl | happen- prs .3 sg | prep | person\ pl - acc . pl |
| All bad things happen because of man. | ||||
Catalan
31
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Tot-es | les | desgràci-es | succeeixen | per | l' | acció | human-a. |
| all- pl . f | def . pl . f | misfortune( f )- pl | happen. prs .3 pl | for | def . sg . f | action( f ). sg | human- sg . f |
| All misfortunes happen because of human actions. | |||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence | |||||||
Chinese (Mandarin)
31
Status: main; causal marker: jieyin er
| suǒyǒu-de | bùxìng | jiēyīn | rén | ér | qǐ |
| all- adjm | misfortune | because | people | and | happen |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | |||||
Chuvash (Maloe Karachkino)
31
Status: main; causal marker: pergi
| mënbor | xojgə | ɕɨn-zam | bergi | pol-at |
| all | trouble | human- pl | post | be- npst [3 sg ] |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | ||||
English
31
Status: main; causal marker: because of
| All misfortunes happen because of humans/people. |
| All misfortunes happen because of humans/people. |
Erzya
31
Status: main; causal marker: ejste GEN
| vese | zɨjan-tnè | loman-tne-nʲ | èjstè |
| all | tragedy- pl . def | human- pl . def - gen | from |
| All troubles are caused by people. | |||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: kise GEN
| vese | beda-tne | tee-v-itʲ | loma-tne-nʲ | kisè |
| all | trouble- pl . def | do- pass - prs .3 pl | human- pl . def - gen | because_of |
| All troubles are caused by people. | ||||
Filipino
31
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Ang=lahát=ng | kamalásan | ay | dáhil | sa | táo. |
| nom =all= gen | misfortune | top | because | obl | person |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | |||||
French
31
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| L’ | homme | est | coupable | de | tous | les | maux. |
| def . m | man( m ) | be. prs .3 sg | guilty. m | of | all. pl | def . pl | wrong( m ). pl |
| Man is guilty of all the miseries. | |||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||||||
German
31
Status: main; causal marker: wegen GEN
| Alles | Unglück | geschieht | wegen | der | Mensch-en. |
| all | misfortune( n )[ sg . nom ] | happen. prs .3 sg | because_of | def . gen | human( m )[ pl . gen ] |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | |||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: durch ACC
| Alles | Unglück | geschieht | durch | die | Menschen. |
| all | misfortune( n )[ sg . nom ] | happen. prs .3 sg | through | def . acc | human( m )[ pl . acc ] |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | |||||
Guro
31
Status: main; causal marker: pai
| mi | páì | lè | wɩ́ | nyanɛ́ | fáá | nya |
| man | track.inside | pcop | affair | bad | all | with |
| It is because of man all the bad things happened. | ||||||
Indonesian (Standard)
31
Status: main; causal marker: karena
| semua | kerusakan | terjadi | karena | manusia |
| all | damage | happen | because | human |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | ||||
Italian
31
Status: main; causal marker: per colpa di
| tutte | le | disgrazie | avvengono | per | colpa | dell’ | uomo. |
| all. f . pl | def . f . pl | disgrace. pl | happen.3 pl | for | fault | of. def . m . sg | man |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | |||||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: a causa di
| tutte | le | disgrazie | avvengono | a | causa | dell’ | uomo. |
| all. f . pl | def . f . pl | disgrace. pl | happen.3 pl | to | cause | of. def . m . sg | man |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | |||||||
Japanese
31
Status: main; causal marker: DAT yotte
| Subete-no | fukō-wa | ningen-ni | yotte | okor-u. |
| all- gen | misfortune- top | human- dat | due | happen- prs |
| All misfortunes happen because of humans/people. | ||||
Karelian
31
Status: main; causal marker: tahte GEN
| kaik | b‘eda-d | mäno-ba | rahva-n | tähte |
| all | trouble- pl | go-3 pl . prs | people- gen | because_of |
| All troubles are caused by people. | ||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: perad GEN
| kaik | gorä | tulo-ba | rahvaha-n | perad |
| all | grief | come-3 pl . prs | people- gen | because_of |
| All grief comes from people. | ||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: EL2
| kaik | paha | dilo-d | om | naroda-s-piä |
| all | bad | business- part | be.3 sg | folk- el -out |
| All bad things are because of people. | ||||
Kazakh
31
Status: main; causal marker: GEN kesirinen
| qïyïn-šïq-tar | adam-dar-dïŋ | kesirinen | bol-ïp | žatïr |
| difficult- nmlz - pl | person- pl - gen | because_of | be- cvb | lie. prs 2.3 sg |
