NoCaCoDa

Adyghe

45

Status: main; causal marker: qaxecace

gʷəšʼəʔe–mə.χʷə.nə-m	qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe	λ̣ə-m	jə-ʁʷəneʁʷə-r	ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁ
word-unaccepyable- obl	csl - loc -go_out- ins	man- obl	poss -neighbour- abs	3 sg . erg -beat- pst
The man beat his neighbor for his words.

45

Status: alternate; causal marker: paje

gʷəšʼəʔe–mə.χʷə.nə-m	paje	λ̣ə-m	jə-ʁʷəneʁʷə-r	ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁ
word-unacceptable- obl	because_of	man- obl	poss -neighbour- abs	3 sg . erg -beat- pst
The man beat his neighbor for his words.

45

Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew

gʷəšʼəʔe–mə.χʷə.nə-m	qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew	λ̣ə-m	jə-ʁʷəneʁʷə-r	ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁ
word-unaccepyable- obl	csl - loc -go_out- adv	man- obl	poss -neighbour- abs	3 sg . erg -beat- pst
The man beat his neighbor for his words.

45

Status: alternate; causal marker: apq qjacew

gʷəšʼəʔe–mə.χʷə.nə-m	ə-pq	q-jə-č̣ʼ-ew	λ̣ə-m	jə-ʁʷəneʁʷə-r	ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁ
word-unaccepyable- obl	3 sg . pr -flesh	csl - loc -go_out- adv	man- obl	poss -neighbour- abs	3 sg . erg -beat- pst
The man beat his neighbor for his words.

45

Status: alternate; causal marker: jalazece

gʷəšʼəʔe–mə.χʷə.nə-m	jə-lažʼe-č̣ʼe	λ̣ə-m	jə-ʁʷəneʁʷə-r	ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁ
word-unaccepyable- obl	poss -guilt- ins	man- obl	poss -neighbour- abs	3 sg . erg -beat- pst
The man beat his neighbor for his words.

45

Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce

gʷəšʼəʔe–mə.χʷə.nə-m	feṣ̂-č̣ʼe	λ̣ə-m	jə-ʁʷəneʁʷə-r	ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁ
word-unaccepyable- obl	for- ins	man- obl	poss -neighbour- abs	3 sg . erg -beat- pst
The man beat his neighbor for his words.

45

Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.

gʷəšʼəʔe–məχʷən	zer-jə-ʔʷa-ʁe-m	jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe	λ̣ə-m	jə-ʁʷəneʁʷə-r	ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁ
word-unaccepyable- obl	rel . fct -3 sg . erg -say- pst - obl	poss -evil- ins	man- obl	poss -neighbour- abs	3 sg . erg -beat- pst
Because the neighbor said (unacceptable things), the man beat him.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase.

45

Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.

gʷəšʼəʔe–məχʷən	zer-jə-ʔʷa-ʁe-m	jə-zerar-č̣ʼe	λ̣ə-m	jə-ʁʷəneʁʷə-r	ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁ
word-unaccepyable- obl	rel . fct -3 sg . erg -say- pst - obl	poss -harm- ins	man- obl	poss -neighbour- abs	3 sg . erg -beat- pst
Because the neighbor said (unacceptable things), the man beat him.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase.

Albanian

45

Status: main; causal marker: per shkak te GEN

Burr-i	rrah-u	fqinj-in	e	tij	për	shkak	të	fjalë-ve	të tij.
man- nom . sg . def . m	beat- aor .3 sg	neighbor- acc . sg . def . m	art	gen .3 m	for	reason. acc . sg . indf . m	word- gen . pl . f	art	gen .3 m
The man beat his neighbor because of his words.

Arabic

45

Status: main; causal marker: li GEN

dʕarab-a	r-radʒul-u	l-dʒaar-a	li=kalim-aat-i=hi
beat. pst . pfv -3 s . m	def -man( m ). s - nom	def -neighbour( m ). s - acc	because_of=word( f ). pl - gen =3 s . m . poss
The man beated his neighbor because of his words.

45

Status: alternate; causal marker: galaa GEN

dʕarab-a	r-radʒul-u	l-dʒaar-a	ʕalaa	kalim-aat-i=hi
beat. pst . pfv -3 s . m	def -man( m ). s - nom	def -neighbour( m ). s - acc	on	word( f ). pl - gen =3 s . m . poss
The man beated his neighbor because of his words.

45

Status: alternate; causal marker: bi sababi GEN

dʕarab-a	r-radʒul-u	l-dʒaar-a	bi=sabab-i	kalim-aat-i=hi
beat. pst . pfv -3 s . m	def -man( m ). s - nom	def -neihbour( m ). s - acc	with=reason( m ). s - gen	word( f ). pl - gen =3 s . m . poss
The man beated his neighbor because of his words.

Armenian (Eastern)

45

Status: main; causal marker: GEN/DAT hamar

Tġamard-ə	cecec‘	harevan-i-n	nra	xosk‘-er-i	hamar.
man- def	beat. aor .3 sg	neighbor- dat - def	he/she/it. gen	speech- pl - gen / dat	for
The man beat his neighbor because of his words.

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic

45

Status: main; causal marker: but

náša	mxí-lə	ka	šváva	ka	but	xə́rba	+xabránə
man( m )	strike. pst - ls .3 m	to	neighbor( m )	to	about	bad	word( m ). pl
The man beat his neighbor because of his bad words.

Basque

45

Status: main; causal marker: MOT

Gizon-a-k	bere	bizilagun-a	jo	zuen	esa-n	zitu-en	hitz-engatik.
man- sg - erg	refl	neighbor- sg [ abs ]	hit[ pfv ]	aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg	say- pfv	aux . pst . abs 3 pl . erg 3 sg - rel	word[ pl ]- mot
The man killed his neighbor for his words.

Belarusian

45

Status: main; causal marker: za ACC

mužčyn-a	pabi-ŭ	sused-a	za	jagon-yja	slov-a
man- nom . sg	kill- pst [ sg . m ]	neighbour- acc . sg	prep	his- acc . pl	word- acc . pl
The man beat his neighbor because of his words.

Catalan

45

Status: main; causal marker: n.a.

L'	home	va	mat-ar	el	seu	veí	pel	que	va	dir.
def . sg . m	man( m ). sg	go. prs .3 sg	kill- inf	def . sg . m	3 sg . poss . sg . m	neighbour( m ). sg	for. def . sg . m	that	go. prs .3 sg	say. inf
The man beat his neighbor because of the words that he said.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase.

Chinese (Mandarin)

45

Status: main; causal marker: yin er

zhègè	nánrén	yīn	tā	línjū-de	huà	ér	dǎ-le	tā
this	man	because	his	neighbour- poss	words	and	beat- pfv	he
The man beat his neighbor for his words.

Chuvash (Maloe Karachkino)

45

Status: main; causal marker: CSL

arʑɨn	poskil-e	onən	səmag-zam-ʐən	xëne-ze
man	neighbour- obj	he. gen	word- pl - csl	beat- cv _ sim
The man killed his neighbor because of his words.

English

45

Status: main; causal marker: because of

The man killed his neighbor because of his words.

Erzya

45

Status: main; causal marker: kise GEN

cёra-sʲ	čav-ize	šabra-nzo	valo-nzo	kis
man- nom . def	beat- pst .3. o .3 sg . s	neighbour-3 sg . poss .3 sg	word-3 sg . poss .3 sg . gen	for
The man beat the neighbor for his words.

Filipino

45

Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa

P<in>atáy=ng	laláki	ang=kapitbáhay=niyá	dáhil	sa	mga=s<in>ábi=nitó.
< pv . pfv >kill= gen	man	nom =neighbour=3 sg . gen	because	obl	pl =< pv . pfv >say= prox . gen
The man killed his neighbor because of what his said.

French

45

Status: main; causal marker: pour

L’	homme	a	battu	son	voisin	pour	ses	parole-s.
def . m	man( m )	have. prs .3 sg	beat. ptcp . prf	poss .3 sg . m	neighbour( m )	for	poss .3 sg . pl	speech( f )- pl
The man beat his neighbor because of his words.

German

45

Status: main; causal marker: auf grund GEN

Auf	Grund	dies-er	Wort-e	töte-te	der	Mann	sein-en	Nachbar
on	ground	these- gen	word( n )- pl . gen	kill- pst .3 sg	def . nom	man( m )[ sg . nom ]	poss . refl - acc	neighbor( m )[ sg . acc ]
Due to these words, the man killed his neighbor.

45

Status: alternate; causal marker: wegen GEN

Der	Mann	töte-te	sein-en	Nachbar	wegen	sein-er	Wort-e.
def . nom	man( m )[ sg . nom ]	kill- pst .3 sg	poss . refl - acc	neighbor( m )[ sg . acc ]	because_of	poss . refl - gen	word( n )- pl . gen
The man killed his neighbor because of his words.

Guro

45

Status: main; causal marker: ma

gɔnɛ	zàn	é	pumazàn	bhalaá	bhɛ́	lélê	mà
male	resp	3 sg . refl	neighbour	hit\ pfv	that	voice	on
The man beat his neighbor because of his words.

Indonesian (Standard)

45

Status: main; causal marker: karena

laki-laki	itu	memukul	tetangga-nya	karena	kata-kata	tetangga-nya
man	that	beat	neighbour- poss .3	because	words	neighbour- poss .3
The man beat his neighbor because of his words.

Italian

45

Status: main; causal marker: per

l’	uomo	ha	picchiato	il	vicino	per	le	sue	parole
def . m . sg	man	have. prs .3 sg	beat. pst . ptcp . m . sg	def . m . sg	neighbor	for	def . f . pl	poss .3 sg . f . pl	word. pl
The man killed his neighbor because of his words.

Japanese

45

Status: main; causal marker: ABL

Dansei-wa	rinjin-o	kare-no	hatsugen-kara	korosh-ita.
man- top	neighbor- acc	he- gen	utterance- abl	kill- pst
The man killed his neighbor because of his words.

Karelian

45

Status: main; causal marker: EL

mužik	per´g´	soseda-n	häna-n	sanuu-š
man	beat. pst	neighbour- gen	3 sg - gen	word- el
The man beat the neighbor for his words.

45

Status: alternate; causal marker: perad EL

miiz´	pergi-i	soseda-d	heina-n	sanui-š	perad
man	beat- pst	neighbour- part	3 sg - gen	word- el	because_of
A man beat a neighbor because of his words.

Kazakh

45

Status: main; causal marker: NOM usin

er1	adam2	korši-si-n	ayt-qan	söz-i	üšin	ur-ïp tasta-dï
man1,2. nom	neighbour- poss .3	say- perf	word- poss .3	for	hit- cvb	throw- pst .3 sg
A man beat the neighbor because of the words that he said.

Khanty (Northern)

45

Status: main; causal marker: pata

ik-en	sɛŋk-s-əλλe	wanən	wɵλ-ti	χɵ-jəλ	jasəŋ-λ-aλ	păta
man- poss .2 sg	beat- pst -3 sg > nsg	close	live- inf	person- poss .3 sg	word- pl - poss .3 sg	for
The man beat his neighbor for his words.

Khmer

45

Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa

boʔrɒh	nih	vaːj	neak1	cit2	khaːŋ3	mneak	daoj4	saː5	piək	ˀaːkrɒk rɔbɒh neak6 cit7 khaːŋ8 nih
man	this	hit	neighbour1,2,3	one. clf	daoj _ sa ː4,5	word	bad	poss	neighbour6,7,8	this
The man beat the neighbour for his bad words.

45

Status: alternate; causal marker: maok pi

boʔrɒh	nih	vaːj	neak1	cit2	khaːŋ3	mneak	maok4	piː5	piək	ˀaːkrɒk rɔbɒh neak6 cit7 khaːŋ8 nih
man	this	hit	neighbour1,2,3	one. clf	maok _ pi ː4,5	word	bad	poss	neighbour6,7,8	this
The man beat the neighbour for his bad words.

45

Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh tae

boʔrɒh	nih	vaːj	neak1	cit2	khaːŋ3	mneak	prʊəh4	tae5	piək	ˀaːkrɒk rɔbɒh neak6 cit7 khaːŋ8 nih
man	this	hit	neighbour1,2,3	one. clf	pr ƱƏ h _ tae 4,5	word	bad	poss	neighbour6,7,8	this
The man beat the neighbour for his bad words.

Khwarshi

45

Status: main; causal marker: SUPER ATR

šamil-i	žik’-a	madoʁa-l	isu-lo	lož-za-ƛ’o-sa
s h.- erg	beat- aor	neighbour- dat	3 sg . o - gen 2	word- pl . o - super - atr
Shamil beat the neighbor for his words.

45

Status: alternate; causal marker: SUPER sabalana

šamil-i	žik’-a	madoʁa-l	isu-lo	lož-za-ƛ’o	sabałana
s h.- erg	beat- aor	neighbour- dat	3 sg . o - gen 2	word- pl . o - super	because_of
Shamil beat the neighbor for his words.

Kumyk

45

Status: main; causal marker: uchun

er1	giši2	χonšu-sun	pakala-d-y	jaman	sёz-ler-i učun
man1,2	neighbour- p _3. gen	beat- pst -3 sg	bad	word- pl - p _3	because_of
A man beat a neighbor for his bad words.

Latvian

45

Status: main; causal marker: par ACC

Vīriet-is	piekāv-a	kaimiņ-u	par	viņa	vārdiem
man- nom . sg	beat. pst -3	neighbour- acc . sg	about	3- sg . gen	word- dat . pl
The man beat his neighbor for his words.

Lezgian

45

Status: main; causal marker: kiligna DAT

ʔadan	gaf-ar-iz	kilig-na	ʔitim-di	qunʃi-∅	gatha-na
3 s	word- pl - dat	see- aoc	man. s - erg	neighbour. s - abs	beat- aor
The man beated his neighbor because of his words.

Lithuanian

45

Status: main; causal marker: uz ACC

Vyr-as	primuš-ė	kaimyn-ą	už	jo	žodži-us.
man( m )- nom . sg	beat- pst .3	neighbour( m )- acc . sg	for	he. gen	word( m )- acc . pl
The man beat his neighbor for his words.

45

Status: alternate; causal marker: del GEN

Vyr-as	užmuš-ė	kaimyn-ą	dėl	jo	žodži-ų.
man( m )- nom . sg	kill- pst .3	neighbour( m )- acc . sg	because_of	he. gen	word( m )- gen . pl
The man killed his neighbor because of his words.

Moksha

45

Status: main; causal marker: inksa GEN

maša	šna-z'ə	daša-n'	dobraj	panar-ənc	inksə
Мasha	praise- pst .3 sg . o .3 sg . s	d asha- gen	good	shirt-3 sg . poss . sg . gen	because_of
Masha praised Dasha for her beautiful shirt.

Norwegian (Bokmål)

45

Status: main; causal marker: n.a.

Mann-en	banke-t	opp	nabo-en	på	grunn	av	det	han	hadde	sagt.
man- def . sg	knock- pst	up	neighbour- def . sg	on	soil	from	that. sg . n	he	have. pst	speak- pst . ptcp
A man beat a neighbor because of what he said.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase.

Polish

45

Status: main; causal marker: za ACC

Mężczyzn-a	pobi-ł	sąsiad-a	za	jego	słow-a.
man- nom . sg	beat- pst [ m . sg ]	neighbour- acc . sg	for	his	word- acc . pl
The man beat his neighbor for his words.

45

Status: alternate; causal marker: z powodu GEN

Mężczyzn-a	pobi-ł	sąsiad-a	z	powod-u	jego	słów.
man- nom . sg	beat- pst [ m . sg ]	neighbour- acc . sg	from2	reason- gen . sg	his	word[ gen . pl ]
The man beat his neighbor because of his words.

Russian

45

Status: main; causal marker: za ACC

Mužčin-a	ubi-l	sosed-a	za	ego	slov-a.
man( m )- nom . sg	kill( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	neighbour( m )- acc . sg	for	his	word( n )- acc . pl
The man killed his neighbor for his words.

45

Status: alternate; causal marker: iz-za GEN

Mužčin-a	ubi-l	sosed-a	iz-za	ego	slov.
man( m )- nom . sg	kill( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	neighbour( m )- acc . sg	out.of-behind	his	word( n )[ gen . pl ]
The man killed his neighbor because of his words.

Serbian

45

Status: main; causal marker: zbog GEN

muškarac	je	prebi-o	sused-a	zbog	njegov-ih	reč-i
man. nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	beat_up- pst . ptcp	neighbourgh- gen . sg	prep	his- gen . pl	word- gen . pl
The man beated his neighbor because of his words.

Shughni

45

Status: main; causal marker: jat

Yu	čorik=i	xu	amsoyā	wi	gāp	ǰāt	δo-d.
dem 3. m . sg	man=3 sg	refl	neighbour( m )	3 sg . m . obl	word( m )	caus	give- pst
The man killed his neighbor because of his words.

Slovenian

45

Status: main; causal marker: zaradi GEN

Človek	je	ubi-l	svoj-ega	sosed-a	zaradi	njegov-ih besed.
man( m )[ nom . sg ]	aux .3 sg	kill( pfv )- lpt [ m . sg ]	neighbour( m )- acc . sg	because.of	his- gen . pl	word( f )[ gen . pl ]
The man killed his neighbor for his words.

Spanish

45

Status: main; causal marker: por

el	hombre	mat-ó	a	su	vecino	por	su-s	palabra-s
def . sg . m	man( m ). sg	beat- aor .3 sg	to	poss .3 sg	neighbour( m ). sg	because_of	poss .3- pl	word( f )- pl
The man beat his neighbor because of his words.

Swedish

45

Status: main; causal marker: for

Mann-en	slog	sin	granne	för	det	han	sa-de.
man- def . c . sg	beat. pst	poss . refl . n . sg	neighbour	for	def . n . sg	he. anim	say- pst
The man killed his neighbor because of what he said.

Telugu

45

Status: main; causal marker: valla

atanu	atani	pakkinṭivāḍi-ni	atani	māṭa-la	valla	caṁp-āḍu.
that_man. sg	that_man. sg . obl	neighbour. sg . obl - acc	that_man. sg . obl	word- pl . obl	by	kill. pst -3 sg . m
The man killed his neighbor because of his words.

45

Status: alternate; causal marker: mida

atanu	atani	pakkinṭivāḍi-ni	atani	māṭa-la	mīda	caṁp-āḍu.
that_man. sg	that_man. sg . obl	neighbour. obl - acc	that_man. sg . obl	word- pl . obl	on	kill. pst -3 sg . m
The man killed his neighbor on <the account of> his words.

45

Status: alternate; causal marker: pai

atanu	atani	pakkinṭivāḍi-ni	atani	māṭa-la	pai	caṁp-āḍu.
that_man. sg	that_man. sg . obl	neighbour. obl - acc	that_man. sg . obl	word- pl . obl	over	kill. pst -3 sg . m
The man killed his neighbor on <hearing> his words.

Udmurt (South)

45

Status: main; causal marker: ponna

Vorgoron	žug-i-z	buskeĺ-ze	so-len	kyl-yz	ponna.
man	beat- pst -3( sg )	neighbour- acc . p .3 sg	that- gen	word- p .3 sg	for
The man beat his neighbor for his words.

45

Status: alternate; causal marker: DAT luysa

Vorgoron	žug-i-z	buskeĺ-ze	so-len	kyl-yz-ly	lu-ysa.
man	beat- pst -3( sg )	neighbour- acc . p .3 sg	that- gen	word- p .3 sg - dat	become- cvb
The man beat his neighbor because of his words.

Ukrainian

45

Status: main; causal marker: za ACC

Чоловік	поби-в	сусід-а	за	його	слов-а.
man( m ). nom . sg	beat- pst . sg . m	neighbour( m )- acc . sg	for	3 sg . m . poss	word( n )- acc . pl
The man killed the neighbor for his words.

Urdu

45

Status: main; causal marker: ki vajah se

ādmī	ne	apn-e	hamsāy-e	ko	us-ke	alfāz	kī	vajah	se	mār	diy-ā.
man( m ). sg . obl	ta	own- m . sg . obl	neighbour( m )- sg . obl	obj	that. obl - adjz . m . pl . obl	words. pl . obl	adjz . f	reason( f ). sg . obl	from	kill	give. pfv - m . sg
The man killed his neighbor because of his words.

Yupik (Siberian)

45

Status: main; causal marker: INS

juɣə-m	qəvut-aː	iŋluqɬi-ni	aləχquɬχa-nəŋ
man- rel . sg	punch- ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg	be_located_opposite- refl . poss . abs . sg	chat- ins . pl
A man beat a neighbor for his words.

Sentence no. 45 ⮭

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