NoCaCoDa

Adyghe

8

Status: main; causal marker: fesce

maqe-m	feṣ̂ə-(č̣ʼe)	bzəλfəʁe-r	qe-wəšʼə-ʁ
sound- obl	for- ins	woman- abs	csl -wake_up- pst
The woman woke up from the noise.

8

Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.

maqe-m	bzəλfəʁe-r	q-ə-ʁe-wəšʼə-ʁ
sound- obl	woman- abs	csl -3 sg . erg - caus -wake_up- pst
The noise woke the woman.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject.

8

Status: alternate; causal marker: paje

maqe-m	paje	bzəλfəʁe-r	qe-wəšʼə-ʁ
sound- obl	because_of	woman- abs	csl -wake_up- pst
The woman woke up from the noise.

8

Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace

maqe-m	qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe	bzəλfəʁe-r	qe-wəšʼə-ʁ
sound- obl	csl - loc -go_out- ins	woman- abs	csl -wake_up- pst
The woman woke up from the noise.

8

Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew

maqe-m	qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew	bzəλfəʁe-r	qe-wəšʼə-ʁ
sound- obl	csl - loc -go_out- adv	woman- abs	csl -wake_up- pst
The woman woke up from the noise.

8

Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece

maqe-m	jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe	bzəλfəʁe-r	qe-wəšʼə-ʁ
sound- obl	poss -evil- ins	woman- abs	csl -wake_up- pst
The woman woke up from the noise.

8

Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce

maqe-m	jə-zerar-č̣ʼe	bzəλfəʁe-r	qe-wəšʼə-ʁ
sound- obl	poss -harm- ins	woman- abs	csl -wake_up- pst
The woman woke up from the noise.

Albanian

8

Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM

Grua-ja	u	zgj-ua	nga	zhurm-a.
woman- nom . sg . def . f	refl	awaken- aor . inact .3 sg	from	noise- nom . sg . def . f
The woman woke up from the noise.

Arabic

8

Status: main; causal marker: min GEN

ʔistajqað-ati	l-marʔat-u	mina	dʕ-dʕadʒiidʒ-i
wake_up. pst . pfv -3 s . f	def -woman( f ). s - nom	from	def -noise( m ). s - gen
The woman woke up from the noise.

8

Status: alternate; causal marker: bi sababi GEN

ʔistajqað-ati	l-marʔat-u	bi=sabab-i	dʕ-dʕawdʕaaʔ-i
wake_up. pst . pfv -3 s . f	def -woman( f ). s - nom	with=reason. m . s - gen	def -noise( m ). s - gen
The woman woke up from the noise.

Armenian (Eastern)

8

Status: main; causal marker: ABL

Aġmuk-ic‘	kin-ə	art‘nac‘-el=ē.
noise- abl	woman- def	wake_up- ptcp _ pf =be. prs .3 sg
The woman woke up from the noise.

8

Status: alternate; causal marker: GEN patcarov

Kin-ə	art‘nac‘-av	aġmuk-i	patčaŕ-ov.
woman- def	wake_up- aor .3 sg	noise- gen	cause- ins
The woman woke up from the noise.

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic

8

Status: main; causal marker: man

báxta	+rə́š-la	mən	kála
woman( f )	wake_up. pst - ls .3 f	from	voice( m )
The woman woke up from the noise.

Basque

8

Status: main; causal marker: n.a.

Emakume-a	zarata-k	esna-tu	zuen.
woman- sg [ abs ]	noise[ sg ]- erg	wake_up- pfv	aux . pst . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg
The woman woke up from the noise.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject.

8

Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.

Emakume-a	zarata	ze-la	eta	esna-tu	zen.
woman- sg [ abs ]	noise[ sg . abs ]	aux . pst . abs 3 sg - compl	and	wake_up- pfv	aux . pst . abs 3 sg
The woman woke up from the noise.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase.

Belarusian

8

Status: main; causal marker: ad GEN

žančyn-a	pračnu-l-a-sja	ad	šum-u
woman- nom . sg		wake_up- pst - sg . f - refl	prep noise- gen . sg
The woman woke up from the noise.

8

Status: alternate; causal marker: z-za GEN

žančyn-a	pračnu-l-a-sja	z-za	šum-u
woman- nom . sg		wake_up- pst - sg . f - refl	prep noise- gen . sg
The woman woke up from the noise.

8

Status: alternate; causal marker: praz ACC

žančyn-a	pračnu-l-a-sja	praz	šum
woman- nom . sg		wake_up- pst - sg . f - refl	prep noise[ acc . sg ]
The woman woke up from the noise.

Catalan

8

Status: main; causal marker: per

La	don-a	es	va	llev-ar	pel	soroll.
def . sg . f	woman( f )- sg	refl	go. prs .3 sg	get_up- inf	for. def . sg . m	noise( m ). sg
The woman woke up from the noise.

Chinese (Mandarin)

8

Status: main; causal marker: n.a.

zhège	nǚrén	bèi	zàoyīn	chǎoxǐng-le
this	woman	pass	noise	wake up- pfv
The woman woke up from the noise.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject.

Chuvash (Maloe Karachkino)

8

Status: main; causal marker: INS

xërarəm	sazə-ba	sis-se
woman	sound- ins	feel- cv _ sim
The woman woke up from the noise.

English

8

Status: main; causal marker: from

The woman woke up from the noise.

Note: This translation is rated the same as the alternative.

8

Status: alternate; causal marker: by

The woman was woken up by the noise.

Note: This translation is rated the same as the alternative.

Erzya

8

Status: main; causal marker: ABL

ava-sʲ	sɨrgoj-sʲ	lašto-do
woman- nom . def	wake_up- pst .3 sg	noise- abl
The woman woke up from the noise.

Filipino

8

Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa

Na-gísing	ang=babáe	dáhil	sa	íngay.
pfv . mod . ev -wake_up	nom =woman	because	obl	noise
The woman woke up from the noise.

8

Status: alternate; causal marker: sa

Na-gísing	ang=babáe	sa	íngay.
pfv . mod . ev -wake_up	nom =woman	obl	noise
The woman woke up from the noise.

French

8

Status: main; causal marker: a cause de

La	femme	s’	est	réveill-é-e	à	cause	du	bruit.
def . f	woman( f )	refl .3	be. prs .3 sg	wake- ptcp . prf - f	to	cause	of. def . m	noise( m )
The woman woke up from the noise.

German

8

Status: main; causal marker: durch ACC

Die	Frau	wach-te	durch	den	Krach	auf.
def . nom	woman( f )[ sg . nom ]	wake- pst .3 sg	through	def . acc	noise( m )[ sg . acc ]	up
The woman woke up from the noise.

Guro

8

Status: main; causal marker: lee

lɩ	zàn	vùò	fɛ	vun	leè
woman	resp	wake\ pfv	thing	noise	at
The woman woke up from the noise.

Indonesian (Standard)

8

Status: main; causal marker: karena

wanita	itu	terbangun	karena	suara	berisik
woman	that	wake.up	because	noise	noisy
The woman woke up from the noise.

Italian

8

Status: main; causal marker: per

la	donna	si	è	svegliata	per	il	rumore
def . f . sg	woman	refl .3 sg	be. prs .3 sg	wake_up. pst . ptcp . f . sg	for	def . m . sg	noise
The woman woke up from the noise.

8

Status: alternate; causal marker: a causa di

la	donna	si	è	svegliata	a	causa	del	rumore
def . f . sg	woman	refl .3 sg	be. prs .3 sg	wake_up. pst . ptcp . f . sg	to	cause	of. def . m . sg	noise
The woman woke up from the noise.

Japanese

8

Status: main; causal marker: INS

Josei-wa	sōon-de	me-ga	same-ta.
woman- top	noise- ins	eyes- nom	wake_up- pst
The woman woke up from the noise.

Karelian

8

Status: main; causal marker: EL2

akk	nouz-i	šuma-s-piä
woman	wake_up- pst	noise- el -out
The woman woke up from the noise.

8

Status: alternate; causal marker: TRANS

akk	om	nouz-mu	šuma-ks
woman	be.3 sg	stand_up- ptcp . act	noise- trans
The wife woke up from the noise.

8

Status: alternate; causal marker: tahte GEN

in‘ehmu	haraštu-i	šume-n	tähte
woman	wake_up- pst	noise- gen	because_of
The woman woke up from the noise.

Kazakh

8

Status: main; causal marker: ABL

äyel1	adam2	šw-dan oya-n-dï
woman1,2. nom	noise- abl	wake_up- refl - pst 1.3 sg
The woman woke up from the noise.

Khanty (Northern)

8

Status: main; causal marker: ewelt

imi	nuχ	wɛrλ-əs	sij	ewəλt
woman	up	wake_up- pst	noise	from
The woman woke up from the noise.

Khmer

8

Status: main; causal marker: n.a.

niəŋ	phɲeak	piː	deːk	daoj1	saː2	lɯː	sou	sɒmleːŋ khlaŋ
young_girl	wake_up	prep	sleep	daoj _ sa ː1,2	hear	sound	sound	strong
She woke up from the loud noise.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase.

8

Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.

niəŋ	phɲeak	piː	deːk	prʊəh1	tae2	lɯː	sou	sɒmleːŋ khlaŋ
young_girl	wake_up	prep	sleep	pr ƱƏ h _ tae 1,2	hear	sound	sound	strong
She woke up from the loud noise.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase.

8

Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.

niəŋ	phɲeak	piː	deːk	maok1	pi:2	lɯː	sou	sɒmleːŋ khlaŋ
young_girl	wake_up	prep	sleep	maok _ pi ː1,2	hear	sound	sound	strong
She woke up from the loud noise.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase.

Khwarshi

8

Status: main; causal marker: POSS ABL

ʁini	j-ič’-na	šaršale-qo-žo
woman	ii -wake_up- evd	rustling- poss - abl
The woman woke up because of the rustling.

8

Status: alternate; causal marker: POSS TRNS

ʁini	j-ič’-a	quj-qo-jža
woman	ii -wake_up- aor	noise- poss - trns
The woman woke up because of the noise.

8

Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.

ʁini	j-ič’-a	quj	b-eča-na
woman	ii -wake_up- aor	noise	iii -be- cnv
The woman woke up because there was noise.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase.

Kumyk

8

Status: main; causal marker: abl

qʼatyn	qʼawaʁa-dan	ajyqʼ-t-y
woman1,2	noise- abl	wake_up- pst -3 sg
The woman woke up from the noise.

Latvian

8

Status: main; causal marker: no GEN

Sieviet-e	pamod-ā-s	no	trokšņ-a.
woman- nom . sg	wake. pst -3- rfl	from	noise- gen . sg
The woman woke up from the noise.

Lezgian

8

Status: main; causal marker: SRDIR

haraj-ʔewerd-in	sesin-aldi	diʃehli-∅	ʔaχwar-aj	ʔawat-na
noise. s - gen	sound. s - srdir	woman. s - abs	sleep. s - inel	fall- aor
The woman woke up from the noise.

Lithuanian

8

Status: main; causal marker: nuo GEN

Moter-is	prabud-o	nuo	triūkšm-o.
woman( f )- nom . sg	wake_up- pst .3	from	noise( m )- gen . sg
The woman woke up from the noise.

Moksha

8

Status: main; causal marker: ezda GEN

ava-s'	sərgəz'-s'	krik-t'	ezdə
woman- def . sg . gen	wake_up- pst .3[ sg ]	scream- def . sg . gen	in. abl
The woman woke up from a scream.

8

Status: alternate; causal marker: inksa GEN

ava-s'	sərgəz'-s'	krik-t'	inksə
woman- def . sg . gen	wake_up- pst .3[ sg ]	scream- def . sg . gen	because_of
The woman woke up from a scream.

8

Status: alternate; causal marker: CSL

krik-ənksə	son	sərgəz'-s'
scream- cls	he	wake_up- pst .3[ sg ]
He woke up because of the scream.

8

Status: alternate; causal marker: DAT

ava-s'	krik-ti	sərgəz'-s'
woman- def . sg	scream- dat	wake_up- pst .3[ sg ]
The woman woke up from a scream.

Norwegian (Bokmål)

8

Status: main; causal marker: av

Kvinn-en	våkne-t	av	bråk-et.
woman- def . sg	wake_up- pst	from	noise- def . sg
The woman woke up from the noise.

Polish

8

Status: main; causal marker: n.a.

Obudzi-ł	ją	hałas.
wake- pst [ m . sg ]	she. acc	noise[ nom . sg ]
The noise woke her up.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject.

Russian

8

Status: main; causal marker: ot GEN

Ženščin-a	prosnu-l-a-sʹ	ot	šum-a.
woman( f )- nom . sg	wake.up- pst - f . sg - refl	from	noise( m )- gen . sg
The woman woke up from the noise.

8

Status: alternate; causal marker: iz-za GEN

Ženščin-a	prosnu-l-a-sʹ	iz-za	šum-a.
woman( f )- nom . sg	wake.up( pfv )- pst - f . sg - refl	out.of-behind	noise( m )- gen . sg
The woman woke up because of the noise.

Serbian

8

Status: main; causal marker: od GEN

žen-a	se	probudi-l-a	od	buk-e
woman- nom . sg	refl	wake_up- pst . ptcp - f . sg	prep	noise- gen . sg
The woman woke up from the noise.

8

Status: alternate; causal marker: zbog GEN

žen-a	se	probudi-l-a	zbog	buk-e
woman- nom . sg	refl	wake_up- pst . ptcp - f . sg	prep	noise- gen . sg
The woman woke up from the noise.

Shughni

8

Status: main; causal marker: az

Yā	ɣ̌inik	az	ɣawɣo	agā1 sa-t2.
dem 3. f . sg	woman( f )	el	noise( m )	wake_up(intr)1,2- pst . f
The woman woke up from the noise.

8

Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.

Wam	ɣ̌inik=i	ɣawɣo	agā1 čū-d2.
3 sg . f . obl	woman( f )=3 sg	noise	wake_up(tr)1,2- pst
The woman was woken up by the noise.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject.

Slovenian

8

Status: main; causal marker: zaradi GEN

Žensk-a	se	je	zbudi-l-a	zaradi	hrup-a.
woman( f )- nom . sg	refl	aux .3 sg	wake.up( pfv )- lpt - f . sg	because.of	noise( m )- gen . sg
The woman woke up because of the noise.

8

Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.

Žensko	je	prebudi-l	hrup.
woman( f )- acc . sg	aux .3 sg	wake.up( pfv )- lpt [ m . sg ]	noise( m )[ nom . sg ]
The noise woke the woman up.
Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject.

Spanish

8

Status: main; causal marker: por

la	mujer	despert-ó	por	el	ruido
def . sg . f	woman( f ). sg	get_up- aor .3 sg	because_of	def . sg . m	noise( m ). sg
The woman woke up from the noise.

Swedish

8

Status: main; causal marker: av

Kvinna-n	vakna-de	av	all-t	oljud.
woman- def . c . sg	wake_up- pst	of	all- def . n . sg	noise
The woman woke up from all this noise.

Telugu

8

Status: main; causal marker: DAT

āviḍa	šabdāniki	lēci-ṁdi.
that_woman. sg	sound. sg . dat	rise. pst -3 sg . nm
The woman woke up from the noise.

Udmurt (South)

8

Status: main; causal marker: ABL

Kyšnomurt	sajka-z	kwašet-em-leś.
woman	wake_up. pst -3( sg )	make_noise- nmz - abl
The woman woke up from the noise.

Ukrainian

8

Status: main; causal marker: vid GEN

Жінк-а	прокину-л-а-ся	від	галас-у.
woman( f )- nom . sg	wake_up- pst - sg . f - refl	from	noise( m )- gen . sg
The woman woke up from the noise.

Urdu

8

Status: main; causal marker: se

ɔrat	āvāz	se	uṭh	gay-ī.
woman( f ). sg . dir	sound( f ). sg . obl	from	get_up	go. pfv - sg . f
The woman woke up from the noise.

Yupik (Siberian)

8

Status: main; causal marker: INS

aʁnaq	taχtuχ-t-u-q	məŋulɣuːt-nəŋ
woman. abs . sg	wake_up- imm _ pst - ind . intr -3 sg	noise- ins . pl
The woman woke up from the noise.

Sentence no. 8 ⮭

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8