Sentence no. 43 ⮭
English: The woman went to sleep clothed
Type: ontological
Adyghe
43
Status: main; causal marker: paje
| čəʔe-m | paje | bzəλfəʁe-r | fe.pa-ʁ-ew | čəja-ʁe |
| cold- obl | because_of | woman- abs | put_on- res - adv | sleep- pst |
| The woman went to bed dressed because of the cold. | ||||
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| čəʔe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | fe.pa-ʁ-ew | čəja-ʁe |
| cold- obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | woman- abs | put_on- res - adv | sleep- pst |
| The woman went to bed dressed because of the cold. | ||||
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| čəʔe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | bzəλfəʁe-r | fe.pa-ʁ-ew | čəja-ʁe |
| cold- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | woman- abs | put_on- res - adv | sleep- pst |
| The woman went to bed dressed because of the cold. | ||||
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| čəʔe-m | feṣ̂-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | fe.pa-ʁ-ew | čəja-ʁe |
| cold- obl | for- ins | woman- abs | put_on- res - adv | sleep- pst |
| The woman went to bed dressed because of the cold. | ||||
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: jalazece
| čəʔe-m | jə-lažʼe-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | fe.pa-ʁ-ew | čəja-ʁe |
| cold- obl | poss -guilt- ins | woman- abs | put_on- res - adv | sleep- pst |
| The woman went to bed dressed because of the cold. | ||||
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: jaswakece
| čəʔe-m | jə-ṣ̂ʷaʁe-č̣ʼe | bzəλfəʁe-r | fe.pa-ʁ-ew | čəja-ʁe |
| cold- obl | poss -benefit- ins | woman- abs | put_on- res - adv | sleep- pst |
| It was so cold that the woman went to bed dressed. | ||||
Albanian
43
Status: main; causal marker: per shkak te GEN
| Për | shkak | të | ftoht-it, | grua-ja | shko-i | për | të | fjetur | e | veshur. |
| for | reason. acc . sg . indf . m | art | cold- gen . sg . def . n | woman- nom . sg . def . f | go- aor .3 sg | for | art | sleep. ptcp | art | clothed. sg . f |
| The woman went to sleep clothed because of the cold. | ||||||||||
Arabic
43
Status: main; causal marker: bi sababi GEN
| naam-ati | l-marʔat-u | bi=θijaab-i=haa | bi-sabab-i | l-bard-i |
| sleep. pst . pfv -3 s . f | def -woman( f ). s - nom | with=clothes. pl - gen =3 s . f . poss | with=reason( m ). s - gen | def -cold( m ). s - gen |
| The woman went to sleep clothed because of the cold. | ||||
Armenian (Eastern)
43
Status: main; causal marker: GEN patcarov
| C‘rt-i | patčaŕ-ov | kin-ə | paŕkec‘ | k‘n-el-u | hagust-ov. |
| cold- gen | cause- ins | woman- def | lie_down. aor .3 sg | sleep- inf - gen / dat | clothes- ins |
| The woman went to sleep dressed because of he cold. | |||||
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: ABL
| C‘rt-ic‘ | kin-ə | hagnv-ac | paŕkec‘ | k‘n-el-u. |
| cold- abl | woman- def | wear: med - ptcp _ res | lie_down. aor .3 sg | sleep- inf - gen / dat |
| The woman went to sleep dressed because of he cold. | ||||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
43
Status: main; causal marker: but
| ka | but | kárta | báxta | dmə́x-la | bi | ǧúll-o |
| to | about | cold( f ) | woman( f ) | sleep. pst - ls .3 f | with | clothes( m ). pl - p .3 f |
| Because of the cold, the woman went to sleep clothed. | ||||||
Basque
43
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Emakume-a | lo-ta-ra | jantz-i-ta | joa-n | zen | hotz-a | zue-lako. |
| woman- sg [ abs ] | sleep- ptcp - all | put_on- pfv - ptcp | go- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg | cold- sg [ abs ] | aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg -cause |
| The woman went to sleep clothed because of the cold. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: GEN ondorioz
| Emakume-a | lo-ta-ra | jantz-i-ta | joa-n | zen | hotz-a-ren | ondorio-z. |
| woman- sg [ abs ] | sleep- ptcp - all | put_on- pfv - ptcp | go- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg | cold- sg - gen | result- ins |
| The woman went to sleep clothed because of the cold. | ||||||
Belarusian
43
Status: main; causal marker: praz ACC
| žančyn-a | ljag-l-a | spa-c' | apranut-aj | praz | xolad |
| woman- nom . sg | lay- pst - sg . f | sleep- inf | dressed. ins . sg . f | prep | cold[ acc . sg ] |
| The woman went to sleep clothed because of the cold, . | |||||
Catalan
43
Status: main; causal marker: per
| La | don-a | va | an-ar | a | dorm-ir | tapad-a | pel | fred. |
| def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | go. prs .3 sg | go- inf | to | sleep- inf | covered- sg . f | for. def . sg . m | cold( m ). sg |
| The woman went to sleep dressed because of the cold. | ||||||||
Chinese (Mandarin)
43
Status: main; causal marker: yinwei er
| zhègè | nǚrén | yīnwéi | hánlěng | ér | chuānzhe | yīfú | shuìjiào |
| this | woman | because | cold | and | dress | clothes | go_to_bed |
| The woman went to sleep dressed because of the cold. | |||||||
Chuvash (Maloe Karachkino)
43
Status: main; causal marker: pergi
| xërarəm | xun-ma-zər-ak | sivë | bergi | ɕur-ma | vɨrt-sa |
| woman | undress- inf - car - emph | cold | post | sleep- inf | lie_down- cv _ sim |
| The woman went to sleep without undressing because of the cold. | |||||
English
43
Status: main; causal marker: because of
| The woman went to sleep clothed because of the cold. |
| The woman went to sleep clothed because of the cold. |
| Note: This translation is less formal than the one with due to. |
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: due to
| The woman went to sleep clothed due to the cold. |
| The woman went to sleep clothed due to the cold. |
| Note: This translation is more formal than the one with because of. |
Erzya
43
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| jakšamo-dontʲ | ava-sʲ | mad-sʲ | udo-mo | orša-zʲ | (oršamo-nzo | apak | kajs-e) |
| cold- abl . def | woman- nom . def | lie_down- pst .3 sg | sleep- inf | dress- cv | cloth-3 sg . poss .3 sg | not | undress- prs .3 sg |
| Because of the cold, the woman went to bed dressed (did not take off her clothes). | |||||||
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: kise GEN
| ava-sʲ | ma-cʲ | уdo-mo | orčazʲ | jakšamo-stʲ | kisè |
| woman- nom . def | lie- pst .3 sg | sleep- inf | dressed | cold- gen . def | because_of |
| The woman went to bed dressed because of the cold. | |||||
Filipino
43
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Na-túlog | ng=may | damít | ang=babáe | dáhil | sa | lamíg. |
| pfv . mod . ev -sleep | lk = exist | cloth | nom =woman | because | obl | cold |
| The woman went to sleep clothed because of the cold. | ||||||
French
43
Status: main; causal marker: a cause de
| La | femme | s’ | est | couch-é-e | habill-é-e | à | cause | du | froid. |
| def . f | woman( f ) | refl .3 | be. prs .3 sg | go.to.bed- ptcp . prf - f | dress- ptcp . prf - f | to | cause | of. def . m | cold( m ) |
| The woman went to sleep dressed because of the cold. | |||||||||
German
43
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Weil | es | kalt | war | ging | die | Frau | mit | Kleidung | ins | Bett. |
| since | it | cold | be. pst .3 sg | go. pst .3 sg | def . nom | woman( f )[ sg . nom ] | with | clothes( f )[ sg . dat ] | in. acc | bed( n )[ sg . acc ] |
| As it was cold, the woman went to sleep clothed. | ||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||||
Guro
43
Status: main; causal marker: le wi ma
| lɩ | zàn | yiá | sɔ | nya | é | ta | dùnù | le | wɩ́ | ma |
| woman | resp | lie\ pfv | clothes | with | 3 sg . refl | on | cold | poss | affair | on |
| The woman went to sleep clothed, because of the cold. | ||||||||||
Indonesian (Standard)
43
Status: main; causal marker: karena
| wanita | itu | tidur | dengan | pakaian-nya | yang | kebal | karena | kedinginan |
| woman | that | sleep | with | cloth- poss .3 | rel | thick | because | cold |
| The woman went to sleep clothed because of the cold. | ||||||||
Italian
43
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| la | donna | è | andata | a | dormire | vestita | perché | faceva | freddo |
| def . f . sg | woman | be. prs .3 sg | go. pst . ptcp . f . sg | to | sleep. inf | dress. pst . ptcp . f . sg | because | make. ipf .3 sg | cold |
| The woman went to sleep clothed because it is cold. | |||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||
Japanese
43
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Josei-wa | samu-katta | tame | kikon-de | ne-ta |
| woman- top | cold- pst | reason | wrap_up- cvb | sleep- pst |
| The woman was cold, so she slept wrapped up in clothes. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
Karelian
43
Status: main; causal marker: tahte GEN
| in‘ehmu | vier | maga-ta | sob-i-š | vilu-n | tähte |
| woman | sleep. pst | sleep- inf | clothes- pl - in | cold- gen | because_of |
| The woman went to bed dressed because of the cold. | |||||
Kazakh
43
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| äyel1 | adam2 | swïq-tan | kiyim-i-nde | uyïqta-p qal-dï |
| woman1,2. nom | cold- abl | clothes- poss .3- loc | sleep- cvb | stay- pst .3 sg |
| The woman went to bed dressed because of the cold. | ||||
Khanty (Northern)
43
Status: main; causal marker: pata
| imi | λɵmətsuχ-λ-aλ-ən | uλ-əλ | iśki | păta |
| woman | clothes- pl - poss .3 sg - loc | sleep- npst | cold | for |
| The woman went to sleep dressed because of the cold. | ||||
Khmer
43
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| kɔat | deːk | ˀɒt | dɒh | khao1 | ˀaːw2 | ceːɲ | tẹː | daoj3 | saː4 | ɁaːkaːsəɁthiət | trɒceak | khlaŋ knoŋ phteah |
| 3 | sleep | neg | take_off | clothes1,2 | leave | neg | daoj _ sa ː3,4 | weather | cold | strong | in | house |
| He slept without taking off his clothes because of the cold in the house. | ||||||||||||
Khwarshi
43
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| j-uc’a-nu-qo-žo | j-ukuč’i | šiƛ’o | šiƛ’a-na | j-aq-qa |
| ii -freeze- msd - poss - abl | ii -? | cloth | put_on- cvb | ii -go_to_bed- aor |
| The girl lay down wearing a lot of clothes because she was cold. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| j-ujc’o | idi-žo | j-ukuč’i | šiƛ’o | šiƛ’ana | j-aq-qa |
| ii -freeze\ prs | dem - abl | ii -? | cloth | put_on- cvb | ii -go_to_bed- aor |
| The girl lay down wearing a lot of clothes because she was cold. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
Kumyk
43
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| qʼatyn | gijin-ip | juχla-d-y | suwuqʼluqʼ-tan |
| woman | dress- cv _ perf | fall_asleep- pst -3 sg | cold- abl |
| The woman went to bed dressed for the cold. | |||
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: uchun
| qʼatyn | gijin-ip | juχla-d-y | suwuqʼluqʼ | učun |
| woman | dress- cv _ perf | fall_asleep- pst -3 sg | cold | because_of |
| The woman went to bed dressed because of the cold. | ||||
Latvian
43
Status: main; causal marker: GEN del
| Sieviet-e | iegāj-a | gulē-t | ar | vis-ām | drēb-ēm | aukstum-a | dēļ. |
| woman- nom . sg | enter. pst -3 | sleep- inf | in | all- dat . pl . f | garment- dat . pl | cold- gen . sg | because.of |
| The woman went to sleep dressed because of the cold. | |||||||
Lezgian
43
Status: main; causal marker: INEL
| meqʔiwil-aj | diʃehli-∅ | wiri | partal-ar-∅=ni | ʔala-z | ksa-na |
| cold- inel | woman. s - abs | all | clothes- pl - abs =and | beat.on- imc | sleep- aor |
| The woman went to sleep clothed because of the cold. | |||||
Lithuanian
43
Status: main; causal marker: del GEN
| Moter-is | atsigul-ė | mieg-oti | su | drabuži-ais | dėl | šalči-o. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | lie_down- pst .3 | sleep- inf | with | clothes( m )- ins . pl | because_of | cold( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman went to sleep dressed because of the cold. | ||||||
Moksha
43
Status: main; causal marker: CSL
| ava-s' | mac' | šča-f-stə | ud-əmə | jakšam-ənksə |
| woman- def . sg | lie. pst .3[ sg ] | put_on- ptcp . res - el | sleep- inf | cold- csl |
| The woman went to sleep dressed because of the cold. | ||||
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: inksa GEN
| ava-s' | mac' | šča-f-stə | ud-əmə | jakšam-t' | inksə |
| woman- def . sg | lie. pst .3[ sg ] | put_on- ptcp . res - el | sleep- inf | cold- def . sg . gen | because_of |
| The woman went to sleep dressed because of the cold. | |||||
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: ezda GEN
| ava-s' | mac' | šča-f-stə | ud-əmə | jakšam-t' | ezdə |
| woman- def . sg | lie | put_on- ptcp . res - el | sleep- inf | cold- def . sg . gen | cold. abl |
| The woman went to sleep dressed because of the cold. | |||||
Norwegian (Bokmål)
43
Status: main; causal marker: pa grunn av
| Kvinn-en | la | seg | påkledd | på | grunn | av kuld-en. |
| woman- def . sg | go_to_bed. pst | dressed | on | soil | from | cold- def . sg |
| The woman went to bed dressed because of the cold. | ||||||
Polish
43
Status: main; causal marker: ze wzgledu na ACC
| Kobiet-a | posz-ł-a | spa-ć | w | ubran-iu | ze | względ-u | na | zimn-o. |
| woman- nom . sg | go- pst - f . sg | sleep- inf | in | clothes- loc . sg | from2 | consideration- gen . sg | on | cold- acc . sg |
| The woman went to sleep clothed because of the cold. | ||||||||
Russian
43
Status: main; causal marker: iz-za GEN
| Ženščin-a | leg-l-a | spa-tʹ | odet-oj | iz-za | xolod-a. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | lie.down( pfv )- pst - f . sg | sleep( ipfv )- inf | dressed- f . ins . sg | out.of-behind | cold( m )- gen . sg |
| The woman went to sleep clothed because of the cold. | |||||
Serbian
43
Status: main; causal marker: zbog GEN
| žen-a | je | leg-l-a | obuč-en-a | zbog | hladnoć-e |
| woman- nom . sg | be. prs .3 sg | lay_down- pst . ptcp - f . sg | dress- pass . ptcp - nom . f . sg | prep | coldness- gen . sg |
| The woman went to sleep clothed because of the cold. | |||||
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: od GEN
| žen-a | je | od | hladnoć-e | leg-l-a | obuč-en-a |
| woman- nom . sg | be. prs .3 sg | prep | coldness- gen . sg | lay_down- pst . ptcp - f . sg | dress- pass . ptcp - nom . f . sg |
| The woman went to sleep clothed because of the cold. | |||||
Shughni
43
Status: main; causal marker: az rui
| Yā | ɣ̌inik=i | az | rui | šitoje | xu | loq | qati | x̌uft. |
| dem 3. f . sg | woman( f )=3 sg | el | caus | cold | refl | clothes | com | sleeping |
| The woman went to sleep dressed because of he cold. | ||||||||
Slovenian
43
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Ker | jo | je | zeb-l-o, | je | ženska | šl-a | spa-t | oblečen-a. |
| because | she. acc | aux .3 sg | make.cold- lpt - n . sg | aux .3 sg | woman( f )- nom . sg | go( ipfv ). lpt - f . sg | sleep( ipfv )- sup | dressed- f . nom . sg |
| The woman went to sleep clothed because she was cold. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: zaradi GEN
| Zaradi | mraz-a, | je | žensk-a | šl-a | spa-t | oblečen-a. |
| because.of | cold( m )- gen . sg | aux .3 sg | woman( f )- nom . sg | go( ipfv ). lpt - f . sg | sleep( ipfv )- sup | dressed- f . nom . sg |
| Because of the cold, the woman went to sleep clothed. | ||||||
Spanish
43
Status: main; causal marker: a causa de
| la | mujer | se | fue | a | dorm-ir | vestid-a | a | causa | del | frío |
| def . sg . f | woman( f )- sg | refl | go- aor .3 sg | to | sleep- inf | dressed- sg . f | to | cause | of. def . sg . m | cold( m ). sg |
| The woman went to sleep dressed because of the cold. | ||||||||||
Swedish
43
Status: main; causal marker: pa grund av
| Kvinna-n | la-de | sig | med | kläder-na | på | grund | av | kyla-n. |
| woman- def . c . sg | put- pst | refl | with | clothes- def . c . pl | on | ground | of | cold- def . c . sg |
| The woman went to sleep clothed because of the cold. | ||||||||
Telugu
43
Status: main; causal marker: karanamga
| āviḍa | cali | kāraṇaṁgā | baṭṭa-la | tō | nidrapōyi-ṁdi. |
| that_woman. sg | cold. sg | because_of | cloth- pl . obl | with | sleep. pst -3 sg . nm |
| The woman went to sleep dressed because of he cold. | |||||
Udmurt (South)
43
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Kyšnomurt | vyd-i-z | iź-yny | diśkut-en | keźyt-leś. |
| woman | lie_down- pst -3( sg ) | sleep- inf | clothes- ins | cold- abl |
| The woman went to sleep clothed because of the cold. | ||||
Ukrainian
43
Status: main; causal marker: cerez ACC
| Жінка | ляг-л-а | спа-ти | одягнут-ою | через | холод. |
| woman( f )- nom . sg | lie_down- pst - sg . f | sleep- inf | dressed- ins . sg . f | through | cold( m ). acc . sg |
| The woman went to sleep dressed because of the cold. | |||||
Urdu
43
Status: main; causal marker: ki vajah se
| ɔrat | thaṇḍ | kī | vajah | se | kapṛ-e | pahan | kar | soy-ī. |
| woman( f ). sg . dir | cold( m ). sg . obl | adjz . f | reason( f ). sg . obl | from | clothes( m )- pl | put_on | cvb | sleep. pfv - sg . f |
| The woman went to sleep clothed because of the cold. | ||||||||
Yupik (Siberian)
43
Status: main; causal marker: antalananan REL
| aʁnaq | iŋaχt-u-q | piluɣuxtumaʁ-mi | aqɬaʁa-m | aŋtala-ŋanəŋ |
| woman. abs . sg | lie_on_your_side- ind . intr -3 sg | be_dressed. cvb -3 sg | cold- rel . sg | size-3 sg . poss . ins . sg |
| The woman went to bed dressed because of the cold. | ||||
43
Status: alternate; causal marker: REL
| aʁnaq | iŋaχt-u-q | piluɣuxtumaʁ-mi | χuːtə-m |
| woman. abs . sg | lie_on_your_side- ind . intr -3 sg | be_dressed. cvb -3 sg | feel_cold- rel . sg |
| The woman went to bed dressed because of the cold. | |||