| All the difficulties are due to people. | ||||
Khanty (Northern)
31
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| isa | šөk-λ-an | pit-ti | ji-λ-ət | mir | păta |
| uq | misery- pl - poss .2 sg | happen- inf | become- npst -3 pl | people | for |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | |||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: ewelt
| isa | šөk-λ-an | pit-ti | ji-λ-ət | mir | ewəλt |
| uq | misery- pl - poss .2 sg | happen- inf | become- npst -3 pl | people | from |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | |||||
Khmer
31
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| ɁaːkaːsəɁthiət | knoŋ | piɁphɔp1 | lọk2 | kan3 | tae4 | kdaw | khlaŋ | daoj5 | saː6 | sakammaphiəp rɔbɒh mɔnuh jɤːŋ |
| weather | in | world1,2 | more_and_more3,4 | hot | strong | daoj _ sa ː5,6 | activity | poss | person | 1 pl |
| The climate is getting hotter because of the human activities. | ||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||||||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| ɁaːkaːsəɁthiət | knoŋ | piɁphɔp1 | lọk2 | kan3 | tae4 | kdaw | khlaŋ | prʊəh5 | tae6 | sakammaphiəp rɔbɒh mɔnuh jɤːŋ |
| weather | in | world1,2 | more_and_more3,4 | hot | strong | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 5,6 | activity | poss | person | 1 pl |
| The climate is getting hotter because of the human activities. | ||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||||||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| ɁaːkaːsəɁthiət | knoŋ | piɁphɔp1 | lọk2 | kan3 | tae4 | kdaw | khlaŋ | prʊəh | sakammaphiəp | rɔbɒh mɔnuh jɤːŋ |
| weather | in | world1,2 | more_and_more3,4 | hot | strong | pr ƱƏ h | activity | poss | person | 1 pl |
| The climate is getting hotter because of the human activities. | ||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||||||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| ɁaːkaːsəɁthiət | knoŋ | piɁphɔp1 | lọk2 | kan3 | tae4 | kdaw | khlaŋ | maok5 | piː6 | sakammaphiəp rɔbɒh mɔnuh jɤːŋ |
| weather | in | world1,2 | more_and_more3,4 | hot | strong | maok _ pi ː5,6 | activity | poss | person | 1 pl |
| The climate is getting hotter because of the human activities. | ||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||||||||
Khwarshi
31
Status: main; causal marker: SUPER sabalana
| gojła | qʷahaƛa | l-e:qʷa | hadam | sabałana |
| all | sorrow | iv -appear\ gnt | human | because_of |
| All misfortunes happen because of humans. | ||||
Kumyk
31
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
| bary | qʼyjynlyqʼ-lar | adam | učun | bol-a |
| all | difficulty- pl | human1,2 | because_of | become- npst .3 sg |
| All troubles are caused by people. | ||||
Latvian
31
Status: main; causal marker: GEN del
| Vis-as | nelaim-es | notiek | cilvēk-a | dēļ. |
| all- nom . pl . f | misfortune- nom . pl | happen. prs .3 | man- gen . sg | because.of |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | ||||
Lezgian
31
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| wiri | bedbaχtwil-er-∅ | ʔinsan-r-iz | kilig-na | ʔaradal | qwe-zwa |
| all | trouble- pl - abs | man- pl - dat | watch- aoc | place. s | come- impf |
| All misfortunes happen because of humans. | |||||
Lithuanian
31
Status: main; causal marker: del GEN
| Vis-os | bėd-os | atsitink-a | dėl | žmog-aus. |
| all- m . nom . pl | trouble( f )- nom . pl | happen- prs .3 | because_of | person( m )- gen . sg |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | ||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: per ACC
| Vis-os | bėd-os | atsitink-a | per | žmog-ų. |
| all- f . nom . pl | trouble( f )- nom . pl | happen- prs .3 | through | person( m )- acc . sg |
| All misfortunes happen due to people. | ||||
Moksha
31
Status: main; causal marker: ezda GEN
| s'embə | beda-t'n'ə | lomat'-n'ə-n' | ezdə |
| all | trouble- def . pl | human- def . pl - gen | in. abl |
| All troubles happen because of humans. | |||
Norwegian (Bokmål)
31
Status: main; causal marker: pa grunn av
| Alt | vond-t | skje-r | på | grunn | av | mennesk-er. |
| all. sg . n | bad- indf . n | take_place- prs | on | soil | from | human- indf . pl |
| All misfortunes are due to people. | ||||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Alt | vond-t | skyldes | mennesker. |
| all. sg . n | bad- indf . n | appear. prs | human- indf . pl |
| All misfortunes are caused by people. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||
Polish
31
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Wszystk-ie | nieszczęśc-ia | powodują | ludz-ie. |
| all- acc . pl | misfortune- acc . pl | cause. prs .3 pl | people- nom . pl |
