Sentence no. 6 ⮭
English: The tree fell
Type: ontological
Adyghe
6
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| žʼəbʁe-m | čəgə-r | r-jə-wətə-ʁ |
| wind- obl | tree- abs | loc -3 sg . erg -rub- pst |
| The wind knocked down the tree. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| žʼəbʁe-r | arə | čəgə-r | jə-zə-wətə-ʁe-r |
| wind- abs | cop | tree- abs | loc - rel . erg -rub- pst - abs |
| The wind is what brought down the tree. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | |||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: paje
| žʼəbʁe-m | paje | čəgə-r | wəḳʷerəjə-ʁ |
| wind- obl | because_of | tree- abs | overturn- pst |
| The tree fell from the wind. | |||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| žʼəbʁe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | čəgə-r | wəḳʷerəjə-ʁ |
| wind- obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | tree- abs | overturn- pst |
| The tree fell from the wind. | |||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| žʼəbʁe-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | čəgə-r | wəḳʷerəjə-ʁ |
| wind- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | tree- abs | overturn- pst |
| The tree fell from the wind. | |||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: jalazece
| žʼəbʁe-m | jə-lažʼe-č̣ʼe | čəgə-r | wəḳʷerəjə-ʁ |
| wind- obl | poss -guilt- ins | tree- abs | overturn- pst |
| The tree fell from the wind. | |||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: fesce
| žʼəbʁe-m | feṣ̂(-č̣ʼe) | čəgə-r | wəḳʷerəjə-ʁ |
| wind- obl | for- ins | tree- abs | overturn- pst |
| The tree fell from the wind. | |||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| žʼəbʁe-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | čəgə-r | wəḳʷerejə-ʁ |
| wind- obl | poss -evil- ins | tree- abs | overturn- pst |
| The tree fell from the wind. | |||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| žʼəbʁe-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | čəgə-r | wəḳʷerejə-ʁ |
| wind- obl | poss -harm- ins | tree- abs | overturn- pst |
| The tree fell from the wind. | |||
Albanian
6
Status: main; causal marker: per shkak te GEN
| Pem-a | ra | për | shkak | tё | er-ës. |
| tree- nom . sg . def . f | fall. aor .3 sg | for | reason. acc . sg . indf . m | art | wind- gen . sg . def . f |
| The tree fell because of the wind. | |||||
Arabic
6
Status: main; causal marker: min GEN
| waqaʕ-ati | ʃ-ʃadʒarat-u | mina | r-rijaaħ-i |
| fall. pst . pfv -3 s . f | def -tree( f ). s - nom | from | def -wind. pl - gen |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | |||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: bi sababi GEN
| saqatʕ-ati | ʃ-ʃadʒarat-u | bi=sabab-i | r-riiħ-i |
| fall. pst . pfv -3 s . f | def | tree( f ). s - nom | with=reason( m ). s - gen def -wind( f ). s - gen |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | |||
Armenian (Eastern)
6
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| K‘am-uc‘ | caŕ-ə | ənk-av. |
| wind- abl | tree- def | fall- aor .3 sg |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | ||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
6
Status: main; causal marker: but
| ilána | npə́l-lə | ka | but | póxa |
| tree( m ) | fall. pst - ls .3 m | to | about | wind( m ) |
| The tree fell because of the wind. | ||||
Basque
6
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Haize-a | ze-la | eta | eror-i | zen | zuhaitz-a. |
| wind- sg [ abs ] | aux . pst . abs 3 sg - compl | and | fall- pfv | aux . pst . abs 3 sg | tree- sg [ abs ] |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
Belarusian
6
Status: main; causal marker: ad GEN
| drèv-a | ŭpa-l-a | ad | vetr-u |
| tree- nom . sg | fall- pst - sg . n | prep | wind- gen . sg |
| The tree fell because of the wind. | |||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: z-za GEN
| drèv-a | ŭpa-l-a | z-za | vetr-u |
| tree- nom . sg | fall- pst - sg . n | prep | wind- gen . sg |
| The tree fell because of the wind. | |||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: praz ACC
| drèv-a | ŭpa-l-a | praz | vecer |
| tree- nom . sg | fall- pst - sg . n | prep | wind[ acc . sg ] |
| The tree fell because of the wind. | |||
Catalan
6
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| El | vent | va | fer | caure | l' | arbre. |
| def . sg . m | wind( m ). sg | go. prs .3 sg | do. inf | fall. inf | def . sg . m | tree( m ). sg |
| The wind made the tree fall. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||||||
Chinese (Mandarin)
6
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| zhège | shù | bèi | fēng | guādǎo-le |
| this | tree | pass | wind | blow_down- pfv |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||||
Chuvash (Maloe Karachkino)
6
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| juɕ | ɕil-be | yk-se |
| tree | wind- ins | fall- cv _ sim |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | ||
English
6
Status: main; causal marker: because of
| The tree fell because of the wind. |
| The tree fell because of the wind. |
| Note: This option is preferred over the alternative with due to by the transtator. |
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: due to
| The tree fell due to the wind. |
| The tree fell due to the wind. |
| Note: This option is less preferable than the translation with because of. |
Erzya
6
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| čuvto-sʲ | pra-sʲ | varma-do. |
| tree- nom . def | fall- pst .3 sg | wind- abl |
| The tree fell from the wind. | ||
Filipino
6
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Na-tumbá | ang=púno | dáhil | sa | hángin. |
| pfv . mod -fall | nom =tree | because | obl | wind |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | ||||
French
6
Status: main; causal marker: a cause de
| L’ | arbre | est | tomb-é | à | cause | du | vent. |
| def . m | tree( m ) | be. prs .3 sg | fall- ptcp . prf . m | to | cause | of. def . m | wind( m ) |
| The tree fell because of the wind. | |||||||
German
6
Status: main; causal marker: wegen GEN
| Der | Baum | fiel | wegen | des | Wind-es. |
| def . nom | tree( m )[ sg . nom ] | fall. pst .3 sg | because_of | def . gen | wind( m )- sg . gen |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | |||||
Guro
6
Status: main; causal marker: wii
| yílí | zàná | fuùlɔ́ | wíǐ |
| tree | overturn\ pfv | wind | because |
| The tree overturned because of the wind. | |||
Indonesian (Standard)
6
Status: main; causal marker: karena
| pohonnya | jatuh | karena | angin |
| the.tree | fall | because | wind |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | |||
Italian
6
Status: main; causal marker: per
| l’ | albero | è | caduto | per | il | vento |
| def . m . sg | tree | be. prs .3 sg | fall. pst . ptcp . m . sg | for | def . m . sg | wind |
| The tree fell because of the wind. | ||||||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: a causa di
| l’ | albero | è | caduto | a | causa | del | vento |
| def . m . sg | tree | be. prs .3 sg | fall. pst . ptcp . m . sg | to | cause | of. def . m . sg | wind |
| The tree fell because of the wind. | |||||||
Japanese
6
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| Ki-ga | kaze-de | taore-ta. |
| tree- nom | wind- ins | fall- pst |
| The tree fell because of the wind. | ||
Karelian
6
Status: main; causal marker: AD
| puu | langez‘ | tuul‘e-l |
| tree | fall. pst | wind- ad |
| The tree fell from the wind. | ||
Kazakh
6
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| aɣaš | žel-den | qula-dï |
| tree. nom | wind- abl | fall- pst 1.3 sg |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | ||
Khanty (Northern)
6
Status: main; causal marker: ewelt
| jʉχ-en | răkn-əs | wot | ewəλt |
| tree- poss .2 sg | fall- pst | wind | from |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | |||
Khmer
6
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| daəm1 | chɤ:2 | nih | rɔlʊm | daoj3 | saː4 khjɒl kɒntrak |
| tree1,2 | this | fall | daoj _ sa ː3,4 | wind | pull_out |
| This tree fell because it was pulled out by the wind. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: daoj sa
| daəm1 | chɤ:2 | nih | rɔlʊm | daoj3 | saː4 khjɒl pjuh |
| tree1,2 | this | fall | daoj _ sa ː3,4 | wind | tornado |
| This tree fell because of the wind storm. | |||||
Khwarshi
6
Status: main; causal marker: POSS ABL
| ʁʷan | n-iža-na | łac’-qo-žo |
| tree | iv -fell- evd | wind- poss - abl |
| The tree fell from the wind. | ||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: POSS TRNS
| ʁʷan | n-iž-ža | łac’-qo-jža |
| tree | iv -fell- aor | wind- poss - trns |
| The tree fell from the wind. | ||
Kumyk
6
Status: main; causal marker: abl
| terek | el-den | tjuš-t-u' |
| tree | wind- abl | fall- pst -3 sg |
| The tree fell from the wind. | ||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: sebepli
| terek | el | sebepli | tjuš-t-u' |
| tree | wind | for_the_reason_of | fall- pst -3 sg |
| The tree fell from the wind. | |||
Latvian
6
Status: main; causal marker: LOC
| Kok-s | nolūz-a | vēj-ā. |
| tree- nom . sg | break. pst -3 | wind- loc . sg |
| The tree fell in the wind. | ||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: no GEN
| Kok-s | nolūz-a | no | vēj-a. |
| tree- nom . sg | break. pst -3 | from | wind- gen . sg |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | |||
Lezgian
6
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| qaj-u | tar-∅ | jarχar-na |
| wind. s - erg | tree. s - abs | lay- aor |
| The wind brought the tree down. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
Lithuanian
6
Status: main; causal marker: nuo GEN
| Med-is | nuvirt-o | nuo | vėj-o. |
| tree( m )- nom . sg | fall- pst .3 | from | wind( m )- gen . sg |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | |||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: del GEN
| Med-is | nuvirt-o | dėl | vėj-o. |
| tree( m )- nom . sg | fall- pst .3 | because_of | wind( m )- gen . sg |
| The tree fell because of the wind. | |||
Moksha
6
Status: main; causal marker: ezda GEN
| šufc' | pra-s' | varma-t' | ezdə |
| tree | fell- pst .3[ sg ] | wind- def . sg . gen | in. abl |
| The tree fell from the wind. | |||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: inksa GEN
| šufc' | pra-s' | varma-t' | inksə |
| tree | fell- pst .3[ sg ] | wind- def . sg . gen | because_of |
| The tree fell from the wind. | |||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| šuft | praft-əz'ə | varma-s' |
| tree | fell- caus - pst .3 sg . o .3 sg . s | wind- def . sg |
| The wind knocked down the tree. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: EL
| varma-stə | šufc' | vajɛ j |
| wind- el | tree. def . sg | be_falling- npst .3[ sg ] |
| The tree falls from the wind. | ||
Norwegian (Bokmål)
6
Status: main; causal marker: pa grunn av
| Tre-et | falt | ned | på | grunn | av vind-en. |
| tree- def . sg | fall. pst . ptcp | on | soil | from | wind- def . sg |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | |||||
Polish
6
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Wiatr | złama-ł | drzew-o. |
| wind[ nom . sg ] | break- pst [ m . sg ] | tree- acc . sg |
| The wind broke the tree. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: przez ACC
| Drzew-o | zosta-ł-o | złama-n-e | przez | wiatr. |
| tree- nom . sg | remain- pst - n . sg | break- pass . ptcp - nom . sg . n | through | wind[ acc . sg ] |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | ||||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: z powodu GEN
| Drzew-o | złama-ł-o | się | z | powod-u | wiatr-u. |
| tree- nom . sg | break- pst - n . sg | refl | from2 | reason- gen . sg | wind- gen . sg |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | |||||
Russian
6
Status: main; causal marker: iz-za GEN
| Derev-o | upa-l-o | iz-za | vetr-a. |
| tree( n )- nom . sg | fall( pfv )- pst - n . sg | out.of-behind | wind( m )- gen . sg |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | |||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: ot GEN
| Derev-o | upa-l-o | ot | vetr-a. |
| tree( n )- nom . sg | fall( pfv )- pst - n . sg | from | wind( m )- gen . sg |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | |||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: INS
| Derev-o | povali-l-o | vetr-om. |
| tree( n )- acc . sg | bring.down( pfv )- pst - n . sg | wind( m )- ins . sg |
| This tree was brought down by the wind. | ||
Serbian
6
Status: main; causal marker: od GEN
| drv-o | je | pa-l-o | od | vetr-a |
| tree- nom . sg | be. prs .3 sg | fall- pst . ptcp - n . sg | prep | wind- gen . sg |
| The tree fell because of the wind. | ||||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: pod INS
| drv-o | je | pa-l-o | pod | vetr-om |
| tree- nom . sg | be. prs .3 sg | fall- pst . ptcp - n . sg | prep | wind- ins . sg |
| The tree fell because of the wind. | ||||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: zbog GEN
| drv-o | je | pa-l-o | zbog | vetr-a |
| tree- nom . sg | be. prs .3 sg | fall- pst . ptcp - n . sg | prep | wind- gen . sg |
| The tree fell because of the wind. | ||||
Shughni
6
Status: main; causal marker: az
| Yā | daraxt | az | xūdz | wêx-t. |
| dem 3. f . sg | tree( f ) | el | wind | fall- pst |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | ||||
Slovenian
6
Status: main; causal marker: zaradi GEN
| Drev-o | se | je | zruši-l-o | zaradi | vetr-a. |
| tree( n )- nom . sg | refl | aux .3 sg | fall- lpt - n . sg | because.of | wind( m )- gen . sg |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | |||||
Spanish
6
Status: main; causal marker: debido a
| el | árbol | cay-ó | debido | al | viento |
| def . sg . m | tree( m ). sg | fall- aor .3 sg | due_to | def . sg . m | wind( m ). sg |
| The tree fell because of the wind. | |||||
Swedish
6
Status: main; causal marker: pa grund av
| Träd-et | föll | på | grund | av | vind-en. |
| tree- def . n . sg | fall. pst | on | ground | of | wind- def . c . sg |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | |||||
Telugu
6
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| ceṭṭu | gāli-ki | paḍi-ṁdi. |
| tree. sg | wind. sg . obl - dat | fall. pst -3 sg . nm |
| The tree fell because of the wind. | ||
6
Status: alternate; causal marker: valla
| ceṭṭu | gāli | valla | paḍi-ṁdi. |
| tree. sg | wind. sg . obl | by | fall. pst -3 sg . nm |
| The tree fell because of the wind. | |||
Udmurt (South)
6
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Pispu | pogra-z | tə̑l-leś. |
| tree | fall. pst -3( sg ) | wind- abl |
| The tree fell because of the wind. | ||
Ukrainian
6
Status: main; causal marker: vid GEN
| Дерев-о | впал-о | від | вітр-у. |
| tree( n )- nom . sg | fall- pst - sg . n | from | wind( m )- gen . sg |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | |||
Urdu
6
Status: main; causal marker: se
| daraxt | havā | se | gir | gay-ā. |
| tree( m ). sg . dir | air( f ). sg . obl | from | fall | go. pfv - sg . m |
| The tree fell because of the wind. | ||||
Yupik (Siberian)
6
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| uqfik | ifkaχ-t-u-q | uməɣnəʁ-məŋ |
| tree. abs . sg | fall- imm _ pst - ind . intr -3 sg | blizzard- ins . sg |
| The tree fell due to a blizzard. | ||