Sentence no. 4 ⮭
English: We can’t see the shore
Type: ontological
Adyghe
4
Status: main; causal marker: paje
| ṣ̂ʷənč̣ʼə-m | paje | nepqə-r | t-λeʁʷə-r-ep |
| dark- obl | because_of | shore- abs | 1 pl . erg -see- dyn - neg |
| We can't see the shore because of the darkness. | |||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| ṣ̂ʷənč̣ʼə-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | nepqə-r | t-λeʁʷə-r-ep |
| dark- obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | shore- abs | 1 pl . erg -see- dyn - neg |
| We can't see the shore because of the darkness. | |||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| ṣ̂ʷənč̣ʼə-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | nepqə-r | t-λeʁʷə-r-ep |
| dark- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | shore- abs | 1 pl . erg -see- dyn - neg |
| We can't see the shore because of the darkness. | |||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: jalazece
| ṣ̂ʷənč̣ʼə-m | jə-lažʼe-č̣ʼe | nepqə-r | t-λeʁʷə-r-ep |
| dark- obl | poss -guilt- ins | shore- abs | 1 pl . erg -see- dyn - neg |
| We can't see the shore because of the darkness. | |||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: jaswakece
| ṣ̂ʷənč̣ʼə-m | jə-ṣ̂ʷaʁe-č̣ʼe | nepqə-r | t-λeʁʷə-r-ep |
| dark- obl | poss -benefit- ins | shore- abs | 1 pl . erg -see- dyn - neg |
| It's so dark that we can't see the shore. | |||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| zere-ṣ̂ʷənč̣ʼə-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | nepqə-r | t-λeʁʷə-r-ep |
| rel . fct -dark | poss -evil- ins | shore- abs | 1 pl . erg -see- dyn - neg |
| We can't see the shore because of the darkness. | |||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| zere-ṣ̂ʷənč̣ʼə-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | nepqə-r | t-λeʁʷə-r-ep |
| rel . fct -dark | poss -harm- ins | shore- abs | 1 pl . erg -see- dyn - neg |
| We can't see the shore because of the darkness. | |||
Albanian
4
Status: main; causal marker: per shkak te GEN
| Nuk | mund | ta | shoh-im | breg-un | për | shkak | të | errësir-ës. |
| neg | can. prs .3 sg | sbjv . acc .3 sg | see. prs .1 pl | shore- acc . sg . def . m | for | reason. acc . sg . indf . m | art | darkness- gen . sg . def . f |
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. | ||||||||
Arabic
4
Status: main; causal marker: bi sababi GEN
| laa | n-ar-aa | ʃ-ʃaatʕiʔ-a | bi=sabab-i | ðʕ-ðʕalaam-i |
| neg | 1 pl -see. prs . ipfv -1 pl | def -bank( m ). s - acc | with=reason( m )- gen | def -darkness( m ). s - gen |
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. | ||||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: li GEN
| laa | n-ar-aa | ʃ-ʃaatʕiʔ-a | li=sawaad-i | l-lajl-i |
| neg | 1 pl -see. prs . ipfv -1 pl | def -bank( m ). s - acc | because=darkness( m ). s - gen | def -night( m ). s - gen |
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. | ||||
Armenian (Eastern)
4
Status: main; causal marker: GEN patcarov
| Mt‘ut‘yan | patčaŕ-ov | ap‘-ə | č‘-enk‘ | tesn-um. |
| darkness. gen | cause- ins | shore- def | neg -be. prs .1 pl | see- ptcp _ prs |
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. | ||||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
4
Status: main; causal marker: but
| áxnan | léx | bəxzáy-u | bə́rza | ka | but | háda | xə́šca |
| we | neg .1 pl | see. prog - p .3 m | dry_land( m ) | to | about | thus | darkness( m ) |
| We can’t see the dry land because of the darkness. | |||||||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: risat
| áxnan | léx | bəxzáyy-u | bə́rza | ríš=ət | xə́šca |
| we | neg .1 pl | see. prog - p .3 m | dry_land( m ) | head= rel | darkness( m ) |
| We can’t see the dry land because of the darkness. | |||||
Basque
4
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Iluntasun-a | de-la | eta | ezin | dugu | kostalde-a | ikus-i. |
| darkness- sg [ abs ] | aux . prs . abs 3 sg - compl | and | impossibility | aux . prs . abs 3 sg . erg 1 pl | shore- sg [ abs ] | see- pfv |
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
Belarusian
4
Status: main; causal marker: z-za GEN
| my | ne | bač-ym | berag-a | z-za | cemr-y |
| we. nom | neg | see-1 pl | bank- gen . sg | prep | darkness- gen . sg |
| We can’t see the bank because of the darkness. | |||||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: praz ACC
| my | ne | bač-ym | berag-a | praz | cemr-u |
| we. nom | neg | see-1 pl | bank- gen . sg | prep | darkness- acc . sg |
| We can’t see the bank because of the darkness. | |||||
Catalan
4
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| La | foscor | no | ens | deix-a | veure | la | cost-a. |
| def . sg . f | darkness( f ). sg | neg | 1 pl . do | leave- prs .3 sg | see. inf | def . sg . f | coast( f )- sg |
| The darkness doesn't let us see the coast. | |||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||||||
Chinese (Mandarin)
4
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| yīnwèi | tài | hēi | wǒmen | kàn | bu | jiàn | ànbiān |
| because | too_much | dark | we | see | not_able | see | shore |
| We cannot see the shore because it is too dark. | |||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||
Chuvash (Maloe Karachkino)
4
Status: main; causal marker: pergi
| per | tëtëm | bergi | ɕɨran | kor-ma-pər |
| we | darkness | post | shore | see- neg -1 pl |
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. | ||||
English
4
Status: main; causal marker: because of
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. |
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. |
Erzya
4
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| minʲ | a | ne-sɨnek | vedʲ-čire-ntʲ | čopoda pelʲks-tè |
| we | not | see- npst .1 pl .3 sg | water-shore- gen . def | darkness- abl |
| We can't see the shore because of the darkness. | ||||
Filipino
4
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Di=nátin | ma-kíta | ang=dalampasígan, | kasí | madilím. |
| neg =1 pl . incl | pv . neut . mod -see | nom =shore | because | dark |
| We cannot see the shore because it is dark. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
French
4
Status: main; causal marker: a cause de
| On | ne | voit | pas | la | rive | à | cause | de | la | brume. |
| one | neg | see. prs .3 sg | neg 2 | def . f | shore( f ) | to | cause | of | def . f | fog( f ) |
| The shore isn’t visible because of the fog. | ||||||||||
German
4
Status: main; causal marker: wegen GEN
| Wir | könn-en | die | Küste | wegen | der | Dunkelheit | nicht | sehen. |
| we | can- prs .1 pl | def . acc | shore( f )[ sg . acc ] | because_of | def . gen | darkness( f )[ sg . gen ] | not | see. inf |
| We cant see the shore because of the darkness. | ||||||||
Guro
4
Status: main; causal marker: lee
| wò | ká | yí | bha | jì | yè | fɛ | nâ | gùnù | lèè | lo |
| 3 pl | neg | water | bank | inside | see. ipfv \ ipfv . neg | thing | at | darkness | at | neg |
| We can’t see the bank because of the darkness. | ||||||||||
Indonesian (Standard)
4
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| kita | tidak | bisa | melihat | pantai | karena | gelap |
| we | neg | can | see | shore | because | dark |
| We can’t see the shore because it is dark. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
Italian
4
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| non | vediamo | la | riva | perché | c’ | è | buio |
| neg | see. prs .1 pl | def . f . sg | shore | because | loc . pron | be. prs .3 sg | darkness |
| We can’t see the shore because it is dark. | |||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: per
| non | vediamo | la | riva | per | il | buio |
| neg | see. prs .1 pl | def . f . sg | shore | for | def . m . sg | darkness |
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. | ||||||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: a causa di
| non | vediamo | la | riva | a | causa | del | buio |
| neg | see. prs .1 pl | def . f . sg | shore | to | cause | of. def . m . sg | darkness |
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. | |||||||
Japanese
4
Status: main; causal marker: GEN sei-de
| Kurayami-no | sei-de | kishi-ga | mie-na-i. |
| darkness- gen | fault- ins | shore- nom | be_visible- neg - prs |
| Because of the darkness the shore isn’t visible. | |||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: GEN tame-ni
| Kurayami-no | tame-ni | kishi-ga | mie-na-i. |
| darkness- gen | cause- dat | shore- nom | be_visible- neg - prs |
| Due to the darkness the shore isn't visible. | |||
Karelian
4
Status: main; causal marker: tahte GEN
| myö | e-m | nägü-da | randa-d | pimeda-n | tähte |
| 1 pl | neg -1 pl | appear- inf | shore- part | darkness- gen | because_of |
| We can't see the shore because of the darkness. | |||||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: EL
| pimeda-s | hüü | e-i | näge-ta-ze | toine | rand |
| darkness- el | 3 pl | neg -3 | see-3 pl . prs -3 pl | other | shore |
| In the dark, they can't see the other side. | |||||
Kazakh
4
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| biz | sw | boy-ï-n | qara-nɣï-lïq-tan | kör-me-y | tur-mïz |
| we | water. nom | coast- poss 3- acc | black- adj - nmlz - abl | see- neg - cvb | stand. prs 2-1 pl |
| We can't see the shore because of the darkness. | |||||
Khanty (Northern)
4
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| patλam | păta | juχan | kiməλ | ăn | kă-λ |
| darkness | for | river | coast | neg | be_visible- npst |
| We cannot see the shore because of the darkness. | |||||
Khmer
4
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| jɤːŋ | mɤːl | mɯn | khɤːɲ | mɔat | tɔnle: | daoj1 | saː2 | coh Ɂap |
| 1 pl | look | neg | see | bank | river | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | get_down | fog |
| We cannot see the river bank because the fog has settled. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| jɤːŋ | mɤːl | mɯn | khɤːɲ | mɔat | tɔnle: | prʊəh1 | tae2 | coh Ɂap |
| 1 pl | look | neg | see | bank | river | pr ƱƏ h _ tae 1,2 | get_down | fog |
| We cannot see the river bank because the fog has settled. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| jɤːŋ | mɤːl | mɯn | khɤːɲ | mɔat | tɔnle: | maok1 | pi:2 | coh Ɂap |
| 1 pl | look | neg | see | bank | river | maok _ pi ː1,2 | get_down | fog |
| We cannot see the river bank because the fog has settled. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: daoj sa
| jɤːŋ | mɤːl | mɯn | khɤːɲ | mɔat | tɔnle: | daoj1 | saː2 Ɂap |
| 1 pl | look | neg | see | bank | river | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | fog |
| We cannot see the river bank because of the fog. | |||||||
Khwarshi
4
Status: main; causal marker: POSS ABL
| illu | b-akʷa-te | iχu | sasda-ł-nu-qo-žo |
| smoke. o - poss - abl | hpl -see- neg . prs | river | dark- vblz - msd - poss - abl |
| We can't see the river because of the darkness | |||
Kumyk
4
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| qʼarangylyqʼ-tan | o'zen-ni | bo-'u | gʲor-jun-me-j |
| darkness- abl | river- gen | end- p _3 | see- refl - neg - npst .3 sg |
| We can't see the shore because of the darkness. | |||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
| qʼarangylyqʼ | učun | o'zen-ni | bo-'u | gʲor-jun-me-j |
| darkness | because_of | river- gen | end- p _3 | see- refl - neg - npst .3 sg |
| We can't see the shore because of the darkness. | ||||
Latvian
4
Status: main; causal marker: GEN del
| Tums-as | dēļ | ne-redz-am | krast-u. |
| darkness- gen . sg | because.of | neg -see. prs -1 pl | shore- acc . sg |
| We cannot see the shore because of the darkness. | |||
Lezgian
4
Status: main; causal marker: INEL
| tʃ-az | mitʃʔiwil-aj | qereχ-∅ | ʔakwa-zwa-fʃ |
| 1 pl - dat | darkness- inel | shore. s - abs | see- impf - neg |
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. | |||
Lithuanian
4
Status: main; causal marker: del GEN
| Mes | ne-mato-me | krant-o | dėl | tams-os. |
| we. nom | not-see. prs -1. pl | shore( m )- gen . sg | because_of | darkness( f )- gen . sg |
| We cannot see the shore because of the darkness. | ||||
Moksha
4
Status: main; causal marker: ezda GEN
| šopəda-t' | ezdə | af | n'ɛj-sas'k | berɛg-t' |
| darkness- def . sg . gen | darkness | in. abl | see- npst .3. o .1 pl . s | shore- def . sg . gen |
| Because of the darkness, we can’t see the shore. | ||||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: EL
| berəg-s' | šopəda-stə | af | n'ɛj-əv-i |
| shore- def . sg | darkness- el | darkness- el | see- pass - npst .3[ sg ] |
| The shore is not visible in the darkness. | |||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: inksa GEN
| t'ej-nək | bereg-s' | af | n'ɛj-əv-i | šopəda-t' | inksə |
| pron . dat -1 pl . poss | shore- def . sg | neg | see- pass - npst .3[ sg ] | darkness- def . sg . gen | in. abl |
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. | |||||
Norwegian (Bokmål)
4
Status: main; causal marker: pa grunn av
| Vi | se-r | ikke | land | på | grunn | av mørk-et. |
| we | see- prs | land | on | soil | from | darkness- def . sg |
| We can't see the shore because of the darkness. | ||||||
Polish
4
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Nie | widać | brzeg-u | bo | jest | ciemno. |
| neg | see. inf | shore- gen . sg | because | be. prs .3 sg | dark |
| One can’t see the shore because it is dark. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: z powodu GEN
| Nie | widać | brzeg-u | z | powod-u | ciemnośc-i. |
| neg | see. inf | shore- gen . sg | from2 | reason- gen . sg | darkness- gen . sg |
| One can’t see the shore because of the darkness. | |||||
Russian
4
Status: main; causal marker: iz-za GEN
| My | ne | vid-im | bereg | iz-za | temnot-y. |
| we. nom | not | see( ipfv )- prs .1 pl | shore( m )[ nom . sg ] | out.of-behind | darkness( f )- gen . sg |
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. | |||||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: v LOC
| Bereg | ne | razgljade-tʹ | vo | tʹm-e. |
| shore( m )[ acc . sg ] | not | discern( pfv )- inf | in | darkness( f )- loc . sg |
| We can’t see the shore in the darkness. | ||||
Serbian
4
Status: main; causal marker: od GEN
| ne | vidi-mo | obal-u | od tam-e |
| neg | see- prs .1 pl | prep | darkness- gen . sg |
| We can’t see because of the darkness. | |||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: zbog GEN
| ne | vidi-mo | obal-u | zbog tam-e |
| neg | see- prs .1 pl | prep | darkness- gen . sg |
| We can’t see because of the darkness. | |||
Shughni
4
Status: main; causal marker: az dasti
| Maš | az | dasti | torik-i | soyil | na-win=ām. |
| 1 pl . obl | el | caus | darkness-3 sg | shore | neg -see=1 pl |
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. | |||||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: jat
| Maš | torik-i | ǰāt | soyil | na-win=ām. |
| 1 pl . obl | darkness-3 sg | caus | shore | neg -see=1 pl |
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. | ||||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: az rui
| Maš | az | rui | torik-i | soyil | na-win=ām. |
| 1 pl . obl | el | caus | darkness-3 sg | shore | neg -see=1 pl |
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. | |||||
Slovenian
4
Status: main; causal marker: zaradi GEN
| Zaradi | tem-e | ne | vidimo | obal-e. |
| because.of | darkness( f )- gen . sg | not | see( ipfv ). prs .1 pl | shore( f )- gen . sg |
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. | ||||
Spanish
4
Status: main; causal marker: por
| no | pod-emos | ver | la | orilla | por | la | oscuridad |
| neg | can- prs .1 pl | see. inf | def . sg . f | coast( f ). sg | because_of | def . sg . f | darkness( f ). sg |
| We cannot see the coast because of the fog. | |||||||
Swedish
4
Status: main; causal marker: pa grund av
| Vi | kan | inte | se | strand-en | på | grund | av | mörkr-et |
| we | can. prs | neg | see. inf | coast- def . c . sg | on | ground | of | darkness- def . n . sg |
| We can't see the coast because of the darkness. | ||||||||
Telugu
4
Status: main; causal marker: valla
| mēmu | cīkaṭi | valla | tīrānni | cuḍalēkapō-tunn-āmu. |
| 1 pl . excl | darkness. sg . obl | by | shore. sg . acc | see. inab - prs -1 pl |
| We cannot see the shore because of the darkness. | ||||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: karanamga
| mēmu | cīkaṭi | kāraṇaṁgā | tīrānni | cuḍalekapō-tunn-āmu. |
| 1 pl . excl | darkness. sg . obl | because_of | shore. sg . acc | see. inab - prs -1 pl |
| We cannot see the shore because of the darkness. | ||||
Udmurt (South)
4
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| Mi | u-m | adǯ́-iśk-e | jar1 | dur2-ez pejmyt-en. |
| we | neg . prs -1 pl | see- prs - pl | river_bank1,2- acc . sg | dark- ins |
| We can’t see the river bank because of the darkness. | ||||
Ukrainian
4
Status: main; causal marker: cerez ACC
| Ми | не | бач-имо | берег-а | через | темряв-у. |
| we. nom | neg | see- prs .1 pl | shore( m )- gen . sg | through | darkness( f )- acc . sg |
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. | |||||
Urdu
4
Status: main; causal marker: ki vajah se
| ham | sāhil | andher-e | ki | vajah | se | dekh | nahīṁ | pā | rah-e. |
| we | coast( m ). sg . dir | darkness( m )- sg . obl | adjz . f | reason( f ). sg . obl | from | see | neg | get | dur - m . pl |
| We can’t see the shore because of the darkness. | |||||||||
Yupik (Siberian)
4
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
| xwaŋkuta | sχ-iɣat-a-put | snaq | mamləɣə-m | aŋtala-ŋanəŋ |
| we. erg | see- neg . prs - ind . tr -2 pl .3 pl | coast. abs . sg | darkness- rel . sg | size-3 sg . poss . ins . sg |
| We do not see the dry land because of the darkness. | ||||
4
Status: alternate; causal marker: INS
| xwaŋkuta | sχ-iɣat-a-put | snaq | mamləɣa-nəŋ |
| we. erg | see- neg . prs - ind . tr -2 pl .3 pl | coast. abs . sg | darkness- ins . pl |
| We do not see the dry land because of the darkness. | |||