| People are responsible for all the misfortunes. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: z powodu GEN
| Wszystk-ie | nieszczęść-ia | wydarzają | się | z | powod-u | ludz-i |
| all- nom . pl | misfornute- nom . pl | occur. prs .3 pl | refl | from2 | reason- gen . sg | people- gen . pl |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | ||||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: za przyczyna GEN
| Wszystk-ie | nieszczęść-ia | wydarzają | się | za | przyczyn-ą | ludz-i. |
| all- nom . pl | misfornute- nom . pl | occur. prs .3 pl | refl | for | reason- ins . sg | people- gen . pl |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | ||||||
Russian
31
Status: main; causal marker: iz-za GEN
| Vse | nesčastʹj-a | slučaj-ut-sja | iz-za | ljud-ej. |
| all. nom . pl | misfortune( n )- nom . pl | happen( ipfv )- prs .3 pl - refl | out.of-behind | people- gen . pl |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | ||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: po vine GEN
| Vse | nesčastʹj-a | slučaj-ut-sja | po | vin-e | ljud-ej. |
| all. nom . pl | misfortune( n )- nom . pl | happen( ipfv )- prs .3 pl - refl | by | guilt( f )- dat . sg | people- gen . pl |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | |||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: ot GEN
| Vse | bed-y | ot | ljud-ej. |
| all. nom . pl | distress( f )- nom . pl | from | people- gen . pl |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | |||
| Note: Verbless construction (zero copula). | |||
Serbian
31
Status: main; causal marker: zbog GEN
| sv-e | se | nevolj-e | događa-ju | zbog | čovek-a. |
| all- nom . f . pl | refl | trouble- nom . pl | happen- prs .3 pl | prep | man- gen . sg |
| All misfortunes happen because of humans/people. | |||||
Shughni
31
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
| Fuk | bad | kor-i=en | az | rui | odam | s-en. |
| all | bad | work-3 sg =3 pl | el | caus | man | go- npst .3 pl . sh |
| All distresses happen because of man. | ||||||
Slovenian
31
Status: main; causal marker: zaradi GEN
| Vs-e | nesreč-e | se | zgodijo | zaradi | ljud-i. |
| all- f . nom . pl | misfortune( f )- nom . pl | refl | happen( ipfv ). prs .3 pl | because.of | people- gen . pl |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | |||||
Spanish
31
Status: main; causal marker: por culpa de
| todas | las | desgracia-s | ocurr-en | por | culpa | de | los | humano-s |
| all- pl . f | def . pl . f | misfortune( f )- pl | happen- prs .3 pl | by | fault | of | def . sg . m | human- sg . m |
| All misfortunes happen because of humans. | ||||||||
Swedish
31
Status: main; causal marker: av
| All-t | elände | komm-er | av | människa-n. |
| all- def . n . sg | trouble | happen- prs | of | human- def . n . sg |
| All misfortunes happen because of humans. | ||||
Telugu
31
Status: main; causal marker: valla
| anni | duradr̥ṣṭa-lu | manuṣu-la | vall=ē | jarugu-t-āyi. |
| all. n | disaster- pl | man- pl . obl | by= emph | happen- fut / hab -3 pl . n |
| All misfortunes only happen because of humans. | ||||
Udmurt (South)
31
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Vań | kuradǯ́-on-jos | pot-o | ad́ami-leś. |
| whole | trouble- vn - pl | come_out- prs .3 pl | person- abl |
| All distresses happen because of man. | |||
Ukrainian
31
Status: main; causal marker: cerez ACC
| Ус-і | негаразд-и | трапля-ють-ся | через | люд-ей. |
| whole- nom . pl | misfortune( m )- nom . pl | happen- prs .3 pl - refl | through | man( m )- acc . pl |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | ||||
Urdu
31
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| sār-ī | badqismatiy-oṁ | kī | vajah | log | ho-t-e | hɛṁ. |
| whole- f | misfortune( f )- pl . obl | adjz . f | reason( f ). sg . dir | people. pl . dir | be- ipfv - pl . m | prs .3 pl |
| The reason of all misfortunes are people. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||||||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: ki vajah se
| sār-ī | badqismatiy-aṁ | log-oṁ | kī | vajah | se | ho-t-ī | hɛṁ. |
| whole- f | misfortune( f )- pl | people- pl . obl | adjz . f | reason( f ). sg . obl | from | be- ipfv - f | prs .3 pl |
| All misfortunes happen because of people. | |||||||
Yupik (Siberian)
31
Status: main; causal marker: REL
| qamaxɬuni | pininʁilŋuq | juɣə-t | aɬxəχ-t-aq-a-t |
| all | bad. abs . sg | human- rel . pl | appear- tr - prs - ind . tr -3 pl .3 sg |
| All bad things happen because of people. | |||
31
Status: alternate; causal marker: antalananan REL
| qamaxɬuni | pininʁilŋuq | aɬxəʁ-aq-u-q | juɣə-m | apaɬa-nəŋ |
| all | bad. abs . sg | appear- prs - ind . intr -3 sg | human- rel . sg | cause- ins . pl |
| All bad things happen because of people. | ||||