Sentence no. 51 ⮭
English:
Type: epistemic
Adyghe
51
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| jə-stərəʁe-č̣ʼe | psə-r | qe-ẑʷa-ʁ |
| poss -heat- ins | water- abs | csl -boil- pst |
| Judging by the temperature, the water has already boiled. | ||
Albanian
51
Status: main; causal marker: duke gjykuar nga NOM
| Duke | gjykuar | nga | flluskat, | uj-i | po | vlo-n. |
| ger | judge. ptcp | from | bubble- nom . pl . def . f | water- nom . sg . def . m | prog | boil- prs .3 sg |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water is boiling. | ||||||
Arabic
51
Status: main; causal marker: bi hukmi GEN
| bi= | ħukm-i | haaðihi | l-fuqaaʕ-aat-i | ʔal-maaʔ-u | qad ɣal-aa |
| with=judgment( m ). s - gen | this | def -bubble- pl . f - gen | def -water( m ). s - nom | pfv | boil. pst . pfv -3 s . m |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water is boiling. | |||||
51
Status: alternate; causal marker: bi hukmi galaa GEN
| bi=l-ħukm-i | ʕalaa | l-fuqaaʕ-aat-i | ʔal-maaʔ-u | qad | ɣal-aa |
| with= def -judgement( m ). s - gen | on | def -bubble- pl . f - gen | def -water( m ). s - nom | pfv | boil. pst . pfv -3 s . m |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water is boiling. | |||||
Armenian (Eastern)
51
Status: main; causal marker: ABL elnelov
| Eln-el-ov | pġpĵak-ner-ic‘ | ĵur-n | arden | eŕac‘-el=ē. |
| go_out- inf - ins | bubble- pl - abl | water- def | already | boil- ptcp _ pf =be. prs .3 sg |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water is boiling. | ||||
51
Status: alternate; causal marker: ABL datelov
| Dat-el-ov | pġpĵak-ner-ic‘ | ĵur-n | arden | eŕac‘-el=ē. |
| reason- inf - ins | bubble- pl - abl | water- def | already | boil- ptcp _ pf =be. prs .3 sg |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water is boiling. | ||||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| xzí-li | hóga | +ṗurmí-li | míyya | +bərdáx=əva |
| see. pst - ls .1 sg | steam( m ) | understand. pst - ls .1 sg | water( pl ) | boil. prog =3. retr |
| I saw the steam and understood that the water is boiled now. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because it is a biclausal construction with a dependent causal clause. | ||||
Basque
51
Status: main; causal marker: ikusirik
| Burbuila-k | ikus-i-rik, | ur-a | iraki-tzen | ari | da. |
| bubble- pl . abs | see- pfv - part | water- sg [ abs ] | boil- ipfv | prog | aux . prs . abs 3 sg |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water is boiling. | |||||
Belarusian
51
Status: main; causal marker: mjarkujucy pa LOC
| mjarku-jučy | pa | burbalk-ax | vad-a | užo | zakipe-l-a |
| assume- cvb | prep | bubble- loc . pl | water- nom . sg | already | boil- pst - sg . f |
| Judging from the bubbles, the water has boiled already. | |||||
Catalan
51
Status: main; causal marker: tenint en compte
| Ten-int | en | compte | les | bomboll-es, | l' | aigu-a | bull. |
| have- ger | in | account( m ). sg | def . pl . f | bubble( f )- pl , | def . sg . f | water( f )- sg | boil. prs .3 sg |
| Taking into consideration the bubbles, the water is boiling. | |||||||
Chinese (Mandarin)
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| jiànyú | yǒu | qìpào, | shuǐ | zhǔfèi-le |
| consider | have | bubbles | water | boil- pfv |
| The water is already boiling, because it started to bubble. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
Chuvash (Maloe Karachkino)
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| xəmbə-zanj-a | pək-san | ʂu | vëre-ze | kaj-za | pol-ma-la |
| bubble- pl - obj | look- cv _ ant | water | boil- cv _ sim | go- cv _ sim | be- inf - attr |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water is boiling. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
English
51
Status: main; causal marker: judging by
| Judging by the bubbles, the water is boiling. |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water is boiling. |
Erzya
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| vedʲ | bajge-tne-nʲ | kuvalma | vano-zʲ, | vede-sʲ | laka-zev-sʲ |
| water | bubble- pl . def - gen | from | look- cv | water- nom . def | boil- inch - pst .3 sg |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water has already boiled. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase | |||||
Filipino
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Dáhil | may | bulá | [na], | k<um>u~kulóˀ | ang=túbig. |
| because | exist | foam | already, | < av > ipfv ~boil | nom =water |
| Since there is foam [already], the water is boiling. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
French
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| L’ | eau | bout | déjà | . | Car | je | vois | les bulle-s. |
| def . f | water( f ) | boil. prs .3 sg | already. | as | 1 sg | see. prs .1 sg | def . pl | bubble( f )- pl |
| The water is already boiling as I can see bubbles. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||
German
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Der | Blasen | nach | zu | urteilen, | koch-t | das | Wasser. |
| def . gen | bubble( f )- pl . gen | after | to | judge. inf | boil- prs .3 sg | def . nom | water( n )[ sg . nom ] |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water is boiling. | |||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||
Guro
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| yí | à | fili-nâ, | à | tà | buɛ | le | ma | ye, | à | le | wɩ́ | ma | le |
| water | cop | boil- prog | 3 sg . nsbj | surface | foam | rel | 1 sg . ipfv >3 sg . nsbj | see. ipfv | 3 sg . nsbj | poss | affair | surface | pcop |
| The water is boiling, because I can see foam in it. | |||||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | |||||||||||||
Indonesian (Standard)
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| melihat | dari | buih-nya | air-nya | sudah | mendidih |
| act.see | from | bubble- poss .3 | water- poss .3 | already | boil |
| Seen from the bubbles, the water is boiling. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
Italian
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| a | giudicare | dalle | bolle | l’ | acqua | sta | già | bollendo |
| to | judge. inf | from. def . f . pl | bubble. pl | def . f . sg | water | stay. prs .3 sg | already | boil. ger |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water is boiling. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||
Japanese
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Awa-ga | deki-ta | kara | futtō-sh-ita. |
| bubble- nom | appear- pst | because | boiling- vblz - pst |
| The water has boiled because there are bubbles. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
Karelian
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| kacu-d | veda-s | oma | puzuri-že-d | žnačit | vezi | d´o | kiehužkando-b |
| look-2 sg | water- in | be.3 pl | bubble- dim - part | that_means | water | already | boil-3 sg |
| Judging by the bubbles in the water, the water has already boiled. | |||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||
Kazakh
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| köpiršik-ter-ge | qara-ɣan-da | sw | qayna-ɣan |
| bubble- pl - dat | look- perf - loc | water. nom | boil- perf |
| Looking at the bubbles, (it can be said that) the water has boiled. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
Khanty (Northern)
51
Status: main; causal marker: ewelt
| jiŋk | sɛm | ewəλt | uš-en | jiŋk-en | kawermə-s |
| water | drop | from | intelligence- poss .2 sg | water- poss .2 sg | boil- pst |
| Due to bubbles, it is clear that the water is boiling. | |||||
51
Status: alternate; causal marker: pata
| jiŋk | sɛm | păta | uš-en | jiŋk-en | kawermə-s |
| water | drop | for | intelligence- poss .2 sg | water- poss .2 sg | boil- pst |
| Due to bubbles, it is clear that the water is boiling. | |||||
51
Status: alternate; causal marker: siren
| jiŋk | sɛm | śirən | uš-en | jiŋk-en | kawermə-s |
| water | drop | according_to | intelligence- poss .2 sg | water- poss .2 sg | boil- pst |
| Due to bubbles, it is clear that the water is boiling. | |||||
51
Status: alternate; causal marker: untasen
| jiŋk | sɛm | untas-ən | uš-en | jiŋk-en | kawermə-s |
| water | drop | help- loc | intelligence- poss .2 sg | water- poss .2 sg | boil- pst |
| Due to bubbles, it is clear that the water is boiling. | |||||
Khmer
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| daoj1 | saː2 | miən | pɔpuh | craɯn | khɲom | kɯt | thaː | tɯk | nɤw | knoŋ | chnaŋ | nih | dam ruəc3 haɯj4 |
| daoj _ sa ː1,2 | have | bubble | a_lot | 1 sg | think | that | water | in | inside | cooking_pot | this | boil | iam 3,4 |
| Because of numerous bubbles I think that the water in the cooking pot is boiling. | |||||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||||||
51
Status: alternate; causal marker: daoj sa
| daoj1 | saː2 | pɔpuh | craɯn | khɲom | kɯt | thaː | tɯk | nɤw | knoŋ | chnaŋ | nih | dam ruəc3 haɯj4 |
| daoj _ sa ː1,2 | bubble | a_lot | 1 sg | think | that | water | in | inside | cooking_pot | this | boil | iam 3,4 |
| Because of numerous bubbles I think that the water in the cooking pot is boiling. | ||||||||||||
51
Status: alternate; causal marker: prueh
| prʊəh | miən | pɔpuh | craɯn | khɲom | kɯt | thaː | tɯk | nɤw | knoŋ | chnaŋ | nih | dam | ruəc1 haɯj2 |
| pr ƱƏ h | have | bubble | a_lot | 1 sg | think | that | water | in | inside | cooking_pot | this | boil | iam 1,2 |
| Because of numerous bubbles I think that the water in the cooking pot is boiling. | |||||||||||||
Khwarshi
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| łi-ƛ’o-sa | buruknaga | l-akwa-zal | leqqa | ła | qerojda |
| water- super - atr | seethe | iv -see- tmp | iv -be_able\ aor | water | boil\ aor |
| The water boils, when you can see it seething. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
Kumyk
51
Status: main; causal marker: gore
| gʲobjuk-le-ge | gʲore | su | qʼajna-d-y |
| bubble- pl - dat | according_to | water | boil- pst -3 sg |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water has already boiled. | |||
Latvian
51
Status: main; causal marker: spriezot pec GEN
| Spriež-ot | pēc | burbulīš-iem, | ūden-s | jau | vār-ā-s. |
| judge- cnv | after | bubble- dat . pl | water- nom . sg | already | boil-3- rfl |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water is boiling. | |||||
Lezgian
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| buɣad-aj | ʔakwa-zwaj-wal | jad-∅ | rugu-nwa |
| steam. s - inel | see- impfptp - abst water. s - abs | boil- prf | |
| Since it is oossible to see the steam, (it can be concluded that) the water is boiling. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | |||
Lithuanian
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Vanduo | jau | užvir-ė, | nes | pradėj-o | burbuliuo-ti. |
| water( m ). nom . sg | already | boil_up- pst .3, | because | start- pst .3 | bubble- inf |
| The water is already boiling, because it started to bubble. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
51
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Vanduo | verd-a, | kyl-a | burbul-ai. |
| water( m ). nom . sg | boil- prs .3, | rise- prs .3 | bubble( m )- nom . pl |
| The water is boiling, bubbles are rising. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | |||
Moksha
51
Status: main; causal marker: koras GEN
| puzir̥-n'ə-n' | kor'as | vet' laka-s' |
| bubble- def . pl - gen | water boil- pst .3[ sg ] | |
| According to the bubbles, the water has already boiled. | ||
Norwegian (Bokmål)
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Etter | luftbobl-ene | å | dømme, | har | vann-et | kokt opp. |
| behind | bubble- def . pl | judge | have. prs | water- def . sg | boil- pst . ptcp | up |
| The bubbles look like the water is boiling. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
Polish
51
Status: main; causal marker: sadzac po LOC
| Sądz-ąc | po | bąbelk-ach, | wod-a | się | gotuje. |
| judge- ger | by | bubble- loc . pl | water- nom . sg | refl | prepare. prs .3 sg |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water is boiling. | |||||
Russian
51
Status: main; causal marker: sudja po DAT
| Sudja | po | puzyrʹk-am, | vod-a | kip-it. |
| judging | by | bubble( m )- dat . pl , | water( f )- nom . sg | boil( ipfv )- prs .3 sg |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water is boiling. | ||||
Serbian
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| sude-ći | po | mehurić-ima, | vod-a | je | već | provri-l-a |
| judge- cnv | prep | bubble- dat . pl | water- nom . sg | be. prs .3 sg | already | boil- pst . ptcp - f . sg |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water is already boiling. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||
Shughni
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| n.a. |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Slovenian
51
Status: main; causal marker: glede na ACC
| Glede | na | mehurčk-e, | vod-a | vre. |
| considering | on | bubble( f )- acc . pl , | water( f )- nom . sg | boil( ipfv ). prs .3 sg |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water is boiling. | ||||
51
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Ker | so | mehurčk-i, | vod-a | vre. |
| because | be. prs .3 pl | bubble( f )- nom . pl , | water( f )- nom . sg | boil( ipfv ). prs .3 sg |
| As there are bubbles, the water is boiling. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
51
Status: alternate; causal marker: sodec po LOC
| Sodeč | po | mehurčk-ih, | vod-a | vre. |
| judging | after | bubble( f )- loc . pl , | water( f )- nom . sg | boil( ipfv ). prs .3 sg |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water is boiling. | ||||
Spanish
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| a | juzg-ar | por | las | burbuja-s, | el | agua | está | hirv-iendo |
| to | judge- inf | because_of | def . pl . f | bubble( f )- pl | def . sg . f | water( f )- sg | be. prs .3 sg | boil- ger |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water is boiling. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||
Swedish
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Det | syn-s | på | bubbl-or-na | att | vattn-et | koka-r. |
| def . n . sg | seem- pass | on | bubble- pl - def . pl | that | water- def . n . sg | boil- prs |
| It is seen by the bubbles that the water is boiling. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing and the caused events are not expressed in a single sentence. | ||||||
Telugu
51
Status: main; causal marker: ACC batti custe
| buḍaga-la-ni | baṭṭi | cūs-tē | nīḷḷu | masulu-tunn-āyi. |
| bubble- pl . obl - acc | judging_by | see- cond | water( pl ) | boil- prs -3 pl . n |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water is boiling. | ||||
Udmurt (South)
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Vu-iś | puĺy-os-yz | adǯ́-ysa | vala-no | vu | byrekt-i-z. |
| water- el | bubble- pl - p .3 sg | see- cvb | understand- deb | water | boil- pst -3( sg ) |
| Looking at the the bubbles, one should understand that the water is boiling. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
Ukrainian
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Дивл-ячи-сь | на | бульбашк-и | вод-а | вже | закипі-л-а. |
| look- cvb - refl | on | bubble( f )- acc . pl | water( f )- nom . sg | already | begin_to_boil- pst - sg . f |
| Judging by the bubbles, the water has come to boil. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
Urdu
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| bulbul-e | dekh | kar | patā1 | cal2-t-ā | hɛ | ke | pānī | ubal | rah-ā hɛ. |
| bubble( m )- pl . dir | see | cvb | get_to_know1,2- ipfv - m . sg | prs .3 sg | comp | water( m ). sg . dir | boil | dur - m . sg | prs .3 sg |
| Having looked at the bubbles, one gets to know that the water is boiling. | |||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||||||
Yupik (Siberian)
51
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| sχaʁ-lu-ku | qaɬatə-ɬχaː | məq | uɣus-ima-kaŋa |
| see- cv -3 sg . ss | boil- nmlz | water. abs . sg | melt- pst - infr .3 sg .3 sg |
| Since the water is seen to be boiling, it must have melted. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | |||