Sentence no. 7 ⮭
English: The man died
Type: ontological
Adyghe
7
Status: main; causal marker: qaxecace
| twekə-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-r | λ̣a-ʁe |
| flow- obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | man- abs | die- pst |
| The man died due to electrocution. | |||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| λ̣ə-r | twekə-m | ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁ |
| man- abs | flow- obl | 3 sg . erg -kill- pst |
| The man was killed by electric current. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: INS
| λ̣ə-r | twekə-m-č̣ʼe | ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁ |
| man- abs | flow- obl - ins | 3 sg . erg -kill- pst |
| The man was electrocuted. | ||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: paje
| twekə-m | paje | λ̣ə-r | λ̣a-ʁe |
| flow- obl | because_of | man- abs | die- pst |
| The man died due to electrocution. | |||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| twekə-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | λ̣ə-r | λ̣a-ʁe |
| flow- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | man- abs | die- pst |
| The man died due to electrocution. | |||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: apq qjacew
| twekə-m | ə-pq | q-jə-č̣ʼ-ew | λ̣ə-r | λ̣a-ʁe |
| flow- obl | 3 sg . pr -flesh | csl - loc -go_out- adv | man- abs | die- pst |
| The man died due to electrocution. | ||||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| twekə-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-r | λ̣a-ʁe |
| flow- obl | poss -evil- ins | man- abs | die- pst |
| The man died from electric shock. | |||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| twekə-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-r | λ̣a-ʁe |
| flow- obl | poss -harm- ins | man- abs | die- pst |
| The man died from electric shock. | |||
Albanian
7
Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM
| Burr-i | vdiq | (menjëherë) | nga | një | goditj-e | elektrik-e. |
| man- nom . sg . def . m | die. aor .3 sg | (immediately) | from | art . indf | hit- nom . sg . indf . f | electric- sg . f |
| The man died from electric shock. | ||||||
Arabic
7
Status: main; causal marker: min GEN
| maat-a | r-radʒul-u | min | sʕaʕqat-i-n | kahrabaaʔijj-at-i-n |
| die. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | from | kick( f ). s - gen - indef | electric( f ). s - gen - indef |
| The man died from electric shock. | ||||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: bi GEN
| maat-a | r-radʒul-u | bi=sʕaʕqat-i-n | kahrabaaʔijj-at-i-n |
| die. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man. m - nom | with=kick( f ). s - gen - indef | electric( f ). s - gen - indef |
| The man died from electric shock. | |||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: bi sababi GEN
| maat-a | r-radʒul-u | bi=sabab-i | sʕadmat-i-n | kahrabaaʔijj-at-i-n |
| die. pst . pfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | with=reason( m )- gen | kick( f ). s - gen - indef | electric- s . f - gen - indef |
| The man died from electric shock. | ||||
Armenian (Eastern)
7
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Tġamard-ə | mahac‘-el=ē | hosank‘-i | harvac-ic‘. |
| man- def | die- ptcp _ pf =be. prs .3 sg | flow- gen | blow- abl |
| The man died from electric shock. | |||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
7
Status: main; causal marker: man
| náša | mə́t-lə | mən | mxét=ət | bə́rka |
| man( m ) | die. pst - ls .3 m | from | hit. nmlz = rel | lightning( m ) |
| The man died from electrisity. | ||||
Basque
7
Status: main; causal marker: GEN ondorioz
| Gizon-a | deskarga | elektriko | bat-en | ondorio-z | hil | zen. |
| man- sg [ abs ] | shock | electric | one- gen | result- ins | die[ pfv ] | aux . pst . abs 3 sg |
| The man died from electric shock. | ||||||
Belarusian
7
Status: main; causal marker: ad GEN
| mužčyn-a | zaginu-ŭ | ad | udar-u | tok-u |
| man- nom . sg | die- pst [ sg . m ] | prep | kick- gen . sg | electricity- gen . sg |
| The man died from the electric shock. | ||||
Catalan
7
Status: main; causal marker: de
| L' | home | va | mor-ir | d' | un | curtcircuit. |
| def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | go. prs .3 sg | die- inf | from | indf . sg . m | short_circuit( m ). sg |
| The man died from electric shock. | ||||||
Chinese (Mandarin)
7
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| zhège | nánrén | mǎshàng | bèi | diàn | sǐ-le |
| this | man | immediately | pass | electricity | die- pfv |
| The man died from electric shock. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||||
Chuvash (Maloe Karachkino)
7
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| arʑɨn | tok-pa | vil-ze |
| man | electricity- ins | die- cv _ sim |
| The man died from electric shock. | ||
English
7
Status: main; causal marker: from
| The man died from electric shock. |
| The man died from electric shock. |
Erzya
7
Status: main; causal marker: mejle ABL
| cera-sʲ | čavo-v-sʲ | seske | toko-nʲ | vačkodema-do | mejle |
| man- nom . def | kill- pass - pst .3 sg | straightaway | flow- gen | blow- abl | after |
| The man died from electric shock immediately. | |||||
Filipino
7
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Na-matáy | ang=Mámaˀ | dáhil | na-kuryénte | siyá. |
| pfv . mod . ev -die | nom =mister | because | pfv . mod . ev -electricity | 3 sg |
| The man died because he got electrocuted. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: dahil sa
| Na-matáy | ang=Mámaˀ | dáhil | sa | kuryénte. |
| pfv . mod . ev -die | nom =mister | because | obl | electricity |
| The mister died from electricity. | ||||
French
7
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| L’ | homme | est | mort | électrocut-é. |
| def . m | man( m ) | be. prs .3 sg | die. ptcp . prf . m | electrocute- ptcp . prf . m |
| The man died from electric shock. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: suite a
| L’ | homme | est | mort | suite | à | l’ | électrocution. |
| def . m | man( m ) | be. prs .3 sg | die. ptcp . prf . m | following | to | def . f | electrocution( f ) |
| The man died after the electric shock. | |||||||
German
7
Status: main; causal marker: durch ACC
| Der | Mann | starb | durch | ein-en | Elektroschock. |
| def . nom | man( m )[ sg . nom ] | die. pst .3 sg | through | indf - acc | electric_shock( m )[ sg . acc ] |
| The man died from electric shock. | |||||
Guro
7
Status: main; causal marker: pa ji nya
| gɔnɛ | zàn | gǎ | kuu'nâ | pá | jì | nya |
| male | resp | die\ pfv | electricity | track | inside | with |
| The man died from electrisity. | ||||||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: nya
| wò | gɔnɛ | zàn | jɛ̌ | lɛì | nya |
| 3 pl | male | resp | hit\ pfv | bullet | with |
| The man died from bullet. | |||||
Indonesian (Standard)
7
Status: main; causal marker: dari
| laki-laki | itu | meninggal | dari | sengatan | listrik | secara | langsung |
| man | that | die | from | shock | electricity | by | directly |
| The man died from electric shock. | |||||||
Italian
7
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| l’ | uomo | è | morto | fulminato |
| def . m . sg | man | be. prs .3 sg | die. pst . ptcp . m . sg | fulminate. pst . ptcp . m . sg |
| The man died electrocuted. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| l’ | uomo | è | stato | fulminato | dalla | corrente |
| def . m . sg | man | be. prs .3 sg | be. pst . ptcp . m . sg | fulminate. pst . ptcp . m . sg | from. def . f . sg | electricity |
| The man got hit by the electricity. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||||||
Japanese
7
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| Dansei-wa | kanden.shokku-de | sokushi-sh-ita. |
| man- top | electric_shock- ins | instant_death- vblz - pst |
| The man died immediately from electric shock. | ||
Karelian
7
Status: main; causal marker: EL
| mužik | kuul‘ | toka-s |
| man | kill. pst | electricity- el |
| The man died from electric shock. | ||
Kazakh
7
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| keybir | adam | tok-qa | ur-ïl-ïp | qaza1 tap2-tï |
| some | person. nom | current- dat | hit- pass - cvb | die1,2- pst .3 sg |
| A man died from being electrocuted. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||
Khanty (Northern)
7
Status: main; causal marker: ewelt
| ik-en | imuχti | χătś-əm | ut | ewəλt | iλ | răkn-əs |
| man- poss .2 sg | immediately | hit- nfin . pst | object | from | down | fall- pst |
| The man fell from the object that hit him. | ||||||
Khmer
7
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| kɔat | slap | daoj1 | saː2 krɔap3 pruəɲ4 |
| 3 | die | daoj _ sa ː1,2 | arrow3,4 |
| He died from an arrow. | |||
Khwarshi
7
Status: main; causal marker: POSS ABL
| žiqʷa | ih-ana | tok-qo-žo |
| human | [ i ]die- evd | electricity- poss - abl |
| The man died due to the current. | ||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| žiqʷa | iš-ša | tok-na | b-eq-na |
| human | [ i ]die- aor | electricity- add | iii -happen- cnv |
| The man died because there was a current. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| žiqʷa | iš-ša | tok | b-eq-nu-qo-jža |
| human | [ i ]die- aor | electricity | iii -happen- msd - poss - trns |
| The man died because there was a current. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | |||
Kumyk
7
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| er1 | giši2 | tok | ur-ʁan-nan gečin-e |
| man1,2 | electricity | beat- pc _ pst - abl | die- npst .3 sg |
| The man died from the fact that (he) was struck by an electric current. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
Latvian
7
Status: main; causal marker: no GEN
| Vīriet-is | gāj-a | boj-ā | no | elektrīb-as. |
| man- nom . sg | go. pst -3 | death- loc . sg | from | electricity- gen . sg |
| The man died from electric shock. | ||||
Lezgian
7
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| tok-di | ja-na | ʔitim-∅ | qʔe-na |
| electricity. s - erg | beat- aoc | man. s - abs | die- aor |
| (The man) got electrocuted and the man died. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event. | |||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| tok-di | ʔitim-∅ | qʔe-na |
| electricity. s - erg | man. s - abs | kill- aor |
| Electricity killed the man. | ||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | ||
Lithuanian
7
Status: main; causal marker: nuo GEN
| Žmog-us | žuv-o | nuo | elektr-os | smūgi-o. |
| person( m )- nom . sg | perish- pst .3 | from | electricity( f )- gen . sg | blow( m )- gen . sg |
| The man died from electric shock. | ||||
Moksha
7
Status: main; causal marker: ezda GEN
| al'ɛ-s' | kulə-s' | tok-t' | ezdə |
| man- def . sg | die- pst .3[ sg ] | current- def . sg . gen | in. abl |
| The man died due to electric shock. | |||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| al'ɛ-t' | šav-əz'ə | tok-s' | srazu |
| man- def . sg . gen | kill- pst .3 sg . o .3 sg . s | current- def . sg | immediately |
| The man was killed by electric shock immediately. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: inksa GEN
| al'ɛ-s' | kulə-s' | tok-t' | inksə |
| man- def . sg | die- pst .3[ sg ] | current- def . sg . gen | because_of |
| The man died due to electric shock. | |||
Norwegian (Bokmål)
7
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Mann-en | døde | av | elektrisk | støt. |
| man- def . sg | die. pst | from | electric | blow |
| The man died from electric shock. | ||||
Polish
7
Status: main; causal marker: w wyniku GEN
| Mężczyzn-a | zmar-ł | w | wynik-u | porażen-ia | prąd-em. |
| man- nom . sg | die- pst [ m . sg ] | in | result- loc . sg | shock- gen . sg | electricity- ins . sg |
| The man died from electric shock. | |||||
Russian
7
Status: main; causal marker: ot GEN
| Mužčin-a | umer | ot | udar-a | tok-om. |
| man( m )- nom . sg | die( pfv ). pst [ m . sg ] | from | strike( m )- gen . sg | current( m )- ins . sg |
| The man died from electric shock. | ||||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: INS
| Mužčin-u | ubi-l-o | tok-om. |
| man( m )- acc . sg | kill( pfv )- pst - n . sg | current( m )- ins . sg |
| The man was electrocuted. | ||
Serbian
7
Status: main; causal marker: od GEN
| muškarac | je | poginu-o | od | strujn-og | udar-a |
| man. nom . sg | be. prs .3 sg | die- pst . ptcp | prep | electric- gen . m . sg | shock- gen . sg |
| The man died from electric shock. | |||||
Shughni
7
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Wi | čorik=i | tok | δo-d | xu | yu | mū-d. |
| 3 sg . m . obl | man( m )=3 sg | current | give- pst | refl | dem 3. m . sg | die- pst |
| The man received an electric shock and died. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expression corresponding to the causing event is not a syntactic dependent of the expression corresponding to the caused event | ||||||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: az
| Yu | čorik | az | tok | mū-d. |
| dem 3. m . sg | man( m ) | el | current | die- pst |
| The man died because of the electric shock. | ||||
Slovenian
7
Status: main; causal marker: po LOC
| Človek | je | umr-l | takoj | po | stik-u | z | eletktrik-o. |
| man( m )[ nom . sg ] | aux .3 sg | die( pfv )- lpt [ m . sg ] | immediately | after | contact( m )- loc . sg | with | electricity( f )- ins . sg |
| The man died immediately from electric shock. | |||||||
Spanish
7
Status: main; causal marker: por
| el | hombre | mur-ió | por | un | choque | eléctrico |
| def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | die- aor .3 sg | because_of | indf . sg . m | shock( m ). sg | electric. sg . m |
| The man died from electric shock. | ||||||
Swedish
7
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Mann-en | dog | av | en | elstöt. |
| man- def . c . sg | die. pst | of | indf . c . sg | electricity |
| The man died from electric shock. | ||||
Telugu
7
Status: main; causal marker: DAT
| atanu | šokku-ki | canipōy-āḍu. |
| that_man. sg | shock. sg . obl - dat | pass_away. pst -3 sg . m |
| The man died from electric shock. | ||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: valla
| atanu | šokku | valla | canipōy-āḍu. |
| that_man. sg | shock. sg . obl | by | pass_away. pst -3 sg . m |
| The man died because of the electric shock. | |||
Udmurt (South)
7
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Vorgoron | kul-i-z | tok | šukk-ysa. |
| man | die- pst -3( sg ) | electric_current | hit- cvb |
| The man died from electric shock. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||
Ukrainian
7
Status: main; causal marker: vid GEN
| Чоловік | загину-в | від | удар-у | струм-у. |
| man( m ). nom . sg | perish- pst . sg . m | from | hit( m )- gen . sg | current( m )- gen . sg |
| The man died from electric shock. | ||||
Urdu
7
Status: main; causal marker: se
| ādmī | bijlī | lag-n-e | se | mar | gay-ā. |
| man( m ). sg . dir | lightning( f ). sg . dir | apply- inf - obl | from | die | go. pfv - sg . m |
| The man died from electric shock. | |||||
Yupik (Siberian)
7
Status: main; causal marker: REL
| juk | tоɣə-m | tuqu-t-aː |
| man. abs . sg | electricity- rel . sg | die- tr - ind . tr +3 sg .3 sg |
| The man died from the electric shock. | ||
7
Status: alternate; causal marker: INS
| juk | tuq-u-q | tоɣ-məŋ |
| man. abs . sg | die- ind . intr -3 sg | electricity- ins . sg |
| The man died from the electric shock. | ||