Sentence no. 9 ⮭
English: The man has a headache
Type: ontological
Adyghe
9
Status: main; causal marker: fesce
| pjəve-m | feṣ̂ə-(č̣ʼe) | λ̣ə-m | ə-ŝhe | me-wəzə |
| beer- obl | for- ins | man- obl | 3 sg . pr -head | dyn -get_sick |
| A man has a headache from beer. | ||||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| pjəve-m | λ̣ə-m | ə-ŝhe | ə-ʁe-wəzə-ʁ |
| beer- obl | man- obl | 3 sg . pr -head | 3 sg . erg - caus -get_sick- pst |
| The beer made the man's head hurt. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the expected causal noun phrase is expressed as the grammatical subject. | |||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: paje
| pjəve-m | paje | λ̣ə-m | ə-ŝhe | me-wəzə |
| beer- obl | because_of | man- obl | 3 sg . pr -head | dyn -get_sick |
| A man has a headache from beer. | ||||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecace
| pjəve-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼə-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-m | ə-ŝhe | me-wəzə |
| beer- obl | csl - loc -go_out- ins | man- obl | 3 sg . pr -head | dyn -get_sick |
| A man has a headache from beer. | ||||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: qaxecew
| pjəve-m | qə-xe-č̣ʼ-ew | λ̣ə-m | ə-ŝhe | me-wəzə |
| beer- obl | csl - loc -go_out- adv | man- obl | 3 sg . pr -head | dyn -get_sick |
| A man has a headache from beer. | ||||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| λ̣ə-m | pjəve-m | ŝhe-wəz | qə-x-jə-xə-ʁ |
| man- obl | beer- obl | head | csl - loc -3 sg . erg -take- pst |
| The man took/took out a headache from the beer. | |||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is not explicitly expressed. | |||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: jajakece
| pjəve-m | jə-jaʁe-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-m | ə-ŝhe | me-wəzə |
| beer- obl | poss -evil- ins | man- obl | 3 sg . pr -head | dyn -get_sick |
| A man has a headache from beer. | ||||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: jazerarce
| pjəve-m | jə-zerar-č̣ʼe | λ̣ə-m | ə-ŝhe | me-wəzə |
| beer- obl | poss -harm- ins | man- obl | 3 sg . pr -head | dyn -get_sick |
| A man has a headache from beer. | ||||
Albanian
9
Status: main; causal marker: nga NOM
| Burr-it | i | dhemb | kok-a | nga | birr-a. |
| man- dat . sg . def . m | dat .3 sg | pain. prs .3 sg | head- nom . sg . def . f | from | beer- nom . sg . def . f |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | |||||
Arabic
9
Status: main; causal marker: bi sababi GEN
| j-uħiss-u | r-radʒul-u | bi=sʕudaaʕ-i-n | fii | raʔs-i=hi | bi=sabab-i | l-biirat-i |
| 3 s . m -shout. prs . ipfv -3 s . m | def -man( m ). s - nom | with=headache( m ). s - gen - indef | in | head( m ). s - gen =3 s . m . poss | with=reason( m ). s - gen | def -beer( f ). s - gen |
| The man feels a headache from the beer. | ||||||
Armenian (Eastern)
9
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Gareĵr-ic‘ | tġamard-u | glux-ə | c‘av-um=ē. |
| beer- abl | man- gen | head- def | hurt- ptcp _ prs =be. prs .3 sg |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | |||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
9
Status: main; causal marker: man
| ríš=ət | náša | +mráy=əl | mən | +xámra |
| head( m )= rel | man( m ) | hurt. prog =3 m | from | wine( m ) |
| A man's head hurts from the wine. | ||||
Basque
9
Status: main; causal marker: GEN ondorioz
| Gizon-a-k | zerbeza-ren | ondorio-z | du | buru-ko | min-a. |
| man- sg - erg | beer[ sg ]- gen | result- ins | aux . prs . abs 3 sg . erg 3 sg | head- adj | ache- sg [ abs ] |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | |||||
Belarusian
9
Status: main; causal marker: ad GEN
| u | mužčyn-y | ad | piv-a | bali-c' | galav-a |
| prep | man- gen . sg | prep | beer- gen . sg | hurt- prs .3 sg | head- nom . sg |
| A man's head hurts from the beer. | |||||
Catalan
9
Status: main; causal marker: degut a
| L' | home | té | mal | de | cap | degut | a | la | cerves-a. |
| def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | have. prs .3 sg | pain( m ). sg | from | head( m ). sg | be_due. ptcp . sg . m | to | def . sg . f | beer( f )- sg |
| The man has a headache because of the beer. | |||||||||
Chinese (Mandarin)
9
Status: main; causal marker: yinwei er
| zhège | nánrén | yīnwèi | píjiǔ | ér | tóuténg |
| this | man | because | beer | and | headache |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | |||||
Chuvash (Maloe Karachkino)
9
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| arʑɨn-ən | səra-ran | poɕ | ɨrad-at |
| man- gen | beer- abl | head | hurt- npst [3 sg ] |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | |||
English
9
Status: main; causal marker: from
| The man has a headache from the beer. |
| The man has a headache from the beer. |
Erzya
9
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| cera-stʲ | prja-zo | sèred-i | piva-do |
| man- gen . def | head-3 sg . poss . sg | get_sick- prs .3 sg | beer- abl |
| A man has a headache from beer. | |||
Filipino
9
Status: main; causal marker: dahil sa
| Masakít | ang=úlo=ng | laláki | dáhil | sa | serbésa. |
| painful | nom =head= gen | man | because | obl | beer |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | |||||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: sa
| S<um>akít | ang=úlo=ng | laláki | sa | serbésa. |
| < av . pfv >pain | nom =head= gen | man | obl | beer |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | ||||
French
9
Status: main; causal marker: a cause de
| L’ | homme | a | mal | à | la | tête | à | cause | de | la | bière. |
| def . m | man( m ) | have. prs .3 sg | wrong( m ) | to | def . f | head( f ) | to | cause | of | def . f | beer( f ) |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | |||||||||||
German
9
Status: main; causal marker: wegen GEN
| Der | Baum | fiel | wegen | des | Wind-es. |
| def . nom | tree( m )[ sg . nom ] | fall. pst .3 sg | because_of | def . gen | wind( m )- sg . gen |
| The tree fell due to the wind. | |||||
Guro
9
Status: main; causal marker: pa ji nya
| gɔnɛ | zàn | wuo | à | yaa-nâ | nwɛ | pɛ́ì | nya |
| male | resp | head | cop | hurt- prog | wine | track | inside with |
| A man's head hurts from the wine. | |||||||
Indonesian (Standard)
9
Status: main; causal marker: karena
| laki-laki | itu | sakit | kepala | karena | bir |
| man | that | ill | head | because | beer |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | |||||
Italian
9
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| l’ | uomo | ha | mal | di | testa | perché | ha | bevuto | troppa | birra |
| def . m . sg | man | have. prs .3 sg | ache | of | head | because | have. prs .3 sg | drink. pst . ptcp . m . sg | too_much. f . sg | beer |
| The man has a headache because he has drunk a lot of beer. | ||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: per
| l’ | uomo | ha | mal | di | testa | per | la | troppa | birra |
| def . m . sg | man | have. prs .3 sg | ache | of | head | for | def . f . sg | too_much. f . sg | beer |
| The man has a headache because of too much beer. | |||||||||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: a causa di
| l’ | uomo | ha | mal | di | testa | a | causa | della | troppa | birra |
| def . m . sg | man | have. prs .3 sg | ache | of | head | to | cause | of. def . f . sg | too_much. f . sg | beer |
| The man has a headache because of too much beer. | ||||||||||
Japanese
9
Status: main; causal marker: GEN sei-de
| Dansei-wa | bīru-no | sei-de | atama-ga | ita-i. |
| man- top | beer- gen | fault- ins | head- nom | sore- prs |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | ||||
Karelian
9
Status: main; causal marker: EL
| mužika-l | piva-s | kibišta-b | piä |
| man- ad | beer- el | hurt-3 sg | head |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | |||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: EL2
| mužika-l | kibišta-b | piä-n | pivo-s-piä |
| man- ad | hurt-3 sg | head- gen | beer- el -out |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | |||
Kazakh
9
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| er1 | adam-nïŋ2 | bas-ï | sïra-dan | awïr-ïp tur |
| man1,2- gen | head- poss .3 | beer- abl | hurt- cvb | stand. prs 2.3 sg |
| A man had a headache from beer. | ||||
Khanty (Northern)
9
Status: main; causal marker: ewelt
| piwo | ewəλt | ik-en | uχ-əλ | kaši |
| beer | from | man- poss .2 sg | head- poss .3 sg | sick |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | ||||
Khmer
9
Status: main; causal marker: daoj sa
| mɯt1 | pheak2 | khɲom | chɯː | kba:l | daoj3 | saː4 sra: biːjɛː |
| friend1,2 | 1 sg | ache | head | daoj _ sa ː3,4 | alcohol | beer |
| My friend has a headache from the beer. | ||||||
Khwarshi
9
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| žiqʷa-s | ʁiƛ-o | hibana-qo-žo | q’em | l-eƛ-ƛa |
| man- gen 1 | drink- ptcp | thing- poss - abl | head | iv -hurt- aor |
| The man had a headache from what he has drunk. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: POSS TRNS
| χol-es | araqa-qo-jža | q’em | l-eƛ-ƛo |
| husband- gen 1 | vodka- poss - trns | head | iv -hurt- prs |
| My husband has a headache from araka. | |||
Kumyk
9
Status: main; causal marker: uchun
| er1 | giši-ne2 | piwo | učun | baš-y awru-j |
| man- gen 1,2 | beer | because_of | head- p _3 | get_sick- npst .3 sg |
| A man has a headache because of beer. | ||||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: abl
| er1 | giši-ne2 | piwo-dan | baš-y awru-j |
| man- gen 1,2 | beer- abl | head- p _3 | get_sick- npst .3 sg |
| A man has a headache from beer. | |||
Latvian
9
Status: main; causal marker: no GEN
| Vīriet-im | no | al-us | sāp | galv-a. |
| man- dat . sg | from | beer- gen . sg | ache. prs .3 | head- nom . sg |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | ||||
Lezgian
9
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| piwo-∅ | qhwajiwil-aj | ʔitimd-in | qʔil-∅ | tʔar-zawa |
| bear. s - abs | drink- inel man. s - gen | head. s - abs | hurt- impf | |
| The man has a headache from drinking beer. | ||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: SBDIR
| piwod-ikdi | ʔitimd-in | qʔil-∅ | tʔar-zawa |
| bear. s - sbdir | man. s - gen | head. s - abs | hurt- impf |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | |||
Lithuanian
9
Status: main; causal marker: nuo GEN
| Vyr-ui | skaud-a | galv-ą | nuo | al-aus. |
| man( m )- dat . sg | ache- prs .3 | head( f )- acc . sg | from | beer( m )- gen . sg |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | ||||
Moksha
9
Status: main; causal marker: ezda GEN
| al'ɛ-t' | poza-t' | ezdə | s'ɛr'ɛd'-i | pr'a-c |
| man- def . sg . gen | beer- def . sg . gen | in. abl | get_sick- npst .3[ sg ] | head-3 sg . poss . sg |
| The man has a headache from beer. | ||||
Norwegian (Bokmål)
9
Status: main; causal marker: av
| Mannen | fikk | vond-t | i | hod-et | av | øl-et. |
| man- def . sg | receive. pst | sick- indf . n | in | head- def . sg | from | beer- def . sg |
| A man had a headache from beer. | ||||||
Polish
9
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Mężczyzn-a | ma | ból | głow-y | wywoła-n-y | piw-em. |
| man- nom . sg | have. prs .3 sg | pain[ acc . sg ] | head- gen . sg | cause- pass . ptcp - acc . sg . m | beer- ins . sg |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | |||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | |||||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Mężczyzn-a | ma | ból | głow-y | od | pic-ia | piw-a. |
| man- nom . sg | have. prs .3 sg | pain[ acc . sg ] | head- gen . sg | from | drinking- gen . sg | beer- gen . sg |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | ||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the noun phrase used in the nominal causal construction semantically deviates from the one intended by the stimulus sentence. | ||||||
Russian
9
Status: main; causal marker: ot GEN
| U | mužčin-y | bol-it | golov-a | ot | piv-a. |
| at | man( m )- gen . sg | ache( ipfv )- prs .3 sg | head( f )- nom . sg | from | beer( n )- gen . sg |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | |||||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: posle GEN
| U | mužčin-y | bol-it | golov-a | posle | piv-a. |
| at | man( m )- gen . sg | ache( ipfv )- prs .3 sg | head( f )- nom . sg | from | beer( n )- gen . sg |
| The man has a headache after drinking beer. | |||||
Serbian
9
Status: main; causal marker: od GEN
| muškarc-a | bol-i | glav-a | od | piv-a |
| man- acc . sg | hurt- prs .3 sg | head- nom . sg | prep | beer- gen . sg |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | ||||
Shughni
9
Status: main; causal marker: az
| Wi | čorik | kāl | az | pivo | birext-darθ | kix̌t. |
| 3 sg . m . obl | man( m ) | head( m ) | el | beer | drink. inf -pain | do. npst .3 sg |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | ||||||
Slovenian
9
Status: main; causal marker: zaradi GEN
| Človek | je | ime-l | glavobol | zaradi | piv-a. |
| man( m )[ nom . sg ] | aux .3 sg | have( ipfv )- lpt [ m . sg ] | headache( m )[ acc . sg ] | because.of | beer( n )- gen . sg |
| The man had a headache from the beer. | |||||
Spanish
9
Status: main; causal marker: por
| el | hombre | tiene | dolor | de | cabeza | por | la | cerveza |
| def . sg . m | man( m ). sg | have. prs .3 sg | pain( m ). sg | from | head( m ). sg | because_of | def . sg . f | beer( f )- sg |
| The man has a headache because of the beer. | ||||||||
Swedish
9
Status: main; causal marker: n.a.
| Mann-en | fick | ont | i | huvud-et | för | att | han | hade | druck-it | så | mycket | öl. |
| man- def . c . sg | get. pst | ache | in | head- def . n . sg | for | that | he. anim | have. pst | drink. sup - sup | so | a_lot | beer |
| The man got a headache because he drank so much beer. | ||||||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||||||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: av
| Mann-en | fick | huvudvärk | av | öl-et. |
| man- def . c . sg | get. pst | headache | of | beer- def . n . sg |
| The man got a headache from the beer. | ||||
9
Status: alternate; causal marker: n.a.
| Mann-en | fick | ont | i | huvud-et | av | att | drick-a | öl. |
| man- def . c . sg | get. pst | ache | in | head- def . n . sg | of | that | drink- inf | beer |
| The man got a headache because he drank beer. | ||||||||
| Note: This translation is not included in the database because the causing event is expressed as a dependent clause, not a noun phrase. | ||||||||
Telugu
9
Status: main; causal marker: valla
| atani-ki | bīru | valla | talanoppi | vacci-ṁdi. |
| that_man. sg . obl - dat | beer. sg . obl | by | headache. sg | come. pst -3 sg . nm |
| The man got a headache because of the beer. | ||||
Udmurt (South)
9
Status: main; causal marker: ABL
| Piosmurt-len | jyr-yz | viś-e | ju-on-leś. |
| man- gen | head- p .3 sg | hurt- prs .3 sg | drink- vn - abl |
| The man has a headache from the alcoholic drink. | |||
Ukrainian
9
Status: main; causal marker: vid GEN
| У | чоловік-а | від | пив-а | бол-ить | голов-а. |
| by | man( m )- gen . sg | from | beer( n )- gen . sg | ache- prs .3 sg | head( f )- nom . sg |
| The man has a headache from the beer. | |||||
Urdu
9
Status: main; causal marker: se
| ādmī | ko | šarāb | se | sar | meṁ | dard | hɛ. |
| man( m ). sg . obl | obj | wine( f ). sg . obl | from | head( m ). sg . obl | in | pain( m ). sg . dir | be. prs .3 sg |
| The man has a headache from the wine. | |||||||
Yupik (Siberian)
9
Status: main; causal marker: INS
| juɣə-m | naːsqwa | aqniʁ-aq-u-q | aqimlə-məŋ |
| man- rel . sg | head-3 sg . poss . abs . sg | get_sick- prs - ind . intr -3 sg | ?- ins . sg |
| The man's head hurts from wine. | |||