Sentence no. 50 ⮭
English:
Type: epistemic
Adyghe
50
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| psə–λeban-ew | ʁʷegʷə-m | tje-tə-m-č̣ʼe, | təʁʷes–čʼešʼə | q-je-šʼxə-ʁ |
| water-puddle- adv | road- obl | loc -stand- obl - ins | yesterday | csl - dat -rain- pst |
| Because there are puddles on the road, it rained yesterday. | ||||
Albanian
50
Status: main; causal marker: duke gjykuar nga NOM
| Duke | gjykuar | nga | pellgjet, | ka | rënë | shi | mbrëmë. |
| ger | judge. ptcp | from | puddle- nom . pl . def . f | have. prs .3 sg | fall. ptcp | rain. nom . sg . indf . m | last_night |
| Judging by the puddles, it rained last night. | |||||||
Arabic
50
Status: main; causal marker: bi hukmi GEN
| bi=ħukm-i | haaðihi | l-birak-i | tasaaqatʕ-a | l-matʕar-u | lajlan |
| with=judgment- gen | this | def -puddle. pl - gen | fall. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -rain( m ). s - nom | in_the_night |
| Judging by the puddles, it rained last night. | |||||
Armenian (Eastern)
50
Status: main; causal marker: ABL datelov
| Ĵrap‘os-er-ic‘ | dat-el-ov | gišer-ə | anjrev=ē | ek-el. |
| puddle- pl - abl | reason- inf - ins | night- def | rain=be. prs .3 sg | come- ptcp _ pf |
| Judging by the puddles, it rained last night. | ||||
50
Status: alternate; causal marker: ABL elnelov
| Ĵrap‘os-er-ic‘ | eln-el-ov | gišer-ə | anjrev=ē | ek-el. |
| puddle- pl - abl | go_out- inf - ins | night- def | rain=be. prs .3 sg | come- ptcp _ pf |
| Judging by the puddles, it rained last night. | ||||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| xzí-li | gól | +ṗurmí-li | b | lélə | +múṭra | vít=əla |
| see. pst - ls .1 sg | pool( f ) | understand. pst - ls .1 sg | with | night( f ) | rain( f ) | be. res . f =3 f |
| I saw the puddles and understood it was raining in the night. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because it is a biclausal construction with a dependent causal clause. | ||||||
Basque
50
Status: main; causal marker: ikusirik
| Putzu-ak | ikus-i-rik, | bart | euri-a | egi-n | zuen. |
| puddle- pl . abs | see- pfv - part | last_night | rain- sg [ abs ] | do- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg |
| Judging by the puddles, it rained last night. | |||||
Belarusian
50
Status: main; causal marker: mjarkujucy pa LOC
| mjarku-jučy | pa | lužyn-ax | nočču | išo-ŭ | doždž |
| assume- cvb | prep | puddle- loc . pl | in_the_night | go- pst [ sg . m ] | rain[ nom . sg ] |
| Judging from the puddles, it was raining in the night. | |||||
Catalan
50
Status: main; causal marker: amb
| Amb | els | bassal-s, | es | pot | veure | clarament | que | ahir | al | vespre | va | ploure. |
| with | def . pl . m | puddle( m )- pl , | refl | be_able. prs .3 sg | see. inf | clearly | that | yesterday | to. def . sg . m | night( m ) | go. prs .3 sg | rain. inf |
| Because of the puddles, it is possible to see clearly that yesterday night it was raining. | ||||||||||||
Chinese (Mandarin)
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| jiànyú | yǒu | shuǐkēng, | zuówǎn | xiàyǔ-le |
| consider | have | puddles | yesterday_evening | rain- pfv |
| It rained at night, puddles are everywhere. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
Chuvash (Maloe Karachkino)
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| kylenʥëk-senj-e | pək-san | kaɕ-pa | ɕomər | ɕu-za |
| puddle- pl - obj | look- cv _ ant | night- ins | rain | wash- cv _ sim |
| Judging by the puddles, it rained last night. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
English
50
Status: main; causal marker: judging by
| Judging by the puddles, it rained last night. |
| Judging by the puddles, it rained last night. |
Erzya
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| vedʲčireks-nè-nʲ | kuvalma | vano-zʲ, | vetʲ | ulʲne-sʲ | pizeme |
| puddle- pl . def - gen | from | look- cv | at_night | be- pst .3 sg | rain |
| Judging by the puddles, it was raining at night. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase | |||||
Filipino
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Um-ulán=yátaˀ | kagabí | kasí | may | ludlód. |
| av . pfv -rain= unc | yesterday | because | exist | puddle |
| Apparently it rained last night, because there are puddles. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
French
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Il | a | plu | cette | nuit | car | je | vois | les | flaque-s | d’ | eau. |
| 3 sg . m | have. prs .3 sg | rain. ptcp . prf | this. f | night( f ) | as | 1 sg | see. prs .1 sg | def . pl | puddle( f )- pl | of | water( f ) |
| It rained last night as I can see puddles. | |||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||||
German
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Der | Pfütz-en | nach | zu | urteilen, | hat | es | letzt-e | Nacht | ge-regne-t. |
| def . gen | puddle( f )- pl . gen | after | to | judge. inf | have. pst .3 sg | it | last- acc | night( f )[ sg . acc ] | ptcp . prf -rain- ptcp . prf |
| Judging by the puddles, it rained last night. | |||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||
Guro
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| lɛɛ́ | dǎ | beliwʋ́, | à | wìí | le | án | yí | dɔ̀-lɩ | nû | ye |
| rain | come\ pfv | night.this | 3 sg . nsbj | affair | in | pcop | 1 sg . ipfv | water | stop- ger | pl see. ipfv |
| It was raining in the night, that is why I see puddles now. | ||||||||||
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. | ||||||||||
Indonesian (Standard)
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| di-lihat | dari | genangan | air-nya | tadi | malam | pasti | hujan |
| pass .3-see | from | puddle | water- poss .3 | last | night | surely | rain |
| Seen from the puddles, it rained last night. | |||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||
Italian
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| a | giudicare | dalle | pozzanghere | stanotte | è | piovuto |
| to | judge. inf | from. def . f . pl | pool. pl | tonight | be. prs .3 sg | rain. pst . ptcp . m . sg |
| Judging by the puddles, it rained last night. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
Japanese
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Mizutamari-ga | aru | kara, | ame-ga | fut-ta. |
| puddles- nom | exist | because | rain- nom | fall- pst |
| It rained because there are puddles. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
Karelian
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| kacu-d | luhti-n | piä-le | čto | yö-l | ol-i | vihm |
| look-2 sg | puddle- gen | on- all | that | that- ad | be- pst | rain |
| Judging by the puddles, it was raining at night. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
Kazakh
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| balšïq-ta | qara-ɣan-da | tün-de | žaŋbïr | žaw-ɣan |
| puddle- dat | look- perf - loc | night- loc | rain. nom | pour- perf |
| Looking at the puddles, (it can be said that) it was raining at night. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
Khanty (Northern)
50
Status: main; causal marker: ewelt
| jiŋk | lοt | ewəλt | uš-en | at-ən | jɛrt-əs |
| water | pit | from | intelligence- poss .2 sg | night- loc | rain- pst |
| Due to puddles, it is clear that it rained last night. | |||||
50
Status: alternate; causal marker: pata
| jiŋk | lοt | păta | uš-en | at-ən | jɛrt-əs |
| water | pit | for | intelligence- poss .2 sg | night- loc | rain- pst |
| Due to puddles, it is clear that it rained last night. | |||||
50
Status: alternate; causal marker: siren
| jiŋk | lοt | śirən | uš-en | at-ən | jɛrt-əs |
| water | pit | according_to | intelligence- poss .2 sg | night- loc | rain- pst |
| Due to puddles, it is clear that it rained last night. | |||||
50
Status: alternate; causal marker: untasen
| jiŋk | lοt | untas-ən | uš-en | at-ən | jɛrt-əs |
| water | pit | help- loc | intelligence- poss .2 sg | night- loc | rain- pst |
| Due to puddles, it is clear that it rained last night. | |||||
Khmer
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| khɲom | kɯt | thaː | miən | phliəŋ | khlaŋ | nah | nɤw | pẹːl | jʊp | daoj1 | saː2 | miən | thlok | tɯk | craɯn | nɤw | lɤː dəj |
