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Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

Sentence no. 38  ⮭

English: In wartime, people ate grass [hunger].

Type: ontological



Adyghe

38

Status: main; causal marker: paje

zewe–λeχanə-m c̣əf-me ʁable-m paje wəc a-šxə-šʼtə-ʁ
war-time- obl human- obl . pl famine- obl because_of grass 3 pl . erg -eat- aux - pst
During the war, people ate grass out of hunger.

38

Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace

zewe–λeχanə-m c̣əf-me ʁable-m qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe wəc a-šxə-šʼtə-ʁ
war-time- obl human- obl . pl famine- obl csl - loc -go_out- ins grass 3 pl . erg -eat- aux - pst
During the war, people ate grass out of hunger.

38

Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew

zewe–λeχanə-m c̣əf-me ʁable-m qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew wəc a-šxə-šʼtə-ʁ
war-time- obl human- obl . pl famine- obl csl - loc -go_out- adv grass 3 pl . erg -eat- aux - pst
During the war, people ate grass out of hunger.

38

Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce

zewe–λeχanə-m c̣əf-me ʁable-m feṣ̂(-č̣ʼe) wəc a-šxə-šʼtə-ʁ
war-time- obl human- obl . pl famine- obl for(- ins ) grass 3 pl . erg -eat- aux - pst
During the war, people ate grass out of hunger.

38

Status: alternate; causal marker: apq qjacew

zewe–λeχanə-m ʁable-m ə-pq q-jə-č̣ʼ-ew c̣əf-me wəc a-šxə-šʼtə-ʁ
war-time- obl famine- obl 3 sg . pr -flesh csl - loc -go_out- adv human- obl . pl grass 3 pl . erg -eat- aux - pst
During the war, people ate grass out of hunger.

Albanian

38

Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM

Në kohë luft-e, njerëz-it ha-nin bar nga uri-a.
in time. acc . sg . indf . f war- abl . sg . indf . f human- nom . pl . def . m eat- impv .3 pl grass. acc . sg . indf . m from hunger- nom . sg . def . f
In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger.

Arabic

38

Status: main; causal marker: min GEN

ʔaθnaaʔa l-harb-i n-naas-u mina l-dʒuuʕ-i ʔakal-uu l-ħaʃiiʃ-a
during def -war( f ). s - gen def -man( m ). pl - nom from def -hunger( m )- gen eat. pst . pfv -3 pl . m def -grass( m ). s - acc
In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger.

38

Status: alternate; causal marker: bi sababi GEN

fii waqt-i l-ħarb-i ʔakal-a n-naas-u l-ħaʃiiʃ-a bi=sabab-i l-dʒuuʕ-i
in time( m ). s - gen def -war( f ). s - gen eat. pst . pfv -3 pl . m def -man( m ). pl - nom def -grass( m ). s - acc with=reason( m ). s - gen def -hunger( m ). s - gen
In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger.

Armenian (Eastern)

38

Status: main; causal marker: ABL

Paterazm-i žamanak mardik sov-ic‘ xot=ēin ut-um.
war- gen during person: pl hunger- abl grass=be. ipf .3 pl eat- ptcp _ prs
In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger.

38

Status: alternate; causal marker: GEN patcarov

Paterazm-i žamanak mardik sov-i patčaŕ-ov xot=ēin ut-um.
war- gen during person: pl hunger- gen cause- ins grass=be. ipf .3 pl eat- ptcp _ prs
In wartime, people ate grass because of hunger.

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic

38

Status: main; causal marker: man

+dán=ət +dávi +álma mən cə́pna c-+axə́l-va yə́kna
time( f )= rel war( f ) people( m ) from hunger( m ) hab -eat. prs . ss .3 m - retr grass( m )
In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger.

Basque

38

Status: main; causal marker: INS

Guda garai-a-n, jende-a-k gose-z belarr-a ja-n zuen.
war[ sg . abs ] time- sg - in people- sg - erg hunger- ins grass- sg [ abs ] eat- pfv aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg
In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger.

Belarusian

38

Status: main; causal marker: z GEN

podčas vajn-y ljudz-i z golad-u e-l-i trav-u
during war- gen . sg man- nom . pl prep hunger- gen . sg eat- pst - pl grass- acc . sg
In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger.

Catalan

38

Status: main; causal marker: de

A la guerr-a la gent menj-ava herb-a de tant-a gan-a que teni-a.
to def . sg . f war( f )- sg def . sg . f people( f ). sg eat- ipfv .3 sg grass( f )- sg from so_much- sg . f hunger( f )- sg that have- ipfv .3 sg
During the war, people ate grass because of so much hunger that they had.

Chinese (Mandarin)

38

Status: main; causal marker: yin er

zhèzhànzhēng niándài, rénmén yīn jīhuāng ér chīcǎo
this_war years people because famine and eat_grass
During the war, people ate grass out of hunger.

Chuvash (Maloe Karachkino)

38

Status: main; causal marker: pergi

vərʑə vəgət-ën-ʥe ɕɨn-zam vɨʑə bergi korək ɕi-ze
war time- p _3- loc human- pl hunger post grass eat- cv _ sim
In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger.

English

38

Status: main; causal marker: out of

In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger.
In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger.

38

Status: alternate; causal marker: due to

In wartime, people ate grass due to hunger.
In wartime, people ate grass due to hunger.

Erzya

38

Status: main; causal marker: n.a.

vojna ie-tne-stè loma-tne vačo-sto jarca-stʲ tikše-de
war year- pl . def - el human- pl . def hungry- el eat- pst .3 pl grass- abl
During the war, people ate grass out of hunger.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as an adverb, not a nominal phrase

Filipino

38

Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa

Noó-ng digmáan, k<um>áin=ng damó ang=mga=táo dáhil sa gútom.
dist . gen - lk war < av . pfv >eat= gen grass nom = pl =person because obl hunger
In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger.

French

38

Status: main; causal marker: n.a.

Pendant la guerre, les gens mang-eaient l’ herbe parce qu’ ils av-aient faim.
during def . f war( f ) def . pl person- pl eat- impf .3 pl def . f grass( f ) because comp 3 pl have- impf .3 pl hunger( f )
During the war, people ate grass because they were hungry.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase.

German

38

Status: main; causal marker: aus DAT

Im Krieg aß-en Mensch-en aus Hunger Gras.
in. dat war( m )[ sg . dat ] eat- pst .3 pl human( m )- pl . nom from hunger( m )[ sg . dat ] grass( n )[ sg . acc ]
In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger.

Guro

38

Status: main; causal marker: wii

guli-dan bhelèí và, munû é lu bhele lɔlɔ́ wíǐ
war-sell time at man pl ipfv herb eat- ipfv hunger because
In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger.

Indonesian (Standard)

38

Status: main; causal marker: karena

ketika waktu perang, orang-orang makan rumput karena kelaparan
when time war people eat grass because hunger
In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger.

Italian

38

Status: main; causal marker: n.a.

durante la guerra le persone mangiavano l’ erba per non morire di fame
during def . f . sg war def . f . pl person. pl eat. ipf .3 pl def . f . sg grass for neg die. inf of hunger
In wartime, people ate grass not to die out of hunger.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase.

Japanese

38

Status: main; causal marker: ABL

Sensō-chū hitobito-wa kūfuku-kara kusa-o tabe-te-i-ta.
war-during people- top hunger- abl grass- acc eat- cvb - incm - pst
In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger.

38

Status: alternate; causal marker: INS

Sensō-chū hitobito-wa ue-de zassō-o tabe-te-i-ta.
war-during people- top hunger- ins weed- acc eat- cvb - incm - pst
In wartime, people ate weed due to hunger.

Karelian

38

Status: main; causal marker: tahte GEN

voina-n aigal rahva-d näl‘ge-n tähte süi-d‘i-he hein’a-d
war- gen time- ad people- pl hunger- gen because_of eat-3 pl . pst -3 pl grass- part
During the war, people ate grass because of hunger.

Kazakh

38

Status: main; causal marker: GEN kesirinen

soɣïz kez-i-nde adam-dar aš-tïq-tïŋ kesirinen šöp že-gen
war. nom period- poss .3- loc person- pl hungry- nmlz - gen because_of grass. acc eat- perf
In wartime, people ate grass because they were hungry.

Khanty (Northern)

38

Status: main; causal marker: n.a.

λaλˊ pura-jən mir λɛλi wɵλ-man turn-a pit-s-ət
war time- loc people hungry live- cvb grass- dat become- pst -3 pl
During the war, people ate grass out of hunger.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase.

Khmer

38

Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa

nɤw pẹːl miən sɒŋkriəm prɒciəcʊn houp smaw daoj1 saː2 phiəp ˀɒt khliən
in time have war people eat grass daoj _ sa 1,2 nmlz neg hungry
During the war people ate grass out of hunger.

38

Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh

nɤw pẹːl miən sɒŋkriəm prɒciəcʊn houp smaw prʊəh phiəp ˀɒt khliən
in time have war people eat grass pr ƱƏ h nmlz neg hungry
During the war people ate grass out of hunger.

38

Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh tae

nɤw pẹːl miən sɒŋkriəm prɒciəcʊn houp smaw prʊəh1 tae2 phiəp ˀɒt khliən
in time have war people eat grass pr ƱƏ h _ tae 1,2 nmlz neg hungry
During the war people ate grass out of hunger.

38

Status: alternate; causal marker: maok pi

nɤw pẹːl miən sɒŋkriəm prɒciəcʊn houp smaw maok1 piː2 phiəp ˀɒt khliən
in time have war people eat grass maok _ pi ː1,2 nmlz neg hungry
During the war people ate grass out of hunger.

Khwarshi

38

Status: main; causal marker: n.a.

adʁul zamana-ł χadam-i mikʷa-nu-qo-žo baχ l-ac’-o l-ejča
earlier time- cont people- erg starve- msd - poss - abl grass iv -eat- prs iv -be\ aor
Previously, people were starving and eating grass because of this.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase.

Kumyk

38

Status: main; causal marker: abl

daw zaman-na adam-lar ačlyqʼ-dan ot aša-j et-d-i
war time- gen man- pl famine- abl grass eat- npst .3 sg be. pst .3 sg
During the war, people ate grass out of hunger.

38

Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun

daw zaman-na adam-lar ačlyqʼ učun ot aša-j et-d-i
war time- gen man- pl famine because_of grass eat- npst .3 sg be. pst .3 sg
During the war, people ate grass because of hunger.

Latvian

38

Status: main; causal marker: no GEN

Kar-a laik-ā cilvēk-i no bad-a ēda zāl-i.
war- nom . sg time- loc . sg man- nom . pl from hunger- gen . sg eat. pst -3 grass- acc . sg
During the war, people ate grass out of hunger.

Lezgian

38

Status: main; causal marker: INEL

djawe-din waχt-ar-a giʃinwil-aj ʔinsan-r-i weqʔ-er-∅ ne-zwaj
war. s - gen time- pl hunger- inel man- pl - erg grass- pl - abs eat- pstimpf
In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger.

Lithuanian

38

Status: main; causal marker: is GEN

Kar-o metu žmon-ės iš bad-o valg-ė žol-ę.
war( m )- gen . sg during person( m )- nom . pl out_of starvation( m )- gen . sg eat- pst .3 grass( f )- acc . sg
During the war, people ate grass out of hunger.

Moksha

38

Status: main; causal marker: inksa GEN

vojna ping-stə lomat'-n'ə vačəši-t' inksə jarca-s'-t' juv-də
war time- el human- def . pl famine- def . sg . gen in. abl eat- pst .3- pl chaff- abl
During the war, people ate grass out of hunger.

38

Status: alternate; causal marker: ezda GEN

vojna ping-stə lomat'-n'ə vačəši-t' ezdə jarca-s'-t' juv-də
war time- el human- def . pl famine- def . sg . gen because_of eat- pst .3- pl chaff- abl
During the war, people ate grass out of hunger.

Norwegian (Bokmål)

38

Status: main; causal marker: n.a.

Under krig-en spis-te folk gras, så sultn-e var de.
under war- def . sg eat- pst people grass so hungry- pl be. pst they
In wartime, people ate grass because they were hungry.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase.

Polish

38

Status: main; causal marker: z GEN

W czas-ie wojn-y ludz-ie z głod-u jed-l-i traw-ę.
in time- loc . sg war- gen . sg people- nom . pl from2 hunger- gen . sg eat- pst - vir . pl grass- acc . sg
In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger.

Russian

38

Status: main; causal marker: ot GEN

Ljud-i e-l-i trav-u vo vremja vojn-y ot golod-a.
people- nom . pl eat( ipfv )- pst - pl grass( f )- acc . sg in time( n )[ acc . sg ] war( f )- gen . sg from hunger( m )- gen . sg
In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger.

38

Status: alternate; causal marker: iz-za GEN

Ljud-i e-l-i trav-u vo vremja vojn-y iz-za golod-a.
people- nom . pl eat( ipfv )- pst - pl grass( f )- acc . sg in time( n )[ acc . sg ] war( f )- gen . sg out.of-behind hunger( m )- gen . sg
In wartime, people ate grass because of the hunger.

38

Status: alternate; causal marker: s GEN

Vo vremja vojn-y ljud-i s golod-a e-l-i trav-u.
in time( n )[ acc . sg ] war( f )- gen . sg people- nom . pl from.top.of hunger( m )- gen . sg eat( ipfv )- pst - pl grass( f )- acc . sg
In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger.

Serbian

38

Status: main; causal marker: od GEN

tokom rat-a ljud-i su od glad-i je-l-i trav-u
prep (during) war- gen . sg people- nom . pl be. prs .3 pl prep hunger- gen . sg eat- pst . ptcp - m . pl grass- acc . sg
In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger.

38

Status: alternate; causal marker: zbog GEN

tokom rat-a ljud-i su zbog glad-i je-l-i trav-u
prep (during) war- gen . sg people- nom . pl be. prs .3 pl prep hunger- gen . sg eat- pst . ptcp - m . pl grass- acc . sg
In wartime, people ate grass due to hunger.

Shughni

38

Status: main; causal marker: az

Waxti δêd-and odam-en=en az maɣ̌ӡůnǰ-i wox̌ xū-d.
while war- loc man- pl =3 pl el hunger- izf grass eat- pst
In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger.

Slovenian

38

Status: main; causal marker: zaradi GEN

Ljud-je so v vojn-i jed-l-i trav-o zaradi lakot-e.
people- nom . pl aux .3 pl in war( f )- loc . sg eat( ipfv )- lpt - m . pl grass( f )- acc . sg because.of hunger( f )- gen . sg
In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger.

Spanish

38

Status: main; causal marker: por

en tiempo-s de guerra, la gente com-ía hierba por hambre
in time( m )- pl of war( f )- sg def . sg . f people( f ). sg eat- ipfv .3 sg grass( f )- sg because_of hunger( f )- sg
During the war, people ate grass because of hunger.

Swedish

38

Status: main; causal marker: n.a.

Under krig-et var människ-or så hungrig-a att de åt gräs.
during war- def . n . sg be. pst human- pl so hungry- pl that they eat. pst grass
In wartime, people were so hungry they ate grass.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase.

38

Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.

Under krig-et åt människ-or gräs för att de var så hungrig-a.
during war- def . n . sg eat. pst human- pl grass for that they be. pst hungry- pl
In wartime, people ate grass because they were hungry .
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase.

Telugu

38

Status: main; causal marker: to

yuddhaṁ samayaṁ-lō manuṣu-lu ākali tō gaḍḍi tinn-āru.
war. sg time. sg . obl - loc man- pl hunger. sg . obl with grass. sg eat. pst -3 pl . epic
In the time of war, people ate grass out of hunger.

Udmurt (South)

38

Status: main; causal marker: ABL

Vojna dyr-ja ad́ami-os śi-i-z-y turyn-kwar śutem ul-em-leś.
war time- adv person- pl eat- pst -3- pl plant hungry live- nmz - abl
In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger.

Ukrainian

38

Status: main; causal marker: z GEN

Під час війн-и з голод-у люд-и ї-л-и трав-у.
under time( m ). acc . sg war( f )- gen . sg out_of hunger( m )- gen . sg man( m )- nom . pl eat- pst - pl grass( f )- acc . sg
In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger.

Urdu

38

Status: main; causal marker: se

jang kī sūrat-e-hāl meṁ log-oṁ ne bhūkh se ghās khay-ī.
war( f ). sg . obl adjz . f state( f ). sg . obl in people- pl . obl ta hunger( m ). sg . obl from grass( f ). sg . dir eat. pfv - sg . f
In wartime, people ate grass out of hunger.

Yupik (Siberian)

38

Status: main; causal marker: REL

piɬuɣa-mi juɣə-t iɣata-m nəʁ-umaː-t vəɣaʁ-məŋ
war- loc . sg human- pl . rel starve- rel . sg eat- pst + ind . tr -3 sg .1 sg grass- ins . sg
During the war, people ate grass from hunger.