| 1 sg | think | that | have | rain | strong | very | prep | time | night | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | have | puddle | water | many | be_situated | on | ground |
| I think it was raining heavily at night, because there are many puddles on the ground. | |||||||||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||||||||||
50
Status: alternate; causal marker: daoj sa
| khɲom | kɯt | thaː | miən | phliəŋ | khlaŋ | nah | nɤw | pẹːl | jʊp | daoj1 | saː2 | thlok | tɯk | craɯn | nɤw | lɤː dəj |
| 1 sg | think | that | have | rain | strong | very | prep | time | night | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | puddle | water | many | be_situated | on | ground |
| I think it was raining heavily at night, because there are many puddles on the ground. | ||||||||||||||||
50
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| khɲom | kɯt | thaː | miən | phliəŋ | khlaŋ | nah | nɤw | pẹːl | jʊp | prʊəh | miən | thlok | tɯk | craɯn | nɤw | lɤː | dəj |
| 1 sg | think | that | have | rain | strong | very | prep | time | night | pr ƱƏ h | have | puddle | water | many | be_situated | on | ground |
| I think it was raining heavily at night, because there are many puddles on the ground. | |||||||||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||||||||||
Kumyk
50
Status: main; causal marker: gore
| kaw-la-ʁa | gʲore | geče | jangur | edi |
| puddle- pl - dat | according_to | night | rain | be. pst .3 sg |
| Judging by the puddles, it was raining at night. | ||||
Latvian
50
Status: main; causal marker: spriezot pec GEN
| Spriež-ot | pēc | peļķ-ēm, | nakt-ī | bij-is | liet-us. |
| judge- cnv | after | puddle- dat . pl | night- loc . sg | be- pst . act . ptcp . nom . sg . m | rain- nom . sg |
| Judging by the puddles, it rained last night. | |||||
Lezgian
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| leɣw-er-aj | ʔakwa-zwaj-wal | jifiz | marf-∅ | qwa-na |
| puddle- pl - inel | see- impfptp - abst | in_the_night | rain. s - abs | fall- aor |
| Since it is possible to see the puddles, (it is possible to concluse that) it was raining last night. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | ||||
Lithuanian
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Nakt-į | lij-o, | visur | balut-ės. |
| night( f )- acc . sg | rain- pst .3, | everywhere | puddle( f )- nom . pl |
| It rained at night, puddles are everywhere. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | |||
50
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Nakt-į | ly-t-a, | nes | visur | balut-ės. |
| night( f )- acc . sg | rain- pst . pp - n , | because | everywhere | puddle( f )- nom . pl |
| It seems to have rained at night, because puddles are everywhere. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
Moksha
50
Status: main; causal marker: koras GEN
| ved' | lotk-n'e-n' | kor'as | n'ɛj-əv-I | što | piz'ə-s' |
| water | pit- def . pl - gen | according_to | see- pass - npst .3[ sg ] | what | rain- npst .3[ sg ] |
| Judging by the puddles, it rained last night. | |||||
Norwegian (Bokmål)
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Vanndamm-ene | tyde-r | på | at | det | regne-t | i natt. |
| puddle- def . pl | mean- prs | on | what | rain- pst | on | night |
| Puddles mean it rained last night. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
50
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Etter | vanndamm-ene | å | dømme, | regne-t | det | i natt. |
| behind | puddle- def . pl | judge | rain- pst | 3 sg . n | on | night |
| Judging by the puddles, it was raining at night. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
Polish
50
Status: main; causal marker: sadzac po LOC
| Sądz-ąc | po | kałuż-ach, | wczoraj | w | noc-y | pada-ł-o. |
| judge- ger | by | puddle- loc . pl | yesterday | in | night- loc . sg | rain- pst - n . sg |
| Judging by the puddles, it rained last night. | ||||||
50
Status: alternate; causal marker: wnoszac po LOC
| Wnosz-ąc | po | kałuż-ach, | wczoraj | w | noc-y | pada-ł-o. |
| bring_in- ger | by | puddle- loc . pl | yesterday | in | night- loc . sg | rain- pst - n . sg |
| Judging by the puddles, it rained last night. | ||||||
Russian
50
Status: main; causal marker: sudja po DAT
| Sudja | po | luž-am, | nočʹju | šё-l | doždʹ. |
| judging | by | puddle( f )- dat . pl , | at.night | go( ipfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | rain( m )[ nom . sg ] |
| Judging by the puddles, it rained last night. | |||||
Serbian
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| sude-ći | po | bar-ama, | noćas | je | pada-l-a | kiš-a |
| judge- cnv | prep | puddle- dat . pl | tonight | be. prs .3 sg | fall- pst . ptcp - f . sg | rain- nom . sg |
| Judging by the puddles, it rained last night. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
Shughni
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| n.a. |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Slovenian
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Glede | na | to, | da | so | luž-e, | je | sinoči | deževa-l-o. |
| considering | on | that | conj | be. prs .3 pl | puddle( f )- dat . pl , | aux .3 sh | this.night | rain( ipfv )- lpt - n . sg |
| Judging by the fact that there are puddles, it rained last night. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||
50
Status: alternate; causal marker: sodec po LOC
| Sodeč | po | luž-ah, | je | sinoči | deževa-l-o. |
| judging | after | puddle( f )- loc . pl , | aux .3 sh | this.night | rain( ipfv )- lpt - n . sg |
| Judging by the puddles, it rained last night. | |||||
Spanish
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| a | juzg-ar | por | los | charco-s, | anoche | llov-ió |
| to | judge- inf | because_of | def . pl . m | puddle( m )- pl | this_night | rain- aor .3 sg |
| Judging by the puddles, yesterday night it was raining. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
Swedish
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Det | syn-s | på | vattenpöl-arna | att | det | ha-r | regna-t | i | natt. |
| def . n . sg | seem. prs - pass | on | puddle- def . pl | that | def . n . sg | have- prs | rain- sup | in | night |
| It is seen by the puddles that it had rained last night. | |||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing and the caused events are not expressed in a single sentence. | |||||||||
Telugu
50
Status: main; causal marker: ACC batti custe
| gunta-la-ni | baṭṭi | cūs-tē | ninna | rātri | vāna | paḍi-ṁdi. |
| pool- pl . obl - acc | judging_by | see- cond | yesterday | night. sg | rain. sg | fall. pst -3 sg . nm |
| Judging by the puddles, it rained last night. | ||||||
Udmurt (South)
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Puk-iś | vu-os-yz | adǯ́-isa | vala-no | uj-yn | zor-em. |
| sit- ptcp . act | water- pl - p .3 sg | see- cvb | understand- deb | night- loc | rain- pst 2.3 sg |
| Looking at the puddles, one should understand that it rained last night. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
Ukrainian
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Дивл-ячи-сь | на | калюж-і, | вночі | йшо-в | дощ. |
| look- cvb - refl | on | puddle( f )- acc . pl | at_night | go- pst . sg . m | rain( m ). nom . sg |
| Judging by the puddles, it rained last night. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
Urdu
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| pānī | se | bhar-e | gaḍḍh-e | dekh-t-e | hu-e, | lag-t-ā | hai | kal | rāt | bārish | hu-ī | hɛ. |
| water( m ). sg . obl | from | full- m . pl . dir | puddle( m )- pl . dir | see- ipfv - m . sg . obl | be. pfv - m . sg . obl , | apply- ipfv - m . sg | prs .3 sg | yesterday | night( f ). sg . dir | rain( f ). sg . dir | be. pfv . sg . f | prs .3 sg |
| Looking at the puddles full of water, seems like it had rained last night. | ||||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||||||
Yupik (Siberian)
50
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| sχaʁ-lu-təŋ | məʁ-zəʁa-t, | unuɣ-mi | sɬaɬuɣ-uχtə-kaɣ-u-q |
| see- cv -3 pl . ds | puddle-?- abs . pl | night- loc . sg | rain- distr (?)- iam (?)- ind . intr -3 sg |
| Seeing puddles, [I conclude that] it rained at night. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | |||